机插种植均匀度对水稻产量构建及品质形成的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.42004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水稻种植均匀度对产量和品质有显著的影响，本试验旨在明确均匀度的提高协同产量和品质提升的机理。试验选用籼粳杂交稻甬优1540，常规粳稻浙禾香2号，杂交籼稻华浙优210为供试品种，设置4种不同种植均匀度处理：T₁(条播机插，种植均匀度65%~75%)、T₂(撒播机插，种植均匀度45%~55%)、T₃(人工模拟机插，种植均匀度100%)、T₄(人工模拟机插，种植均匀度50%)，比较不同种植均匀度群体的分蘖动态变化、叶面积光合效能、干物质积累与转运、产量形成及稻米品质的变化。结果表明：(1) 种植均匀度提高通过促进分蘖增加了群体有效分蘖数，3个品种平均分蘖高峰苗数表现为T₃>T₁>T₂>T₄，不同品种在处理间变化趋势一致。(2) 种植均匀度的提高增加了群体叶面积指数，同时显著提高了抽穗期上三叶高效叶面积指数。而且，增加均匀度显著提高了干物质积累并促进了植株干物质转运，成熟期干物质积累量表现为T₃>T₁>T₂>T₄，品种间趋势一致，但是T₂跟T₄差异不明显。均匀度提高对灌浆期茎鞘物质运转有一定促进作用，品种间存在差异，T₁、T₂和T₄间差异不明显。(3) 不同均匀度处理下每穗粒数无显著性差异，但高均匀度下一次枝梗和二次枝梗的着粒分布更均匀。(4) 高均匀度群体主要通过有效穗数提高产量，品种间趋势一致，T₃分别比T₁、T₂、T₄平均产量高8.16%、15.41%、15.61%。(5) 提高种植均匀度提高了稻米糙米率、精米率、整精米率和蛋白质含量，降低了稻米垩白米率和垩白度。以上结果表明，提高种植均匀度能够促进群体分蘖，增加群体叶面积指数和干物质积累，提高有效穗数，从而提升了稻谷产量和出米率，并一定程度上改善了稻米品质。试验结果明确生产上采用精准条播育秧机插能够通过提高种植均匀度协同提升稻谷产量和稻米品质。

关键词: 水稻, 种植均匀度, 播种方式, 产量, 稻米品质

Abstract:

Planting uniformity plays a crucial role in determining the yield and quality of rice. This experiment aimed to elucidate the mechanism behind the simultaneous improvement of uniformity, yield, and quality. Three varieties were used in the study: Yongyou 1540 (indica-japonica hybrid rice), Zhehexiang 2 (inbred japonica rice), and Huazheyou 210 (hybrid indica rice). Four treatments with varying planting uniformity were established: T₁ (drill sowing, planting uniformity of 65%–75%), T₂ (broadcast sowing, planting uniformity of 45%–55%), T₃ (manual simulated mechanical rice transplanting, planting uniformity of 100%), and T₄ (manual simulated mechanical rice transplanting, planting uniformity of 50%). The study compared and analyzed the dynamic changes in tiller number, leaf area photosynthetic efficiency, dry matter accumulation and transport, yield formation, and rice quality across different planting uniformity groups. The results showed as follows: (1) Enhanced planting uniformity increased the number of productive tillers by promoting tillering. The average number of tillers at the tillering peak stage was highest in T₃, followed by T₁, T₂, and T₄, with a consistent trend across different varieties. (2) Enhanced planting uniformity led to an increase in population leaf area index, particularly in the highly effective leaf area index of the top three leaves at the heading stage. Additionally, improved uniformity enhanced dry matter accumulation and facilitated its transportation. Dry matter accumulation at maturity followed the order T₃ > T₁ > T₂ > T₄, with consistent trends observed among different varieties. However, there was no significant difference between T₂ and T₄. The effect of uniformity on stem sheath material movement during the filling stage varied among varieties, with no significant differences found between T₁, T₂, and T₄. (3) The number of grains per panicle did not significantly differ under different uniformity treatments. However, high planting uniformity resulted in a more uniform distribution of grains on primary and secondary branches. (4) Increased yield in high uniformity populations was primarily attributed to the effective panicle number, with consistent trends observed among different varieties. The average yield of T₃was 8.16%, 15.41%, and 15.61% higher than that of T₁, T₂, and T₄, respectively. (5) Improving planting uniformity increased the brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate, and protein content, while decreasing chalkiness and chalky rice rate. These findings indicate that improving planting uniformity can promote tillering, increase leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, enhance effective panicle number, and ultimately improve yield and milled rice rate, as well as rice quality to some extent. The experimental results highlight the potential of precision sowing machines to improve rice yield and quality by enhancing planting uniformity.

