灌溉对小麦分蘖发生和不同茎蘖光合同化物生产分配及成穗的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.21045

Abstract

Abstract:

Moderate irrigation based on soil moisture content could increase spike number of wheat, and realize water-saving and high-yielding cultivation, but the physiological mechanism of tiller occurrence and spike formation under this condition is still unclear. A field experiment was conducted in wheat growth seasons of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, in which the medium-spike wheat Jimai 22 and large-spike wheat Shannong 23 were used as the experimental materials. Three treatments were designed in this field experiment, including no irrigation during the whole growth period, water-saving irrigation, and sufficient irrigation. The characteristics of tiller occurrence and spike formation of wheat were studied. The results showed that the tiller node area and trans zeatin content, the photosynthetic parameters of the uppermost unfloding leaves in main stem at wintering and turn-green stage of two wheat cultivars under water-saving irrigation treatment were higher than no irrigation treatment. Under water-saving irrigation, the stem number of tillers II, III, I_P, IV, and others in two spike-type wheat cultivars were increased, the total stem number per plant of Jimai 22 and Shannong 23 under W70 were 1.01 and 0.75 higher at wintering stage and 0.71 and 0.56 higher at jointing stage. The photosynthetic parameter of the uppermost unfolding leaves at jointing stage, dry matter weight and distribution amount of ¹³C assimilates of main stem and tillers in different positions increased significantly, the total spike number per plant of Jimai 22 and Shannong 23 were 0.36 and 0.41 higher than no irrigation in two years. The grain yield of Jimai 22 and Shannong 23 under water-saving irrigation treatment increased by 35.00% and 44.27%, and water use efficiency increased by 9.23% and 8.55% than no irrigation, respectively. Further increasing the amount of irrigation to sufficient irrigation treatment could increase the total stem number per plant at wintering and jointing stage, but there was no significant difference with water-saving irrigation in the total formation spike number per plant, spike number, and grain yield per hectare, water use efficiency was decreased. Comparison among the cultivars the total stem and spike number per plant of Jimai 22 were higher than Shannong 23, the main reason was that Jimai 22 had higher tiller node area and trans zeatin content, photosynthetic capacity in main stem, and tillers in different positions. The correlation analysis showed that the total stem number and spike number per plant, spike number, and grain yield per hectare were positively correlated with the tiller node area and trans zeatin content, and net photosynthetic rate of the uppermost unfolding leaves in main stem in two wheat cultivars, and there was significantly negatively correlated with auxin and abscisic acid content. These results indicated that the water-saving irrigation could regulate tiller occurrence and spike formation by increasing tiller node area and hormone content, improving the capacity of photo-assimilates production and distribution in main stem and tillers in different positions, thus resulting in the higher yield and water use efficiency.

Key words: irrigation, different spike types wheat, tiller occurrence, photo-assimilates production and distribution, spike formation

FENG Lian-Jie, YU Zhen-Wen, ZHANG Yong-Li, SHI Yu. Effects of irrigation on tiller occurrence, photo-assimilates production and distribution in different stem and tillers and spike formation in wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(6): 1653-1667.

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品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	分蘖节面积 Tiller node area (mm²)				分蘖节总面积 Total area of tiller node (mm²)
品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	O	I	II	其余分蘖Other tillers	分蘖节总面积 Total area of tiller node (mm²)
J22	W0	4.20 e	1.05 e	0.64 e	0.22 e	6.11 d
	W70	6.09 b	1.20 d	1.11 c	1.80 b	10.20 b
	W90	6.50 a	1.36 c	1.26 b	2.27 a	11.39 a
S23	W0	3.56 f	1.26 d	0.96 d	—	5.78 e
	W70	4.68 d	1.76 b	1.23 b	1.01 d	8.68 c
	W90	5.06 c	1.89 a	1.36 a	1.66 c	9.97 b

