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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (6): 1653-1667.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.21045

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• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of irrigation on tiller occurrence, photo-assimilates production and distribution in different stem and tillers and spike formation in wheat

FENG Lian-Jie(), YU Zhen-Wen, ZHANG Yong-Li*(), SHI Yu   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-06-28 Accepted:2022-10-10 Online:2023-06-12 Published:2022-12-26
  • Contact: *E-mail: zhangyl@sdau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Special funds for Taishan Scholars Project;China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-3-1-19);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771717)

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Abstract:

Moderate irrigation based on soil moisture content could increase spike number of wheat, and realize water-saving and high-yielding cultivation, but the physiological mechanism of tiller occurrence and spike formation under this condition is still unclear. A field experiment was conducted in wheat growth seasons of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, in which the medium-spike wheat Jimai 22 and large-spike wheat Shannong 23 were used as the experimental materials. Three treatments were designed in this field experiment, including no irrigation during the whole growth period, water-saving irrigation, and sufficient irrigation. The characteristics of tiller occurrence and spike formation of wheat were studied. The results showed that the tiller node area and trans zeatin content, the photosynthetic parameters of the uppermost unfloding leaves in main stem at wintering and turn-green stage of two wheat cultivars under water-saving irrigation treatment were higher than no irrigation treatment. Under water-saving irrigation, the stem number of tillers II, III, IP, IV, and others in two spike-type wheat cultivars were increased, the total stem number per plant of Jimai 22 and Shannong 23 under W70 were 1.01 and 0.75 higher at wintering stage and 0.71 and 0.56 higher at jointing stage. The photosynthetic parameter of the uppermost unfolding leaves at jointing stage, dry matter weight and distribution amount of 13C assimilates of main stem and tillers in different positions increased significantly, the total spike number per plant of Jimai 22 and Shannong 23 were 0.36 and 0.41 higher than no irrigation in two years. The grain yield of Jimai 22 and Shannong 23 under water-saving irrigation treatment increased by 35.00% and 44.27%, and water use efficiency increased by 9.23% and 8.55% than no irrigation, respectively. Further increasing the amount of irrigation to sufficient irrigation treatment could increase the total stem number per plant at wintering and jointing stage, but there was no significant difference with water-saving irrigation in the total formation spike number per plant, spike number, and grain yield per hectare, water use efficiency was decreased. Comparison among the cultivars the total stem and spike number per plant of Jimai 22 were higher than Shannong 23, the main reason was that Jimai 22 had higher tiller node area and trans zeatin content, photosynthetic capacity in main stem, and tillers in different positions. The correlation analysis showed that the total stem number and spike number per plant, spike number, and grain yield per hectare were positively correlated with the tiller node area and trans zeatin content, and net photosynthetic rate of the uppermost unfolding leaves in main stem in two wheat cultivars, and there was significantly negatively correlated with auxin and abscisic acid content. These results indicated that the water-saving irrigation could regulate tiller occurrence and spike formation by increasing tiller node area and hormone content, improving the capacity of photo-assimilates production and distribution in main stem and tillers in different positions, thus resulting in the higher yield and water use efficiency.

Key words: irrigation, different spike types wheat, tiller occurrence, photo-assimilates production and distribution, spike formation

Fig. 1

Monthly precipitation and monthly air temperature in the growing seasons of winter wheat in 2019?2020 and 2020?2021"

Table 1

Effect of irrigation on tiller node area of main stem and tillers in different positions and total area of tiller node at wintering stage in wheat (2020-2021)"

品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 分蘖节面积 Tiller node area (mm2) 分蘖节总面积
Total area of tiller node (mm2)
O I II 其余分蘖Other tillers
J22 W0 4.20 e 1.05 e 0.64 e 0.22 e 6.11 d
W70 6.09 b 1.20 d 1.11 c 1.80 b 10.20 b
W90 6.50 a 1.36 c 1.26 b 2.27 a 11.39 a
S23 W0 3.56 f 1.26 d 0.96 d — 5.78 e
W70 4.68 d 1.76 b 1.23 b 1.01 d 8.68 c
W90 5.06 c 1.89 a 1.36 a 1.66 c 9.97 b

Fig. 2

Effect of irrigation on hormone content and ratio of tiller node in wheat in 2020 and 2021 Different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. tZ: trans zeatin; IAA: auxin; ABA: abscisic acid."

Fig. 3

Effect of irrigation on net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of main stem at wintering and turn-green stage in wheat Different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 4

Effect of irrigation on net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of main stem and tillers in different positions at jointing stage in wheat in 2020 and 2021 Different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 5

Effect of irrigation on net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of main stem at anthesis stage in wheat in 2020 and 2021 Different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 2

Effect of irrigation on dry matter weight and distribution amount of 13C assimilates of main stem and tillers in different positions in wheat (2020-2021)"

品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 干物质重
Dry matter weight (g)		 13C同化物分配量
Distribution amount of 13C assimilates (mg)
O I II III O I II III
标记后7 d (单茎) 7 days after labeling (stem)
J22 W0 1.84 d 1.64 c 1.04 c 0.57 c 2.98 b 2.52 c 1.57 c 0.43 b
W70 2.04 c 1.87 b 1.36 a 1.14 a 3.40 a 3.23 a 2.76 a 1.62 a
S23 W0 2.18 b 1.91 b 0.71 d 0.46 d 2.65 c 2.25 d 0.72 d 0.23 d
W70 2.49 a 2.37 a 1.29 b 0.61 b 3.26 a 2.92 b 2.23 b 0.34 c
成熟期(籽粒) Maturity (grain)
J22 W0 1.34 d 1.23 d 0.87 c — 0.98 b 0.94 c 0.86 c —
W70 1.50 c 1.49 c 1.19 b 0.73 a 1.36 a 1.32 a 1.16 a 0.90 a
S23 W0 1.97 b 1.59 b — — 0.88 c 0.79 d — —
W70 2.13 a 2.06 a 1.61 a — 1.32 a 1.24 b 1.09 b —
成熟期(营养器官) Maturity (vegetative organ)
J22 W0 1.41 d 1.37 c 1.19 c — 0.53 b 0.49 b 0.40 b —
W70 1.81 c 1.86 b 1.64 b 1.47 a 0.65 a 0.61 a 0.50 a 0.49 a
S23 W0 2.27 b 2.04 b — — 0.39 c 0.33 c — —
W70 2.65 a 2.62 a 2.37 a — 0.54 b 0.48 b 0.36 c —

Table 3

Effect of irrigation on leaf age of main stem, stem number of main stem and tillers in different positions and total stem number per plant in wheat"

生长季和
生育时期
Growth
season and growth stage		 品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 主茎叶龄
Leaf age of mean stem		 不同茎蘖发生数
Stem number in main stem and tillers in different positions per plant (stem plant-1)		 单株总茎蘖数
Total stem number
per plant
(stem plant-1)
O I II III IP IV 其余分蘖
Other
tillers
2019-2020
越冬期
Wintering		 J22 W0 5.5 c 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.83 b 0.57 d 0.34 d 0.16 c — 3.90 e
W70 6.3 b 1.00 a 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.84 a 0.62 b 0.27 b — 4.73 b
W90 6.8 a 1.00 a 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.88 a 0.73 a 0.41 a — 5.02 a
S23 W0 5.1 d 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.67 c 0.44 e 0.13 f — — 3.24 f
W70 5.7 c 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.98 a 0.64 c 0.29 e 0.17 c — 4.08 d
W90 6.1 b 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.94 a 0.73 b 0.43 c 0.24 b — 4.34 c
2020-2021
越冬期
Wintering		 J22 W0 5.3 d 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.72 c 0.30 c 0.12 d 0.07 d — 3.21 d
W70 6.1 b 1.00 a 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.71 b 0.47 b 0.22 b — 4.40 b
W90 6.5 a 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.99 a 0.84 a 0.67 a 0.30 a — 4.80 a
S23 W0 4.9 e 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.58 d 0.12 d — — — 2.70 e
W70 5.4 d 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.77 c 0.39 c 0.10 d 0.09 d — 3.35 d
W90 5.8 c 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.90 b 0.63 b 0.31 c 0.14 c — 3.98 c
2020-2021
拔节期
Jointing		 J22 W0 9.3 c 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.90 b 0.77 c 0.63 c 0.57 c 1.68 c 6.54 c
W70 10.2 b 1.00 a 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.87 b 0.76 b 0.69 b 1.93 b 7.25 b
W90 10.9 a 1.00 a 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.99 a 0.88 a 0.79 a 2.05 a 7.71 a
S23 W0 8.7 d 1.00 a 1.00 b 0.83 c 0.70 d 0.40 d 0.30 d 0.34 f 4.58 f
W70 9.5 c 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.91 b 0.80 c 0.57 c 0.43 c 0.43 e 5.14 e
W90 10.1 b 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.99 a 0.99 a 0.83 a 0.68 b 0.69 d 6.18 d

Table 4

Effect of irrigation on formation spike number of main stem and tillers in different positions and total formation spike number per plant at maturity stage in wheat"

生长季
Growth season		 品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 不同茎蘖成穗数
Formation spike number of main stem and tillers in different positions per plant (stem plant-1)		 单株成穗数
Total Formation spike number per plant (stem plant-1)
O I II III
2019-2020 J22 W0 1.00 a 0.90 b 0.34 b — 2.24 b
W70 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.53 a 0.04 b 2.58 a
W90 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.33 b 0.20 a 2.53 a
S23 W0 1.00 a 0.42 e — — 1.42 d
W70 1.00 a 0.64 c 0.14 d — 1.79 c
W90 1.00 a 0.56 d 0.23 c — 1.80 c
2020-2021 J22 W0 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.30 c — 2.30 b
W70 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.57 a 0.11 b 2.68 a
W90 1.00 a 1.00 a 0.40 b 0.29 a 2.69 a
S23 W0 1.00 a 0.41 d — — 1.41 d
W70 1.00 a 0.67 b 0.19 d — 1.86 c
W90 1.00 a 0.60 c 0.29 c — 1.90 c
F值
F-value		 生长季 Growth season (G) — 8.33** 7.00* 16.33** 25.55**
品种 Cultivar (C) — 2045.37** 761.29** 280.33** 2448.32**
灌溉 Irrigation (I) — 78.04** 148.61** 126.33** 242.40**
G×C — 0.33ns 0.57ns 16.33** 2.89ns
G×I — 0.78ns 6.64** 4.33* 3.17ns
C×I — 30.70** 73.96** 126.33** 2.47ns
G×C×I — 6.78** 0.68ns 4.33* 0.12ns

Fig. 6

Effect of irrigation on total number of population stems at different growth stages in wheat"

Table 5

Effect of irrigation on grain yield and its components, water consumption amount and water use efficiency"

生长季
Growth season		 品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 公顷穗数
Spike number per hectare
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain
number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 总耗水量
Water
consumption amount (mm)		 水分利用效率
Water use
efficiency
(kg hm-2 mm−1)
2019-2020 J22 W0 503.67 b 28.32 d 38.11 c 5435.99 c 326.49 e 16.64 e
W70 580.17 a 31.68 c 41.88 b 7623.94 b 419.07 c 18.19 c
W90 574.33 a 31.55 c 41.64 b 7545.21 b 471.73 a 15.99 f
S23 W0 321.33 d 42.43 b 41.33 b 5634.95 c 300.04 f 18.79 b
W70 401.83 c 46.32 a 43.20 a 8040.71 a 392.03 d 20.51 a
W90 406.33 c 45.95 a 42.58 a 7950.05 a 449.42 b 17.69 d
2020-2021 J22 W0 516.82 b 31.33 d 40.19 d 6507.55 c 373.36 e 17.43 d
W70 601.21 a 33.02 c 42.53 c 8443.04 b 443.17 c 19.05 b
W90 604.12 a 32.95 c 42.29 c 8418.14 b 516.34 a 16.30 e
S23 W0 320.15 d 42.23 b 44.33 b 5989.29 d 307.28 f 19.49 b
W70 422.58 c 45.00 a 45.96 b 8739.80 a 415.39 d 21.04 a
W90 435.76 c 44.82 a 45.27 a 8841.58 a 481.15 b 18.37 c
F值
F-value
 生长季 Growth season (G) 30.47** 4.91* 169.90** 194.76** 135.24** 37.64**
品种 Cultivar (C) 2746.76** 3101.84** 306.04ns 13.26** 179.33** 542.44**
灌溉 Irrigation (I) 295.00** 65.77** 83.53** 748.05** 1211.92** 279.32**
G×C 0.54ns 36.07** 24.68** 5.96* 12.12** 0.04ns
G×I 4.09* 3.68* 2.74ns 0.80ns 2.93ns 0.51ns
C×I 3.26ns 1.09ns 10.38ns 10.49** 5.68* 0.62ns
G×C×I 0.47ns 0.21ns 1.14ns 4.08* 5.07* 0.96ns

Table 6

Pearson’s correlation coefficients"

性状Trait TAD tZ IAA ABA NPW NPT TNJ SNP HSN GY
TAD 0.967** -0.979** -0.856** 0.954** 0.983** 0.948** 0.945** 0.966** 0.969**
tZ 0.985** -0.967** -0.908** 0.949** 0.953** 0.981** 0.864** 0.887** 0.877**
IAA -0.922** -0.913** 0.876** -0.921** -0.962** -0.941** -0.926** -0.920** -0.923**
ABA -0.939** -0.945** 0.919** -0.812** -0.804** -0.866** -0.693* -0.705* -0.744*
NPW 0.897** 0.874** -0.961** -0.935** 0.983** 0.929** 0.836** 0.912** 0.888**
NPT 0.968** 0.974* -0.833** -0.917** 0.823** 0.929** 0.913** 0.961** 0.942**
TNJ 0.919** 0.881* -0.922** -0.943** 0.919** 0.850** 0.867** 0.868** 0.869**
SNP 0.968** 0.983** -0.854** -0.913** 0.828** 0.976** 0.820** 0.970** 0.977**
HSN 0.957** 0.962** -0.806** -0.884** 0.788** 0.966** 0.797* 0.989** 0.985**
GY 0.954** 0.969** -0.820** -0.856** 0.765** 0.956** 0.774* 0.984** 0.987**
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