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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (2): 265-279.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34131

• REVIEW •     Next Articles

Development, genetic deciphering, and breeding utilization of dwarf lines in foxtail millet

DIAO Xian-Min1,*(), WANG Li-Wei1, ZHI Hui1, ZHANG Jun1, LI Shun-Guo2, CHENG Ru-Hong2   

  1. 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding / Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    2Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei, China
  • Received:2023-07-20 Accepted:2023-09-28 Online:2024-02-12 Published:2023-10-11
  • Contact: *E-mail: diaoxianmin@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32241042);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771807);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF1000103);China Agricultural Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-06-04);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

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Abstract:

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important cereal crop in northern China’s arid and semiarid dry land agriculture, which has recently been proposed as a novel model for functional genomics. Breeding dwarf varieties is the development trend of foxtail millet industry. To date, more than 70 foxtail millet dwarf lines have been developed and reported worldwide. According to morphological characteristics, foxtail millet dwarf lines can be divided into two types: compact type with erect leaves and conventional type with droopy leaves. Gibberellins (GA) sensitivity assay indicated that four materials were not sensitive to GA and the others were sensitive. Genetic analyses detected that most of the dwarf phenotype lines were controlled by recessive genes, but the height phenotype of Ai 88 was controlled by multi-dwarf-gene. So far, 79 QTL related with plant height regulation were detected by natural population GWAS or linkage analysis. Among seven genes or QTL fine mapped in foxtail millet, the semi-dominant dwarfism gene SiD1 in 84113 was the only one cloned and functionally characterized. In the history of breeding dwarf foxtail millet variety, Ai 88 was a backbone line, which had been utilized to develop 139 cultivars with reducing plant height to meet the requirement of logging resistance and mechanized harvest. In this study, we reviewed systematically the research progress of dwarfing gene in foxtail millet, sorted out the dwarfing genes that had been located and cloned, discussed the problems in the research of dwarfing genetics and breeding, and prospected the future development in foxtail.

Key words: foxtail millet, plant height, dwarf, GA sensitivity, Ai 88

Table 1

Dominant or recessive of dwarf foxtail millet"

编号
No.		 材料名称
Material name		 显隐性
Gene action		 编号
No.		 材料名称
Material name		 显隐性
Gene action		 编号
No.		 材料名称
Material name		 显隐性
Gene action
1 安矮15号 隐性 22 矮秆27-21 隐性 43 小野谷子 待定
An’ai 15 Recessive Aigan 27-21 Recessive Xiaoyeguzi Undetermined
2 红谷-1 隐性 23 志试897 隐性 44 创119-11 隐性
Honggu 1 Recessive Zhishi 8971 Recessive Chuang 119-11 Recessive
3 红谷-2 待定 24 矮秆2号 隐性 45 05-461 隐性
Honggu 2 Undetermined Aigan 2 Recessive Recessive
4 呼早谷-1 隐性 25 张矮10号 待定 46 延矮2号 隐性
Huzaogu 1 Recessive Zhang’ai 10 Undetermined Yan’ai 2 Recessive
5 赤矮9号 隐性 26 豫谷8号 待定 47 1066A 隐性
Chi’ai 9 Recessive Yugu 8 Undetermined Recessive
6 宽九 隐性 27 安矮13 隐性 48 麦谷1号 待定
Kuanjiu Recessive An’ai 13 Recessive Maigu 1 Undetermined
7 矮协1号 隐性 28 安矮3号 隐性 49 延096 隐性
Aixie 1 Recessive An’ai 3 Recessive Yan 096 Recessive
8 济矮5号 隐性 29 75原406 待定 50 郑矮2号 隐性
Ji’ai 5 Recessive 75 yuan 406 Undetermined Zheng’ai 2 Recessive
9 济矮6号 隐性 30 矮88号 隐性 51 7516 隐性
Ji’ai 6 Recessive Ai 88 Recessive Recessive
10 济矮9号 隐性 31 耧里莠 待定 52 84133 显性
Ji’ai 9 Recessive Loulixiu Undetermined Dominant
11 济矮10号 隐性 32 安矮8号 隐性 53 T22 隐性
Ji’ai 10 Recessive An’ai 8 Recessive Recessive
12 济矮11 隐性 33 安矮9号 待定 54 T25 隐性
Ji’ai 11 Recessive An’ai 9 Undetermined Recessive
13 济矮12 隐性 34 安矮17 隐性 55 T539 隐性
Ji’ai 12 Recessive An’ai 17 Recessive Recessive
14 晋汾矮4号 隐性 35 矮宁黄 待定 56 Co2 待定
Jinfen’ai 4 Recessive Aininghuang Undetermined Undetermined
15 晋汾矮5号 隐性 36 矮丰1号 隐性 57 sic24 显性
Jinfen’ai 5 Recessive Aifeng 1 Recessive Dominant
16 晋汾矮6号 隐性 37 毛毛斗芝麻良 隐性 58 sic25 显性
Jinfen’ai 6 Recessive Maomaodouzhimaliang Recessive Dominant
17 矮秆竹叶青4n 隐性 38 鲁热朗代斯 隐性 59 sic26 显性
Aiganzhuyeqing 4n Recessive Lurelangdaisi Recessive Dominant
18 延4直 隐性 39 延矮1号 隐性 60 吨谷 待定
Yan4zhi Recessive Yan’ai 1 Recessive Dungu Undetermined
19 延023 待定 40 大青秸 隐性 61 623C 待定
Yan 023 Undetermined Daqingju Recessive Undetermined
20 延029 待定 41 C193 待定 62 d93090 待定
Yan 029 Undetermined Undetermined Undetermined
21 延035 隐性 42 白米谷子 待定
Yan 035 Recessive Baimiguzi Undetermined

Fig. 1

Map-based cloning of foxtail millet semi-dwarf gene DWARF1 (Zhao et al. [31]) A: the morphology of Yugu 1 (left), F1 individual derived from cross between Yugu 1 and 84133 (center), and 84133 mutant (right). B: the morphology of wild-type Yugu 1 (left) and transgenic expressing Ubi: D1-TT (right) in foxtail millet. C: the longitudinal sections of last stems of mature homozygous normal (left) and homozygous dwarf (right) in a Residual Heterozygous Line (RHL) population derived from a cross between Zhangai 10 and 84133."

Table 2

Stable QTL for foxtail millet plant height across multi-environments"

QTL 染色体
Chr.		 区间
Interval		 环境数目
Number of environments		 参考文献
Reference
qPH1-1 1 1402842-4203850 2 Feldman et al.[34]
qPH1-2 1 8565051-37364207 28 Feldman et al. [34]; Mauro-Herrera and Doust [35]; Zhang et al. [36]; He et al. [39]
qPH1-3 1 38288357-41090626 2 Feldman et al. [34]; He et al. [39]
qPH2-1 2 169785-8284383 23 Feldman et al. [34]
qPH2-2 2 26040234-32043521 2 Mauro-Herrera and Doust [35]; He et al. [39]
qPH2-3 2 32717606-47811870 87 Feldman et al. [34]; Mauro-Herrera and Doust [35]
qPH3-1 3 1634-4766697 14 Feldman et al. [34]; Mauro-Herrera and Doust [35]; He et al. [39]
qPH3-2 3 4766697-12575474 11 Feldman et al. [34]; He et al. [39]
qPH3-3 3 12821696-21388568 5 Feldman et al. [34]; He et al. [39]
qPH4-1 4 4242694-5211174 2 He et al. [39]
qPH4-2 4 6963002-30351975 5 Feldman et al. [34]
qPH4-3 4 31349528-34519109 2 Zhang et al. [36]; He et al. [39]
qPH4-4 4 36731228-37718913 3 Feldman et al. [34]
qPH5-1 5 5107998-30425775 15 Feldman et al. [34]; Mauro-Herrera and Doust [35]
qPH5-2 5 36050389-44465736 113 Feldman et al. [34]; Mauro-Herrera and Doust [35]; Zhang et al. [36]; He et al. [39]
qPH6-1 6 1449746-4132666 3 Feldman et al. [34]; He et al. [39]
qPH6-2 6 7309479-30048845 2 He et al. [39]
qPH6-3 6 32307267-35817005 4 Zhang et al. [36]; He et al. [39]
qPH7 7 12773905-33438039 42 Feldman et al. [34]; Mauro-Herrera and Doust [35]; Zhang et al. [36]; He et al. [39]
qPH8-1 8 596198-10222496 4 Feldman et al. [34]
qPH8-2 8 1742176-31662547 24 Fan et al. [14]; Feldman et al. [34]; He et al. [39]
qPH9-1 9 90984-10589367 3 Feldman et al. [34]
qPH9-2 9 3452335-11604590 63 Feldman et al. [34]; Mauro-Herrera and Doust [35]
qPH9-3 9 35624887-55796987 24 Feldman et al. [34]; Mauro-Herrera and Doust [35]; He et al. [39]

Fig. 2

QTL analysis for foxtail millet plant height using a RIL population derived from Ai 88 and Liaogu 1 (He et al. [39]) A: the morphology of Ai 88. B: QTL map showing location of QTLs for plant height at 13 environments, 26 QTLs for plant height were obtained, qPH1.3 was detected in nine environments on chromosome 1, qPH9.2 and qPH9.5 were detected in seven environments on chromosome 9."

Table 3

Plant height and regional trial information of first-grade high quality foxtail millet variety developed by Ai 88"

品种
Variety		 品质
Quality		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 区试
Regional trial		 产量较对照±%
Yeild compared with CK		 位次
Rank		 适宜区域
Farming area
冀谷19
Jigu 19		 一级
First grade		 113.70 2002-2003国家华北区试
2002-2003 National North China regional trial		 13.24 1 华北夏谷区
North China Summer Sowing region
冀谷40
Jigu 40		 一级
First grade		 119.90 2014-2015国家华北区试
2014-2015 National North China regional trial		 12.8 1 华北夏谷区
North China Summer Sowing region
2016-2017国家西北区试
2016-2017 National Northwest China regional trial		 7.7 6 西北春谷区
Northwest China Spring Sowing region
2017-2018吉林省谷子区试
2017-2018 Jilin regional trial		 2.28 4 东北春谷区
Northeast China Spring Sowing region
中谷1号
Zhonggu 1		 一级
First grade		 121.18 2011-2012国家华北区试
2011-2012 National North China regional trial		 10.43 1 华北夏谷区
North China Summer Sowing region
中谷2号
Zhonggu 2		 一级
First grade		 120.77 2014-2015国家华北区试
2014-2015 National North China regional trial		 13.99 2 华北夏谷区
North China Summer Sowing region
2016-2017国家东北区试
2016-2017 National Northeast China regional trial		 5.59 3 东北春谷区
Northeast China Spring Sowing region
长生13
Changsheng 13		 一级
First grade		 125.60 2015-2016国家西北区试
2015-2016 National Northwest China regional trial		 14.19 1 西北春谷中晚熟区
Northwest China Spring Sowing and Mid-late-maturing region
豫谷25
Yugu 25		 一级
First grade		 121.00 2014-2015国家华北区试
2014-2015 National North China regional trial		 14.51 1 华北夏谷区
North China Summer Sowing region
公矮2号
Gongai 2		 一级
First grade		 108.00 2002-2003吉林省谷子区试
2002-2003 Jilin regional trial		 13.55 1 东北春谷区
Northeast China Spring Sowing region
赤谷K3
Chigu K3		 一级
First grade		 109.00 2018-2019内蒙古谷子区试
2018-2019 Inner Mongolia regional trial		 4.94 2 西北春谷早熟区
Northwest China Spring Sowing and eraly-maturing region

Fig. 3

Foxtail millet dwarf variety Gonggu 85 and its extensive production A: morphology of Gongai 85 adjacent to traditional tall foxtail millet varieties. B: extensive production of Gongai 88, a dwarf variety cultivated by Crop Institute of Crop Resources, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences."

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