品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	干物质重 Dry matter weight (g)				¹³C同化物分配量 Distribution amount of ¹³C assimilates (mg)
品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	O	I	II	III	O	I	II	III
标记后7 d (单茎) 7 days after labeling (stem)
J22	W0	1.84 d	1.64 c	1.04 c	0.57 c	2.98 b	2.52 c	1.57 c	0.43 b
	W70	2.04 c	1.87 b	1.36 a	1.14 a	3.40 a	3.23 a	2.76 a	1.62 a
S23	W0	2.18 b	1.91 b	0.71 d	0.46 d	2.65 c	2.25 d	0.72 d	0.23 d
	W70	2.49 a	2.37 a	1.29 b	0.61 b	3.26 a	2.92 b	2.23 b	0.34 c
成熟期(籽粒) Maturity (grain)
J22	W0	1.34 d	1.23 d	0.87 c	—	0.98 b	0.94 c	0.86 c	—
	W70	1.50 c	1.49 c	1.19 b	0.73 a	1.36 a	1.32 a	1.16 a	0.90 a
S23	W0	1.97 b	1.59 b	—	—	0.88 c	0.79 d	—	—
	W70	2.13 a	2.06 a	1.61 a	—	1.32 a	1.24 b	1.09 b	—
成熟期(营养器官) Maturity (vegetative organ)
J22	W0	1.41 d	1.37 c	1.19 c	—	0.53 b	0.49 b	0.40 b	—
	W70	1.81 c	1.86 b	1.64 b	1.47 a	0.65 a	0.61 a	0.50 a	0.49 a
S23	W0	2.27 b	2.04 b	—	—	0.39 c	0.33 c	—	—
	W70	2.65 a	2.62 a	2.37 a	—	0.54 b	0.48 b	0.36 c	—

生长季和生育时期 Growth season and growth stage	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	主茎叶龄 Leaf age of mean stem	不同茎蘖发生数 Stem number in main stem and tillers in different positions per plant (stem plant^-1)							单株总茎蘖数 Total stem number per plant (stem plant^-1)
生长季和生育时期 Growth season and growth stage	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	主茎叶龄 Leaf age of mean stem	O	I	II	III	I_P	IV	其余分蘖 Other tillers	单株总茎蘖数 Total stem number per plant (stem plant^-1)
2019-2020 越冬期 Wintering	J22	W0	5.5 c	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.83 b	0.57 d	0.34 d	0.16 c	—	3.90 e
		W70	6.3 b	1.00 a	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.84 a	0.62 b	0.27 b	—	4.73 b
		W90	6.8 a	1.00 a	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.88 a	0.73 a	0.41 a	—	5.02 a
	S23	W0	5.1 d	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.67 c	0.44 e	0.13 f	—	—	3.24 f
		W70	5.7 c	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.98 a	0.64 c	0.29 e	0.17 c	—	4.08 d
		W90	6.1 b	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.94 a	0.73 b	0.43 c	0.24 b	—	4.34 c
2020-2021 越冬期 Wintering	J22	W0	5.3 d	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.72 c	0.30 c	0.12 d	0.07 d	—	3.21 d
		W70	6.1 b	1.00 a	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.71 b	0.47 b	0.22 b	—	4.40 b
		W90	6.5 a	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.99 a	0.84 a	0.67 a	0.30 a	—	4.80 a
	S23	W0	4.9 e	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.58 d	0.12 d	—	—	—	2.70 e
		W70	5.4 d	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.77 c	0.39 c	0.10 d	0.09 d	—	3.35 d
		W90	5.8 c	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.90 b	0.63 b	0.31 c	0.14 c	—	3.98 c
2020-2021 拔节期 Jointing	J22	W0	9.3 c	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.90 b	0.77 c	0.63 c	0.57 c	1.68 c	6.54 c
		W70	10.2 b	1.00 a	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.87 b	0.76 b	0.69 b	1.93 b	7.25 b
		W90	10.9 a	1.00 a	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.99 a	0.88 a	0.79 a	2.05 a	7.71 a
	S23	W0	8.7 d	1.00 a	1.00 b	0.83 c	0.70 d	0.40 d	0.30 d	0.34 f	4.58 f
		W70	9.5 c	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.91 b	0.80 c	0.57 c	0.43 c	0.43 e	5.14 e
		W90	10.1 b	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.99 a	0.99 a	0.83 a	0.68 b	0.69 d	6.18 d

生长季 Growth season	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	不同茎蘖成穗数 Formation spike number of main stem and tillers in different positions per plant (stem plant^-1)				单株成穗数 Total Formation spike number per plant (stem plant^-1)
生长季 Growth season	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	O	I	II	III
2019-2020	J22	W0	1.00 a	0.90 b	0.34 b	—	2.24 b
		W70	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.53 a	0.04 b	2.58 a
		W90	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.33 b	0.20 a	2.53 a
	S23	W0	1.00 a	0.42 e	—	—	1.42 d
		W70	1.00 a	0.64 c	0.14 d	—	1.79 c
		W90	1.00 a	0.56 d	0.23 c	—	1.80 c
2020-2021	J22	W0	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.30 c	—	2.30 b
		W70	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.57 a	0.11 b	2.68 a
		W90	1.00 a	1.00 a	0.40 b	0.29 a	2.69 a
	S23	W0	1.00 a	0.41 d	—	—	1.41 d
		W70	1.00 a	0.67 b	0.19 d	—	1.86 c
		W90	1.00 a	0.60 c	0.29 c	—	1.90 c
F值 F-value	生长季 Growth season (G)		—	8.33^**	7.00^*	16.33^**	25.55^**
	品种 Cultivar (C)		—	2045.37^**	761.29^**	280.33^**	2448.32^**
	灌溉 Irrigation (I)		—	78.04^**	148.61^**	126.33^**	242.40^**
	G×C		—	0.33^ns	0.57^ns	16.33^**	2.89^ns
	G×I		—	0.78^ns	6.64^**	4.33^*	3.17^ns
	C×I		—	30.70^**	73.96^**	126.33^**	2.47^ns
	G×C×I		—	6.78^**	0.68^ns	4.33^*	0.12^ns