Key words: rice, planting uniformity, sowing method, yield, rice quality

唐承翰, 陈惠哲, 叶天承, 张玉屏, 向镜, 张义凯, 王志刚, 王亚梁. 机插种植均匀度对水稻产量构建及品质形成的影响[J]. 作物学报, 0, (): 0-.

TANG Cheng-Han, CHEN Hui-Zhe, YE Tian-Cheng, ZHANG Yu-Ping, XIANG Jing, ZHANG Yi-Kai, WANG Zhi-Gang, WANG Ya-Liang. Effect of planting uniformity with machine on yield construction and quality formation of rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 0, (): 0-.

参考文献

[1] 曾波. 近30年来我国水稻主要品种更新换代历程浅析. 作物杂志, 2018, (3): 1–7.

Zeng B. Analysis on the upgrading process of major rice varieties in China in recent 30 years. Crop, 2018, (3): 1–7 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[2] 王小慧, 姜雨林, 刘洋, 卢捷, 尹小刚, 史磊刚, 黄晶, 褚庆全, 陈阜. 基于县域单元的我国水稻生产时空动态变化. 作物学报, 2018, 44: 1704–1712.

Wang X H, Jiang Y L, Liu Y, Lu J, Yin X G, Shi L G, Huang J, Chu Q Q, Chen F. Spatio-temporal changes of rice production in China based on county unit. Acta Agron Sin, 2018, 44: 1704–1712 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[3] 孟轶, 翁文安, 陈乐, 胡群, 邢志鹏, 魏海燕, 高辉, 黄山, 廖萍, 张洪程. 节水灌溉对水稻产量和品质影响的荟萃分析. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55: 2121–2134.

Meng Y, Weng W A, Chen L, Hu Q, Xing Z P, Wei H Y, Gao H, Huang S, Liao P, Zhang H C. Effects of water-saving irrigation on grain yield and quality: a meta-analysis. Sci Agric Sin, 2022, 55: 2121–2134 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[4] 邢志鹏, 朱明, 吴培, 钱海军, 曹伟伟, 胡雅杰, 郭保卫, 魏海燕, 许轲, 霍中洋, 戴其根, 张洪程. 稻麦两熟制条件下钵苗机插方式对不同类型水稻品种米质的影响. 作物学报, 2017, 43: 581–595.

Xing Z P, Zhu M, Wu P, Qian H J, Cao W W, Hu Y J, Guo B W, Wei H Y, Xu K, Huo Z Y, Dai Q G, Zhang H C. Effect of mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings on grain quality of different types of rice in rice-wheat rotation system. Acta Agron Sin, 2017, 43: 581–595 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[5] 李泽华, 马旭, 李秀昊, 陈林涛, 李宏伟, 袁志成. 水稻栽植机械化技术研究进展. 农业机械学报, 2018, 49(5): 1–20.

Li Z H, Ma X, Li X H, Chen L T, Li H W, Yuan Z C. Research progress of rice transplanting mechanization. Trans CSAM, 2018, 49(5): 1–20 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[6] 张桥, 向开宏, 孙永健, 武云霞, 郭长春, 唐源, 刘芳艳, 马均. 不同育秧方式下播种量和插秧机具对水稻产量及群体质量的影响. 核农学报, 2020, 34: 2595–2606.

Zhang Q, Xiang K H, Sun Y J, Wu Y X, Guo C C, Tang Y, Liu F Y, Ma J. Effects of seeding amount and transplanting machines on rice yield and population quality under different seedling raising methods. Acta Agric Nucl Sin, 2020, 34: 2595–2606 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[7] 徐一成, 朱德峰, 赵匀, 陈惠哲. 超级稻精量条播与撒播育秧对秧苗素质及机插效果的影响. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(1): 99–103.

