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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (6): 1582-1598.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44188

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Morphological characteristics, types, and developmental process of potato leaf trichomes

YANG Shuang(), BAI Lei, GUO Hua-Chun, MIAO Ya-Sheng, LI Jun()   

  1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
  • Received:2024-11-10 Accepted:2025-03-26 Online:2025-06-12 Published:2025-03-31
  • Contact: *E-mail: nxy8mm@163.com
  • Supported by:
    the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1601802);the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-09-P15)

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Abstract:

The surfaces of angiosperm leaves are often covered with various types of trichomes, whose structures and functions have been extensively studied in multiple plant species. However, a systematic investigation of the morphology, structure, and classification of Solanum tuberosum trichomes remains lacking. In this study, we used optical and electron microscopy to examine the distribution, morphological characteristics, and developmental processes of trichomes in different potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Our results revealed that potato trichomes can be classified into two main categories: non-glandular trichomes (types II, III, and V) and glandular trichomes (types VI and VII). Non-glandular trichomes are primarily found on the epidermis of stems and leaves, as well as along leaf margins, whereas glandular trichomes are predominantly distributed on the lower epidermis of leaves. The development of non-glandular trichomes begins with localized conical protrusions emerging from epidermal cells, followed by a single periclinal division that produces a basal cell and a terminal cell. The basal cell differentiates into the trichome base, while the terminal cell elongates and may further divide to form multiple stalk cells. The mature stalk cells exhibit warty protrusions on their surfaces, and the terminal cell does not develop a glandular head, resulting in sharp or hook-like structures. In contrast, glandular trichome development is initiated by protrusions from epidermal cells, which gradually expand into initial glandular trichome cells. These cells undergo division to form a basal cell and a terminal cell. The basal cell does not undergo further division and directly differentiates into the base of the glandular trichome, while the terminal cell expands and gives rise to the initial glandular head cell. Based on their division patterns and cell numbers, glandular trichomes are classified into types VI and VII. Mature glandular trichomes possess secretory capabilities, accumulating secretions in the subepidermal space. Once the secretions reach a certain level, they protrude from the surface of the head cell and are released either through secretory pores or by direct rupture. As the glandular trichomes age, they gradually shrink and eventually detach. These findings demonstrate that potato leaves harbor diverse types of trichomes, with glandular trichomes playing a role in synthesizing, accumulating, and releasing secretions. By integrating these results with existing research on trichome functions in other Solanum species, such as tomatoes, we hypothesize that potato leaf trichomes may contribute to physical and chemical defenses against insect herbivory and pathogen attack. Further studies are required to validate these functions and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Key words: potato, trichomes, development, secretion, resistance

Fig. 1

Distribution of trichomes on potato leaves A-H is taken from the stems and leaves of Lishu 6. A and B indicate the distribution of trichomes on the stem, and the arrows indicate non-glandular trichomes; C and D indicate the distribution of trichomes on the leaf margins, and the arrows indicate non-glandular trichomes; E indicates the distribution of trichomes on the veins, and the arrows indicate non-glandular trichomes; F indicates the distribution of trichomes in the epidermis on the leaves, and the arrows indicate non-glandular trichomes; G and H indicate the distribution of trichomes in the lower epidermis of the leaf, and the arrows indicate the glandular trichomes. Scale bar: 1 mm."

Fig. 2

Morphological characteristics of non-glandular trichomes A, B, and F were taken from the leaves of Longshu 8. C and D were taken from the leaves of Shishu 7. E was taken from the leaves of Lishu 6. A and B were type II non-glandular trichomes with multicellular base and multicellular stalk, and the arrow in A indicates stalk cells, the arrow in B indicates basal cells; C and D were type III non-glandular trichomes with a single cell base and a multicellular stalk, and the arrow in C indicates stalk cells and the arrow in D indicates basal cells; E and F were V-type non-glandular trichomes with single-cell base and multi-cell stalks, and the arrow in E indicates stalk cells, the arrow in F indicates basal cells. Scale bar in A: 100 μm; Scale bar in B, C, E: 20 μm; Scale bar in D, F: 10 μm."

Fig. 3

Morphological characteristics of glandular trichomes A was taken from the leaves of Longshu 16. B, C, D were taken from the leaves of Ganba potato. E was taken from the leaves of Longshu 17. F was taken from the leaves of Shishu 7. A and B are single-cell base and multi-cell stalk, with a neck cell, and the head of the glandular trichome is composed of four daughter cells type VI glandular trichomes; C and D are single-cell base and a multi-cell stalk, and the top of the glandular trichome is composed of multiple daughter cells, and the daughter cells are arranged in two layers of type VII glandular trichomes. E and F are single-cell base and multi-cell stalk, and the top of the glandular trichome is composed of multiple daughter cells, and the daughter cells are arranged in three layers of type VII glandular trichomes. Scale bar in A and B: 20 μm; Scale bar in C-F: 10 μm."

Fig. 4

Development of non-glandular trichomes A-E were taken from the leaves of Shishu 7. A shows that the epidermal cells are cone-shaped protrusions, which grow and develop to form basal cells and parietal cells; B shows that the apical cells elongate and grow to form stalk cells; C shows that stalk cells continue to undergo a horizontal peridivision to form two stalk cells; D shows that non-glandular trichomes with three stalk cells; E shows that non-glandular trichomes with four stalk cells. Scale bar: 50 μm."

Fig. 5

Developmental progression of type VI glandular trichomes A-J were taken from the leaves of Shishu 7. A shows that glandular trichomes develop from epidermal cells; B shows that after the epidermal cell protrudes, it undergoes cell division and differentiation to form a basal cell and a parietal cell, and the apical cell then grows and differentiates into a primitive head cell and a stalk cell, and the arrow indicates the primitive head cell; C shows that the primitive head cell divides to form a head cell with two daughter cells; D shows that two daughter cells undergoing perivertical division to form four daughter cells, and the arrow indicates neck cells; E-G show that the process of gradual synthesis and accumulation of secretions in mature glandular head cells, and arrows indicate secretions; H shows that the secretions in the subcutaneous space of the glandular head cells accumulate to a certain extent and are released from the secretion pore, and the arrow indicates the secretions; I shows that after the glandular head cells release secretions, the glandular head cells gradually shrink and move towards senescence; J shows that the stalk cells also shrank and the glandular trichomes die. Scale bar in A, C, D, I, and J: 50 μm; Scale bar in B, E, F, G, and H: 20 μm."

Fig. 6

Development process of type VII glandular trichomes A-F were taken from the leaves of Shishu 7. A and B show that the primitive head cells undergo a horizontal peridivision to form two daughter cells, and the daughter cells undergo perivertical division to form two layers of heads with multiple cells; C shows that secretions will accumulate in the subcutaneous space of mature head cells, and arrow indicates secretions; D and E show that the primitive head cells first undergo a periplanar division to form two daughter cells, the bottom daughter cells do not divide, and the top cells continue to divide perihorizontally once, then a three-layer head with multiple cells will be formed, and then each layer of cells will undergo 1-2 perivertical divisions to form three layers of multicellular head gland trichomes; F shows the accumulation of secretions in the subcutaneous space of head cells, and arrow indicates secretions. Scale bar: 20 μm."

Fig. 7

Ultrastructure observation of non-glandular trichomes A-D were taken from the leaves of Longshu 8. E and F were taken from the leaves of Shishu 7. A shows that the cone-shaped protrusions of epidermal cells, and the arrow shows protrusions; B shows that the protrusion covered with a verrucous protrusion, and the arrow shows a verrucous protrusion on the surface; C shows that elongation of the protrusions, forming stalk cells, and the arrow shows verrucous protrusions; D shows that non-glandular trichomes with two stalk cells, and the arrow indicates stalk cells; E shows that non-glandular trichomes with three stalk cells, and the arrows indicate stalk cells; F shows that stalk cells are covered with verrucous processes, and the arrows show surface verrucous protrusions. Scale bar in A, D, E: 20 μm; Scale bar in B, C, F: 10 μm."

Fig. 8

Ultrastructure of type VI glandular trichomes in the early stages of development A-F are taken from the leaves of Lishu 6. A shows that epidermal cell protrusions, the arrows indicate protrusions; B shows that the protrusions form a basal cell and apical cell after cell division, the left arrow indicates the basal cell, and the right arrow indicates the apical cell; C shows that the apical cells develop to form stalk cells and primitive head cells, and the arrow indicates primitive head cells; D shows that the primitive head cells form two daughter cells after division, one stops developing to form a neck cell, and the arrow indicates the neck cell; E shows that another daughter cell divides into two head cells after the primitive head cell divides, and the arrows indicate the two head cells that have completed division; F shows that head cell growth and swelling, and the arrow indicates enlarged head cells. Scale bar in D: 20 μm; Scale bar in A, B, C, E, and F: 10 μm."

Fig. 9

Ultrastructure of type VI glandular trichomes after complete cell division A, B and D were taken from the leaves of Longshu 16. C was taken from the leaves of Longshu 17. A-D show that the type VI glandular trichome head cells formed four equally divided head cells after complete division, and they were arranged in the same layer. Scale bar in A and C: 20 μm; Scale bar in B and D: 10 μm."

Fig. 10

Ultrastructure of secretion activity after maturation of type VI glandular trichomes A-F were taken from the leaves of Shishu 7, show that the accumulation of secretions in the subcutaneous space of mature glandular trichome head cells, which will form lumpy protrusions on the cell surface, and the arrows indicate lumpy protrusions formed by the accumulation of secretions. Scale bar in E: 20 μm; Scale bar in A, B, C, D, and F: 10 μm."

Fig. 11

Ultrastructure of type VI glandular trichomes in late development A and B were taken from the leaves of Ganba potato. C-E were taken from the leaves of Longshu 16. F was taken from the leaves of Longshu 17. A and B show that the secretion will adhere to the surface of the head cell after release, and the arrows indicate the secretion; C shows that after the secretion is released by the head cells, secretory vesicles are formed on the surface of the secretory pore, and then the head cells begin to shrink, and the arrow indicates the secretions; D-F show that the glandular hairs shrink, gradually aging and die, and the arrows indicate that the secretions released through the orifice can form crystalline particles around the orifice after a period of time. Scale bar in A: 20 μm; Scale bar in B, C, D, and F: 10 μm; Scale bar in E: 2 μm."

Fig. 12

Ultrastructure of type VII glandular trichomes development in the early stages of two-layer multicellular head A-F were taken from the leaves of Lishu 6. A shows that the protrusions form a basal cell and a parietal cell after cell division, and the arrow indicates the apical cell; B shows that the apical cells develop to form stalk cells and primitive head cells, and the arrow indicates primitive head cells; C shows that a single horizontal division of the primitive head cells will form a two-layer cell head, and the arrow indicates the cells of the next layer; D shows that the upper layer of cells undergoing 1 perivertical division to form two cells, and the arrows indicate two head cells; E and F show that the cells of the lower layer divide together with the two cells of the head, forming the head of the glandular trichomes of the upper four cells and the lower two cells, and the arrows indicate the upper four cells. Scale bar in B and C: 20 μm; Scale bar in D, E, and F: 10 μm; Scale bar in A: 2 μm."

Fig. 13

Ultrastructure of type VII glandular trichomes development in the middle and late stages of two-layer multicellular head A-D were taken from the leaves of Lishu 6. E was taken from the leaves of Longshu 16. F was taken from the leaves of Shishu 7. A and B show that the apical head cells gradually expanded and matured; C and D show that the secretion adheres to the surface of the head cell after release, and the arrows indicate the secretion; E and F show that glandular trichomes shrinkage, followed by senescence and death. Scale bar: 10 μm."

Fig. 14

Ultrastructure of type VII glandular trichomes development in a three-layered multicellular head A-C were taken from the leaves of Lishu 6. D and E were taken from the leaves of Longshu 16. F was taken from the leaves of Longshu 17. A shows that the primitive head cells undergo two horizontal divisions, and the head with three layers of cells is formed; B shows that the apical head cell with two daughter cells, and the arrows indicate two cells each; C shows that type VII glandular trichomes after complete cell division; D and E show that the release of secretions from mature glandular trichomes, which adhere to the cell surface, and arrows indicate secretions; F shows that after the release of secretions, head cells begin to shrink, and glandular trichomes gradually age and die. Scale bar in B and C: 20 μm; Scale bar in A, D, and F:10 μm; Scale bar in E: 2 μm."

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