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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (6): 1668-1677.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24175

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rate on rapeseed yield and quality (Brassica napus L.)

YAN Jin-Yao(), SONG Yi, LU Zhi-Feng, REN Tao, LU Jian-Wei*()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2022-08-03 Accepted:2022-10-10 Online:2023-06-12 Published:2022-10-18
  • Contact: *E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1600500);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-12);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662021ZH001)

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Abstract:

Rapeseed is an important oil crop and is sensitive to phosphorus deficiency. The soil phosphorus supply in the main rapeseed producing areas in China is poor, and phosphorus deficiency often leads to yield reduction of seed. To investigate the effects of phosphorus nutrient supply status on rapeseed yield and quality at the same time, a phosphorus fertilizer rate field experiment was conducted in two seasons of 2019-2021 in the middle reaches of Yangtze River with five treatments of 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg P2O5 hm-2. The results showed that phosphorus application significantly increased the number of pods per plant, seed number, and 1000-seed weight, and thus increasing rapeseed yield. The average yield without phosphorus treatment was only 190 kg hm-2, and phosphorus application increased the yield by 8.5-12.5 times, and the maximum yields obtained according to yield effects corresponded to phosphorus applications of 51.8-65.0 kg P2O5 hm-2. The response of rapeseed phosphorus content, water content, oil content, protein, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and stearic acid to phosphorus fertilizer rate reached highly significant levels, while erucic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid showed less response. The oil content of rapeseed tended to increase and then decrease with increasing phosphorus application (highest at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 and 135 kg P2O5 hm-2), protein content tended to increase slowly, and glucosinolate content decreased significantly. Excessive application of phosphorus fertilizer decreased the oleic acid content and increased the linolenic acid content of rapeseed. Path analysis showed that seed phosphorus content, oil content, and linolenic acid content had a greater direct positive effect on yield, water content, protein and linolenic acid had a greater indirect positive effect on yield through seed phosphorus content, and glucosinolate, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and stearic acid had a greater indirect negative effect on yield through seed phosphorus content. The combined results showed that the recommended phosphorus fertilizer rate for targeting rapeseed yield and edible oil quality was 45-90 kg P2O5 hm-2, and for pursuing forage cake meal protein yield, the recommended phosphorus fertilizer rate was 90-135 kg P2O5 hm-2.

Key words: phosphorus fertilizer rate, rapeseed, yield, quality, oil production

Table 1

Physical and chemical properties of the top soil (0-20 cm) of the experiment fields"

年份
Year		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 有效磷
Olsen-P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 有效硼
Available B
(mg kg-1)
2019/2020 5.76 36.50 1.75 6.96 71.13 0.38
2020/2021 5.22 31.76 1.94 4.98 58.90 0.25

Fig. 1

Effects of different P fertilizer application rates on rapeseed yield during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 growing season P and Y represent phosphate fertilizer and yield, respectively. * and ** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively."

Table 2

Effects of different P fertilizer application rates on yield components of rapeseed during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 growing seasons"

磷肥用量
P rates
(kg P2O5 hm-2)		 单株角果数
Number of pods per plant (No. plant-1)		 角粒数
Seed number (No. pod-1)		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)
2019/2020 2020/2021 平均Average 2019/2020 2020/2021 平均Average 2019/2020 2020/2021 平均Average
0 93 c 24 c 59 20.1 b 15.4 b 17.7 2.82 c 4.21 b 3.51
45 392 b 184 b 288 23.8 ab 20.9 a 22.4 3.20 b 5.27 a 4.23
90 406 ab 197 ab 302 25.2 a 21.6 a 23.4 3.42 a 5.47 a 4.45
135 431 a 209 ab 320 24.2 a 20.9 a 22.6 3.32 ab 5.61 a 4.46
180 424 a 221 a 323 24.2 a 19.6 a 21.9 3.33 ab 5.41 a 4.37
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
磷肥 Phosphorus (P) 309.4** 9.4** 40.9**
年份 Year (Y) 1021.4** 35.8** 1262.0**
P×Y 25.0** 0.3ns 7.5**

Table 3

Effects of different P fertilizer application rates on P content in rapeseed"

磷肥用量
P rates (kg P2O5 hm-2)		 磷含量 P content (%)
2019/2020 2020/2021
0 0.32 c 0.28 d
45 0.41 c 0.50 c
90 0.58 b 0.66 b
135 0.70 a 0.69 ab
180 0.69 ab 0.72 a
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
磷肥 Phosphorus (P) 90.7**
年份 Year (Y) 3.3ns
P×Y 2.3ns

Table 4

Effects of different P application rates on water content, oil content, protein content, and glucosinolates content in rapeseed"

磷肥用量
P rates
(kg P2O5 hm-2)		 含水率
Water content
(%)		 含油率
Oil content
(%)		 蛋白质含量
Protein content
(%)		 硫甙
Glucosinolate
(μmol g-1)
2019/2020 2020/2021 2019/2020 2020/2021 2019/2020 2020/2021 2019/2020 2020/2021
0 8.1 b 8.5 b 41.2 c 45.7 ab 21.8 c 25.7 c 28.5 a 26.1 ab
45 8.1 b 9.1 ab 42.8 ab 46.8 a 22.5 c 25.6 c 25.8 ab 26.3 a
90 9.0 a 10.6 ab 42.2 abc 46.9 a 23.6 bc 26.1 bc 26.6 ab 23.3 ab
135 9.3 a 10.2 ab 43.0 a 45.1 b 24.4 ab 27.2 b 25.6 ab 21.9 ab
180 9.7 a 11.0 a 41.8 bc 44.7 b 25.8 a 29.4 a 23.3 b 21.1 b
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
磷肥Phosphorus (P) 5.7** 5.1** 20.1** 4.8**
年份Year (Y) 9.7** 186.6** 102.7** 7.8*
P×Y 0.4ns 3.4* 0.7ns 0.9ns

Table 5

Effects of different P application rates on oil and protein yield in rapeseed"

磷肥用量
P rates (kg P2O5 hm-2)		 籽粒油分产量
Seed oil yield (kg hm-2)		 籽粒蛋白质产量
Seed protein yield (kg hm-2)
2019/2020 2020/2021 平均Average 2019/2020 2020/2021 平均Average
0 93 c 70 b 82 49 c 40 d 44
45 921 b 833 a 877 484 b 455 c 470
90 1250 a 925 a 1088 696 a 514 bc 605
135 1291 a 940 a 1116 734 a 566 ab 650
180 1280 a 903 a 1091 789 a 594 a 692
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
磷肥 Phosphorus (P) 92.6** 114.0**
年份 Year (Y) 32.3** 27.9**
P×Y 3.2* 3.3*

Table 6

Effects of different P fertilizer application rates on fatty acid components in rapeseed"

磷肥用量
P rates
(kg P2O5 hm-2)		 芥酸
Erucic acid
(%)		 油酸
Oleic acid
(%)		 亚油酸
Linoleic acid
(%)		 亚麻酸
Linolenic acid (%)		 硬脂酸
Stearic acid
(kg hm-2)		 棕榈酸
Palmitic acid
(kg hm-2)
2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021
0 1.5 a 2.0 a 76.5 a 70.5 a 17.8 a 17.3 a 6.5 b 8.4 b 3.3 a 1.2 a 4.7 a 4.6 a
45 1.4 a 2.0 a 76.7 a 67.1 ab 17.6 a 16.7 a 7.0 ab 9.4 ab 3.0 ab 0.9 ab 4.9 a 4.5 a
90 1.4 a 2.0 a 74.8 a 67.2 ab 17.6 a 16.6 a 8.2 a 9.7 ab 2.9 ab 0.8 ab 4.8 a 4.5 a
135 1.3 a 2.0 a 71.8 ab 66.7 ab 17.6 a 16.6 a 8.2 a 9.3 ab 3.1 ab 0.8 ab 4.9 a 4.6 a
180 1.2 a 1.8 a 65.9 b 61.3 b 17.6 a 16.0 a 8.3 a 11.1 a 2.7 b 0.5 b 4.8 a 4.4 a
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
磷肥 Phosphorus (P) 0.2ns 5.5** 1.0ns 5.3** 4.8** 0.7ns
年份 Year (Y) 8.7** 20.5** 15.6** 33.3** 547.3** 27.0**
P×Y 0.1ns 0.4ns 0.5ns 0.8ns 0.2ns 1.0ns

Fig. 2

Correlation between rapeseed yield and quality traits The data used for correlation analysis are nutrient, quality, and fatty acid data of all the experiments. *, **, and *** indicate significant difference at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively."

Table 7

Path analysis between rapeseed main quality traits and yield"

性状
Trait		 直接通径系数
Direct path
coefficient		 间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient 决定系数
Determination coefficient
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11
X1 0.743 -0.014 -0.004 -0.199 0.060 0.012 0.058 0.016 0.148 0.059 -0.006 0.873
X2 -0.021 0.487 0.001 -0.175 0.032 -0.017 0.075 0.024 0.137 0.063 0.005 0.609
X3 0.215 -0.014 0.000 0.060 -0.028 -0.008 -0.019 0.003 0.014 -0.022 -0.005 0.195
X4 -0.290 0.509 -0.013 -0.045 0.051 0.017 0.077 0.021 0.155 0.056 -0.004 0.535
X5 -0.101 -0.441 0.007 0.059 0.145 -0.028 -0.032 -0.004 -0.051 -0.054 0.011 -0.489
X6 -0.094 -0.096 -0.004 0.019 0.053 -0.030 0.014 0.020 0.007 0.034 -0.002 -0.079
X7 -0.117 -0.369 0.013 0.034 0.191 -0.027 0.011 -0.021 -0.114 -0.068 -0.001 -0.467
X8 -0.050 -0.236 0.010 -0.013 0.124 -0.008 0.037 -0.050 -0.090 -0.073 0.033 -0.316
X9 0.242 0.455 -0.012 0.012 -0.186 0.021 -0.003 0.055 0.019 0.037 -0.015 0.625
X10 -0.131 -0.335 0.010 0.037 0.124 -0.042 0.024 -0.060 -0.028 -0.069 -0.003 -0.474
X11 0.059 -0.081 0.004 0.017 0.026 0.007 -0.018 0.005 0.001 -0.062 0.007 -0.036
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