Xu Y C, Zhu D F, Zhao Y, Chen H Z. Effects of broadcast sowing and precision drilling of super rice seed on seedling quality and effectiveness of mechanized transplanting. Trans CSAE, 2009, 25(1): 99–103 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[8] 胡雅杰, 邢志鹏, 龚金龙, 刘国涛, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 罗学超, 刘国林. 钵苗机插水稻群体动态特征及高产形成机制的探讨. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47: 865–879.

Hu Y J, Xing Z P, Gong J L, Liu G T, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Guo B W, Sha A Q, Zhou Y Y, Luo X C, Liu G L. Study on population characteristics and formation mechanisms for high yield of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47: 865–879 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[9] 宋云生, 张洪程, 戴其根, 杨大柳, 郭保卫, 朱聪聪, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 胡加敏, 吴爱国, 蒋晓鸿. 水稻机栽钵苗单穴苗数对分蘖成穗及产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(10): 37–47.

Song Y S, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Yang D L, Guo B W, Zhu C C, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Hu J M, Wu A G, Jiang X H. Effect of rice potted-seedlings per hole by mechanical transplanting on tillers emergence, panicles formation and yield. Trans CSAE, 2014, 30(10): 37–47 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[10] 杜永林, 缪学宽, 李刚华, 张俊, 王绍华, 刘正辉, 唐设, 丁艳锋. 江苏机插水稻大面积均衡增产共性特征分析. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 2183–2191.

Du Y L, Miao X K, Li G H, Zhang J, Wang S H, Liu Z H, Tang S, Ding Y F. Common characteristics of balanced yield increase in a large area of mechanical transplanted rice in Jiangsu province. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 2183–2191 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[11] 张丽华, 马瑞昆, 贾秀领, 姚艳荣, 杨利华, 张全国. 植株田间分布均匀度对夏玉米植株性状、田间光照和杂草的影响. 玉米科学, 2010, 18(6): 73–77.

Zhang L H, Ma R K, Jia X L, Yao Y R, Yang L H, Zhang Q G. Effects of uniformity of plant distribution on plant characters, light conditions and weeds in summer maize field. J Maize Sci, 2010, 18(6): 73–77 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[12] Zhang Y, Kong P L, Wang F, Zhao L M, Qian K Y, Zhang Y D, Fan X R. Effects of carbon and nitrogen fertilisers on rice quality of the OsNRT2.3b-overexpressing line. Agriculture, 2022, 12: 802.

[13] Zhao C, Gao Z J, Liu G M, Chen Y, Ni W, Lu J M, Shi Y, Qian Z H, Wang W L, Huo Z Y. Combining controlled-release urea and normal urea to improve the yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and grain quality of single season late japonica rice. Agronomy, 2023, 13: 276–276.

[14] 韩超, 许方甫, 卞金龙, 徐栋, 裘实, 赵晨, 朱盈, 刘国栋, 张洪程, 魏海燕. 淮北地区机械化种植方式对不同生育类型优质食味粳稻产量及品质的影响. 作物学报, 2018, 44: 1681–1693.

Han C, Xu F P, Bian J L, Xu D, Qiu S, Zhao C, Zhu Y, Liu G D, Zhang H C, Wei H Y. Effects of mechanical planting methods on yield and quality of Japonica rice with good taste and different growth durations in Huaibei region. Acta Agron Sin, 2018, 44: 1681–1693 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[15] 王亚梁, 朱德峰, 陈惠哲, 张玉屏, 向镜, 王志刚, 张义凯. 籼粳杂交稻精准条播育秧机插减氮增产的效应研究. 中国水稻科学, 2021, 35: 495–502.

Wang Y L, Zhu D F, Chen H Z, Zhang Y P, Xiang J, Wang Z G, Zhang Y K. Effects of precise drill sowing-based seedling raising of indica-japonica hybrid rice for mechanical transplanting on yield increase under nitrogen reduction conditions. Chin J Rice Sci, 2021, 35: 495–502 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[16] 王亚梁, 朱德峰, 陈若霞, 方文英, 王晶卿, 向镜, 陈惠哲, 张玉屏, 谌江华. 杂交稻低播量精准条播育秧机插提高群体均匀度和产量的效应分析. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55: 666–679.