生长季 Growth season	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	公顷穗数 Spike number per hectare (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)	总耗水量 Water consumption amount (mm)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg hm^-2 mm⁻¹)
2019-2020	J22	W0	503.67 b	28.32 d	38.11 c	5435.99 c	326.49 e	16.64 e
		W70	580.17 a	31.68 c	41.88 b	7623.94 b	419.07 c	18.19 c
		W90	574.33 a	31.55 c	41.64 b	7545.21 b	471.73 a	15.99 f
	S23	W0	321.33 d	42.43 b	41.33 b	5634.95 c	300.04 f	18.79 b
		W70	401.83 c	46.32 a	43.20 a	8040.71 a	392.03 d	20.51 a
		W90	406.33 c	45.95 a	42.58 a	7950.05 a	449.42 b	17.69 d
2020-2021	J22	W0	516.82 b	31.33 d	40.19 d	6507.55 c	373.36 e	17.43 d
		W70	601.21 a	33.02 c	42.53 c	8443.04 b	443.17 c	19.05 b
		W90	604.12 a	32.95 c	42.29 c	8418.14 b	516.34 a	16.30 e
	S23	W0	320.15 d	42.23 b	44.33 b	5989.29 d	307.28 f	19.49 b
		W70	422.58 c	45.00 a	45.96 b	8739.80 a	415.39 d	21.04 a
		W90	435.76 c	44.82 a	45.27 a	8841.58 a	481.15 b	18.37 c
F值 F-value	生长季 Growth season (G)		30.47^**	4.91^*	169.90^**	194.76^**	135.24^**	37.64^**
	品种 Cultivar (C)		2746.76^**	3101.84^**	306.04^ns	13.26^**	179.33^**	542.44^**
	灌溉 Irrigation (I)		295.00^**	65.77^**	83.53^**	748.05^**	1211.92^**	279.32^**
	G×C		0.54^ns	36.07^**	24.68^**	5.96^*	12.12^**	0.04^ns
	G×I		4.09^*	3.68^*	2.74^ns	0.80^ns	2.93^ns	0.51^ns
	C×I		3.26^ns	1.09^ns	10.38^ns	10.49^**	5.68^*	0.62^ns
	G×C×I		0.47^ns	0.21^ns	1.14^ns	4.08^*	5.07^*	0.96^ns

Effects of irrigation on tiller occurrence, photo-assimilates production and distribution in different stem and tillers and spike formation in wheat

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性状Trait	TAD	tZ	IAA	ABA	NPW	NPT	TNJ	SNP	HSN	GY
TAD		0.967^**	-0.979^**	-0.856^**	0.954^**	0.983^**	0.948^**	0.945^**	0.966^**	0.969^**
tZ	0.985^**		-0.967^**	-0.908^**	0.949^**	0.953^**	0.981^**	0.864^**	0.887^**	0.877^**
IAA	-0.922^**	-0.913^**		0.876^**	-0.921^**	-0.962^**	-0.941^**	-0.926^**	-0.920^**	-0.923^**
ABA	-0.939^**	-0.945^**	0.919^**		-0.812^**	-0.804^**	-0.866^**	-0.693^*	-0.705^*	-0.744^*
NPW	0.897^**	0.874^**	-0.961^**	-0.935^**		0.983^**	0.929^**	0.836^**	0.912^**	0.888^**
NPT	0.968^**	0.974^*	-0.833^**	-0.917^**	0.823^**		0.929^**	0.913^**	0.961^**	0.942^**
TNJ	0.919^**	0.881^*	-0.922^**	-0.943^**	0.919^**	0.850^**		0.867^**	0.868^**	0.869^**
SNP	0.968^**	0.983^**	-0.854^**	-0.913^**	0.828^**	0.976^**	0.820^**		0.970^**	0.977^**
HSN	0.957^**	0.962^**	-0.806^**	-0.884^**	0.788^**	0.966^**	0.797^*	0.989^**		0.985^**
GY	0.954^**	0.969^**	-0.820^**	-0.856^**	0.765^**	0.956^**	0.774^*	0.984^**	0.987^**

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