Wang Y L, Zhu D F, Chen R X, Fang W Y, Wang J Q, Xiang J, Chen H Z, Zhang Y P, Chen J H. Beneficial effects of precision drill sowing with low seeding rates in machine transplanting for hybrid rice to improve population uniformity and yield. Sci Agric Sin, 2022, 55: 666–679 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[17] 丁艳锋, 黄丕生, 凌启鸿. 水稻分蘖发生及与特定部位叶片叶鞘含氮率的关系. 南京农业大学学报, 1995, (4): 14–18.

Ding Y X, Huang P X, Ling Q H. Relationship between tillering and nitrogen content of leaf sheath in specific parts of rice. J Nanjing Agric Univ, 1995, (4): 14–18 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[18] 吕伟生, 曾勇军, 石庆华, 潘晓华, 黄山, 商庆银, 谭雪明, 李木英, 胡水秀. 机插早稻分蘖成穗特性及基本苗公式参数研究. 作物学报, 2016, 42: 427–436.

Lu W S, Zeng Y J, Shi Q H, Pan X H, Huang S, Shang Q Y, Tan X M, Li M Y, Hu S X. Tillering and panicle formation characteristics of machine-transplanted early rice and its parameters of basic population formulae. Acta Agron Sin, 2016, 42: 427–436 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[19] 张洪程, 邢志鹏, 翁文安, 田晋钰, 陶钰, 程爽, 胡群, 胡雅杰, 郭保卫, 魏海燕. 生育约束型直播水稻生育特征与稳产关键技术. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54: 1322–1337.

Zhang H C, Xing Z P, Weng W A, Tian J Y, Tao Y, Cheng S, Hu Q, Hu Y J, Guo B W, Wei H Y. Growth characteristics and key techniques for stable yield of growth constrained direct seeding rice. Sci Agric Sin, 54: 1322–1337 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[20] 田广丽, 周毅, 孙博, 张瑞卿, 周新国, 郭世伟. 氮素及栽培密度影响水稻分蘖动态的机制. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24: 896–904.

Tian G L, Zhou Y, Sun B, Zhang R Q, Zhou X G, Guo S W. Effects of nitrogen and transplanting density on the mechanisms of tillering dynamic of rice. J Plant Nutr Fert, 2018, 24: 896–904 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[21] Lafarge T A, Hammer G L. Predicting plant leaf area production: shoot assimilate accumulation and partitioning, and leaf area ratio, are stable for a wide range of sorghum population densities. Field Crops Res, 2002, 77: 137–151.

[22] 汪建军, 曾勇军, 易艳红, 章起明, 胡启星. 基于不同播种量的双季机插早稻均匀度对产量形成的影响. 作物杂志, 2018, (2): 141–147.

Wang J J, Zeng Y J, Yi Y H, Zhang Q M, Hu Q X. Effect of the uniformity of two-season machine-inserted early rice on yield formation based on different sowing amount. Crops, 2018, (2): 141–147 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[23] Huang M, Yang C L, Ji Q M, Jiang L G, Tan J L, Li Y Q. Tillering responses of rice to plant density and nitrogen rate in a subtropical environment of southern China. Field Crops Res, 2013, 149: 187–192.

[24] 于林惠, 李刚华, 徐晶晶, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 基于高产示范方的机插水稻群体特征研究. 中国水稻科学, 2012, 26: 451–456.

Yu L H, Li G H, Xu J J, Ling Q H, Ding Y F. Population characteristics of machine transplanted japonica rice based on high yield demonstration fields. Chin J Rice Sci, 2012, 26: 451–456 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[25] 王晓燕, 韦还和, 张洪程, 孙健, 张建民, 李超, 陆惠斌, 杨筠文, 马荣荣, 许久夫, 王珏, 许跃进, 孙玉海. 水稻甬优12产量13.5 t hm^-²以上超高产群体的生育特征. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 2149–2159.

Wang X Y, Wei H H, Zhang H C, Sun J, Zhang J M, Li C, Lu H B, Yang J W, Ma R R, Xu J F, Wang J, Xu Y J, Sun Y H. Population characteristics for super-high yielding hybrid rice Yongyou 12 ( >13.5 t ha^-1). Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 2149–2159 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[26] 章星传, 黄文轩, 朱宽宇, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 施氮量对不同水稻品种氮肥利用率与农艺性状的影响. 作物杂志, 2018, (4): 69–78.

Zhang X C, Huang W X, Zhu K Y, Wang Z Q, Yang J C. Effects of nitrogen application on nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic traits of different rice varieties. Crops, 2018, (4): 69–78 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[27] 肖大康, 胡仁, 韩天富, 张卫峰, 侯俊, 任科宇. 氮肥用量和运筹对我国水稻产量及其构成因子影响的整合分析. 中国水稻科学, 2023, 37: 529–542.

Xiao D K, Hu R, Han T F, Zhang W F, Hou J, Ren K Y. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer consumption and operation on rice yield and its components in China: a meta-analysis. Chin J Rice Sci, 2023, 37: 529–542 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[28] Zakari S A, Asad M A U, Han Z, Guan X, Zaidi S H R, Gang P, Cheng F. Senescence-related translocation of nonstructural carbohydrate in rice leaf sheaths under different nitrogen supply. Agron J, 2020, 112: 1601–1616.

[29] 程方民, 丁元树, 朱碧岩. 稻米直链淀粉含量的形成及其与灌浆结实期温度的关系. 生态学报, 2000, 20: 646–652.

Cheng F M, Ding Y S, Zhu B Y. Formation of amylose content in rice and its relationship with temperature at filling stage. Acta Ecol Sin, 2000, 20: 646–652 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[30] 盛婧, 陶红娟, 陈留根. 灌浆结实期不同时段温度对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 396–402.

Sheng J, Tao H J, Chen L G. Response of seed-setting and grain quality of rice to temperature at different time during grain filling period. Chin J Rice Sci, 2007, 21: 396–402 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[31] 高继平, 隋阳辉, 张文忠, 姚晨, 高明超, 赵明辉, 徐正进. 水稻灌浆期冠层温度对植株生理性状及稻米品质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29: 501–510.

Gao J P, Sui Y H, Zhang W Z, Yao C, Gao M C, Zhao M H, Xu Z J. Effect of canopy temperature on physiological characteristic and grain quality at filling stage in rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2015, 29: 501–510 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[32] 陈云, 刘昆, 张宏路, 李思宇, 张亚军, 韦佳利, 张耗, 顾骏飞, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 机插密度和穗肥减量对优质食味水稻品种籽粒淀粉合成的影响. 作物学报, 2021, 47: 1540–1550.

Chen Y, Liu K, Zhang H L, Li S Y, Zhang Y J, Wei J L, Zhang H, Gu J F, Liu L J, Yang J C. Effects of machine transplanting density and panicle nitrogen fertilizer reduction on grains starch synthesis in good taste rice cultivars . Acta Agron Sin, 2021, 47: 1540–1550 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[33] 谢裕林, 于雅洁, 董明辉, 张文地, 江贻. 茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物积累运转与稻米品质对播期和行距配置的响应. 江苏农业科学, 2022, 50(8): 93–100.

Xie Y L, Yu Y J, Dong M H, Zhang W D, Jiang Y. Accumulation and movement of non-structural carbohydrate in stem sheath and response of rice quality to sowing date and row spacing allocation. Jiangsu Agric Sci, 2022, 50(8): 93–100 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[34] 袁帅, 苏雨婷, 陈平平, 易镇邪. 氮肥运筹对湘南双季杂交稻生长发育与稻米品质的影响. 作物杂志, 2023, (2): 91–99.

Yuan S, Su Y T, Chen P P, Yi Z X. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on growth and quality of two-season hybrid rice in southern Hunan province. Crops, 2023, (2): 91–99 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[35] Hu Q, Jiang W Q, Qiu S, Xing Z P, Hu Y J, Guo B W, Liu G D, Gao H, Zhang H C, Wei H Y. Effect of wide-narrow row arrangement in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting and plant density on yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice. J Integr Agric, 2020, 19: 1197–1214.

[36] Li K N, Zhang S N, Tang S, Zhang J, Dong H Z, Yang S H, Qu H Y, Xie W, Gu M, Xu G H. The rice transcription factor Nhd1 regulates root growth and nitrogen uptake by activating nitrogen transporters. Plant Physiol, 2022, 189: 1608–1624.

[37] 张恒栋, 黄敏, 邹应斌, 陈佳娜, 单双吕. 米粉稻籽粒直链淀粉积累特性. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54: 1354–1364.

Zhang H D, Huang M, Zou Y B, Chen J N, Shan S L. Amylose accumulation properties in the grains of noodle rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2021, 54: 1354–1364 (in Chinese with English abstract).

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed