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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (10): 2625-2636.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.42004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

机插种植均匀度对水稻产量构建及品质形成的影响

唐承翰**(), 陈惠哲**, 叶天承, 张玉屏, 向镜, 张义凯, 王志刚, 王亚梁*()   

  1. 中国水稻研究所 / 水稻生物育种全国重点实验室, 浙江杭州311400
  • 收稿日期:2024-01-17 接受日期:2024-05-21 出版日期:2024-10-12 网络出版日期:2024-06-06
  • 通讯作者: *王亚梁, E-mail: wangyaliang@caas.cn
  • 作者简介:唐承翰, E-mail: tangchenghancaas@163.com
    **同等贡献
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2301304);国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2301404);国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2300700)

Effect of planting uniformity with machine on yield construction and quality formation of rice

TANG Cheng-Han**(), CHEN Hui-Zhe**, YE Tian-Cheng, ZHANG Yu-Ping, XIANG Jing, ZHANG Yi-Kai, WANG Zhi-Gang, WANG Ya-Liang*()   

  1. China National Rice Research Institute / State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2024-01-17 Accepted:2024-05-21 Published:2024-10-12 Published online:2024-06-06
  • Contact: *E-mail: wangyaliang@caas.cn
  • About author:**(Contributed equally to this work)
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2301304);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2301404);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300700)

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摘要：

水稻种植均匀度对产量和品质有显著的影响, 本试验旨在明确均匀度的提高协同产量和品质提升的机理。试验选用籼粳杂交稻甬优1540, 常规粳稻浙禾香2号, 杂交籼稻华浙优210为供试品种, 设置4种不同种植均匀度处理: T1 (条播机插, 种植均匀度65%~75%)、T2 (撒播机插, 种植均匀度45%~55%)、T3 (人工模拟机插, 种植均匀度100%)、T4 (人工模拟机插, 种植均匀度50%), 比较不同种植均匀度群体的分蘖动态变化、叶面积光合效能、干物质积累与转运、产量形成及稻米品质的变化。 结果表明: (1) 种植均匀度提高通过促进分蘖增加了群体有效分蘖数, 3个品种平均分蘖高峰苗数表现为T3>T1>T2>T4, 不同品种在处理间变化趋势一致。(2) 种植均匀度的提高增加了群体叶面积指数, 同时显著提高了抽穗期上三叶高效叶面积指数。而且, 增加均匀度显著提高了干物质积累并促进了植株干物质转运, 成熟期干物质积累量表现为T3>T1>T2>T4, 品种间趋势一致, 但是T2跟T4差异不明显。均匀度提高对灌浆期茎鞘物质运转有一定促进作用, 品种间存在差异, T1、T2和T4间差异不明显。(3) 不同均匀度处理下每穗粒数无显著性差异, 但高均匀度下一次枝梗和二次枝梗的着粒分布更均匀。(4) 高均匀度群体主要通过有效穗数提高产量, 品种间趋势一致, T3比T1、T2、T4平均产量分别高8.16%、15.41%、15.61%。(5) 提高种植均匀度提高了稻米糙米率、精米率、整精米率和蛋白质含量, 降低了稻米垩白米率和垩白度。以上结果表明, 提高种植均匀度能够促进群体分蘖, 增加群体叶面积指数和干物质积累, 提高有效穗数, 从而提升了稻谷产量和出米率, 并一定程度上改善了稻米品质。试验结果明确生产上采用精准条播育秧机插能够通过提高种植均匀度协同提升稻谷产量和稻米品质。

关键词: 水稻, 种植均匀度, 播种方式, 产量, 稻米品质

Abstract:

Planting uniformity plays a crucial role in determining the yield and quality of rice. This experiment aimed to elucidate the mechanism behind the simultaneous improvement of uniformity, yield, and quality. Three varieties were used in the study: Yongyou 1540 (indica-japonica hybrid rice), Zhehexiang 2 (inbred japonica rice), and Huazheyou 210 (hybrid indica rice). Four treatments with varying planting uniformity were established: T1 (drill sowing, planting uniformity of 65%-75%), T2 (broadcast sowing, planting uniformity of 45%-55%), T3 (manual simulated mechanical rice transplanting, planting uniformity of 100%), and T4 (manual simulated mechanical rice transplanting, planting uniformity of 50%). The study compared and analyzed the dynamic changes in tiller number, leaf area photosynthetic efficiency, dry matter accumulation and transport, yield formation, and rice quality across different planting uniformity groups. The results showed as follows: (1) Enhanced planting uniformity increased the number of productive tillers by promoting tillering. The average number of tillers at the tillering peak stage was highest in T3, followed by T1, T2, and T4, with a consistent trend across different varieties. (2) Enhanced planting uniformity led to an increase in population leaf area index, particularly in the highly effective leaf area index of the top three leaves at the heading stage. Additionally, improved uniformity enhanced dry matter accumulation and facilitated its transportation. Dry matter accumulation at maturity followed the order T3 > T1 > T2 > T4, with consistent trends observed among different varieties. However, there was no significant difference between T2 and T4. The effect of uniformity on stem sheath material movement during the filling stage varied among varieties, with no significant differences found between T1, T2, and T4. (3) The number of grains per panicle did not significantly differ under different uniformity treatments. However, high planting uniformity resulted in a more uniform distribution of grains on primary and secondary branches. (4) Increased yield in high uniformity populations was primarily attributed to the effective panicle number, with consistent trends observed among different varieties. The average yield of T3 was 8.16%, 15.41%, and 15.61% higher than that of T1, T2, and T4, respectively. (5) Improving planting uniformity increased the brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate, and protein content, while decreasing chalkiness and chalky rice rate. These findings indicate that improving planting uniformity can promote tillering, increase leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, enhance effective panicle number, and ultimately improve yield and milled rice rate, as well as rice quality to some extent. The experimental results highlight the potential of precision sowing machines to improve rice yield and quality by enhancing planting uniformity.

Key words: rice, planting uniformity, sowing method, yield, rice quality

图1

不同种植均匀度处理下水稻分蘖动态的比较 A: 甬优1540; B: 浙禾香2号; C: 华浙优210; T1: 条播机插, 种植均匀度65%~75%; T2: 撒播机插, 种植均匀度45%~55%; T3: 人工模拟机插, 种植均匀度100%; T4: 人工模拟机插, 种植均匀度50%; TP、20 d-ATP、PT、BT、HD分别代表5个不同生长时期: 移栽期、移栽后20 d、分蘖高峰期、孕穗期、抽穗期; 不同小写字母表示同一时期不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。"

图2

不同种植均匀度处理下群体均匀度动态变化的比较 A: 甬优1540; B: 浙禾香2号; C: 华浙优210; T1: 条播机插, 种植均匀度65%~75%; T2: 撒播机插, 种植均匀度45%~55%; T3: 人工模拟机插, 种植均匀度100%; T4: 人工模拟机插, 种植均匀度50%; TP、20 d-ATP、PT、BT、HD分别代表5个不同生长时期: 移栽期、移栽后20 d、分蘖高峰期、孕穗期、抽穗期; 不同小写字母表示同一时期不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。"

表1

不同种植均匀度处理下关键生育期的叶面积指数, 抽穗期高效叶面积指数的比较"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 叶面积指数Leaf area index (LAI)
分蘖盛期
Peak tillering		 孕穗期
Booting		 抽穗期
Heading		 成熟期
Maturity		 抽穗期高效叶面积指数
High effective LAI at heading
甬优1540
YY1540		 T1 1.78±0.04 b 4.09±0.09 b 5.70±0.26 b 2.06±0.06 b 3.08±0.16 b
T2 1.53±0.03 c 3.92±0.09 c 5.10±0.17 d 1.83±0.04 d 2.81±0.07 d
T3 1.92±0.02 a 4.22±0.07 a 6.34±0.08 a 2.26±0.06 a 3.48±0.04 a
T4 1.54±0.04 c 3.92±0.14 c 5.36±0.15 c 1.92±0.06 c 2.93±0.04 c
浙禾香2号
ZHX2		 T1 1.85±0.05 b 3.52±0.08 b 4.64±0.14 b 1.82±0.03 b 2.16±0.03 b
T2 1.85±0.05 b 3.41±0.11 c 4.27±0.13 c 1.68±0.06 c 2.05±0.05 c
T3 1.94±0.04 a 3.66±0.04 a 5.00±0.05 a 1.96±0.05 a 2.43±0.05 a
T4 1.83±0.03 b 3.41±0.09 c 4.24±0.15 c 1.66±0.06 c 2.05±0.05 c
华浙优210
HZY210		 T1 2.19±0.05 b 4.63±0.11 b 6.16±0.17 b 2.06±0.06 b 4.04±0.12 b
T2 2.13±0.05 bc 4.44±0.09 c 5.80±0.22 c 1.94±0.09 c 3.87±0.13 c
T3 2.28±0.04 a 4.97±0.12 a 6.61±0.12 a 2.21±0.07 a 4.49±0.04 a
T4 2.09±0.08 c 4.39±0.12 c 5.61±0.17 c 1.88±0.06 c 3.73±0.12 d
方差分析(F值) ANOVA (F-value)
品种Variety (V) 706.614** 779.075** 575.264** 132.484** 2870.707**
处理Treatment (T) 103.281** 58.765** 137.564** 124.599** 171.571**
品种 × 处理 V × T 19.875** 3.934** 3.750** 2.826* 7.097**

表2

不同种植均匀度处理在关键生育时期干物质量和收获指数的比较"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 地上部干物质总质量Total dry matter for aboveground parts (kg hm-2) 收获指数
Harvest index
(%)
分蘖盛期
Peak tillering		 孕穗期
Booting		 抽穗期
Heading		 成熟期
Maturity
甬优1540
YY1540		 T1 1793.90±47.32 b 5210.78±146.78 b 13,270.22±359.86 b 19,433.78±390.65 b 47.41±0.93 b
T2 1677.78±58.23 c 4947.33±144.90 c 12,437.48±384.97 c 18,029.85±441.43 d 47.24±1.27 b
T3 1952.31±26.24 a 5532.72±98.88 a 14,148.41±243.26 a 20,290.09±429.29 a 50.55±0.55 a
T4 1678.32±58.60 c 4877.13±145.35 c 12,656.55±307.68 c 18,661.73±381.18 c 47.20±0.95 b
浙禾香2号
ZHX2		 T1 1934.63±58.15 a 4605.71±107.94 ab 10,088.61±283.67 b 18,096.52±480.97 b 46.28±1.59 a
T2 1886.27±52.06 a 4475.56±176.17 bc 10,022.92±142.67 bc 16,574.13±444.60 c 46.72±2.04 a
T3 1942.21±35.21 a 4732.78±54.03 a 10,543.10±131.52 a 18,828.34±100.75 a 46.17±1.28 a
T4 1895.65±44.60 a 4364.09±107.06 d 9777.92±308.51 c 16,278.11±316.14 c 46.25±1.69 a
华浙优210
HZY210		 T1 2272.71±45.39 a 5231.48±134.20 a 12,117.38±331.51 ab 18,027.45±330.49 b 43.77±1.72 a
T2 2308.41±62.50 a 4980.76±124.28 b 11,912.91±323.62 bc 16,712.27±536.09 c 44.46±0.86 a
T3 2305.55±45.77 a 5295.08±111.22 a 12,334.68±176.90 a 19,282.16±247.49 a 44.56±0.70 a
T4 2294.60±27.47 a 4783.73±178.42 c 11,415.78±344.83 c 16,479.81±432.05 c 44.41±1.29 a
方差分析(F值) ANOVA (F-value)
品种Variety (V) 747.603** 147.751** 660.554** 128.283** 50.140**
处理Treatment (T) 20.866** 53.462** 46.868** 152.769** 3.461*
品种 × 处理 V × T 12.675** 2.585* 6.624** 3.430** 3.233**

表3

不同种植均匀度处理在关键生育期的单茎茎鞘重及表观输出率的比较"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 单茎茎鞘重Weight per stem sheath (g) 表观输出率
Apparent output rate (%)
分蘖盛期
Peak tillering		 孕穗期
Booting		 抽穗期
Heading		 成熟期
Maturity
甬优1540
YY1540		 T1 0.269±0.006 b 1.42±0.03 b 4.43±0.11 a 2.99±0.09 a 32.42±0.68 b
T2 0.264±0.007 b 1.32±0.03 c 4.19±0.13 b 2.83±0.08 b 32.29±0.74 b
T3 0.354±0.005 a 1.57±0.02 a 4.55±0.09 a 2.96±0.05 a 35.20±0.68 a
T4 0.264±0.012 b 1.30±0.03 c 4.26±0.13 b 2.87±0.08 b 32.09±0.46 b
浙禾香2号
ZHX2		 T1 0.339±0.007 b 1.18±0.04 a 3.36±0.07 b 2.60±0.06 b 22.66±0.71 a
T2 0.337±0.008 b 1.14±0.01 ab 3.28±0.11 b 2.54±0.07 bc 23.25±0.65 a
T3 0.354±0.006 a 1.18±0.02 a 3.53±0.03 a 2.71±0.03 a 23.22±0.51 a
T4 0.335±0.011 b 1.13±0.03 b 3.25±0.10 b 2.48±0.07 c 22.55±0.29 a
华浙优210
HZY210		 T1 0.323±0.006 b 1.07±0.02 a 2.15±0.05 ab 1.56±0.04 a 27.66±0.43 a
T2 0.324±0.011 b 1.02±0.03 b 2.11±0.04 b 1.49±0.04 b 27.96±0.75 a
T3 0.341±0.004 a 1.09±0.03 a 2.18±0.03 a 1.57±0.03 a 27.95±0.62 a
T4 0.296±0.011 c 0.95±0.02 c 1.95±0.07 c 1.39±0.04 c 27.88±0.55 a
方差分析(F值) ANOVA (F-value)
品种Variety (V) 293.065** 1195.862** 3861.795** 3779.254** 1663.554**
处理Treatment (T) 112.909** 114.860** 34.734** 31.927** 17.262**
品种 × 处理 V × T 45.445** 26.272** 2.459* 2.957* 10.408**

表4

不同种植均匀度处理下穗粒结构的比较"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 一次枝梗 Primary branches 二次枝梗 Secondary branches
枝梗数
No. of branches		 着粒数
No. of grains		 着粒数的均匀度
Uniformity of grains (%)		 枝梗数
No. of branches		 着粒数
No. of grains		 着粒数的均匀度
Uniformity of grains (%)
甬优1540
YY1540		 T1 21.28±0.42 a 13.51±0.40 a 71.84±1.67 b 54.35±1.52 a 3.25±0.15 a 75.08±2.34 b
T2 20.83±0.77 a 13.72±0.58 a 65.91±2.65 d 53.95±0.81 a 3.33±0.13 a 72.85±2.31 b
T3 20.82±0.84 a 13.29±0.26 a 76.15±1.35 a 53.19±1.77 a 3.23±0.12 a 79.16±1.24 a
T4 21.09±0.37 a 13.60±0.26 a 68.57±2.16 c 53.35±1.79 a 3.30±0.09 a 74.97±2.54 b
浙禾香2号
ZHX2		 T1 15.03±0.22 a 12.19±0.34 a 70.71±1.67 b 31.32±1.03 a 3.04±0.10 a 78.51±2.24 ab
T2 15.15±0.72 a 12.35±0.48 a 67.11±2.04 c 31.01±0.69 a 3.02±0.15 a 74.05±2.25 c
T3 15.23±0.21 a 12.04±0.32 a 74.06±1.42 a 31.08±0.60 a 2.98±0.04 a 80.83±1.80 a
T4 15.24±0.31 a 12.32±0.25 a 68.62±1.92 bc 30.98±1.00 a 3.06±0.16 a 76.29±1.77 bc
华浙优210
HZY210		 T1 13.12±0.36 a 12.16±0.36 a 76.70±1.26 b 31.98±0.63 a 3.15±0.12 a 82.79±1.90 b
T2 13.06±0.36 a 12.09±0.41 a 66.65±2.03 d 32.10±1.08 a 3.14±0.09 a 79.78±1.99 c
T3 13.29±0.45 a 11.97±0.23 a 81.20±1.17 a 32.15±0.56 a 3.07±0.06 a 86.75±1.64 a
T4 12.93±0.38 a 12.22±0.58 a 72.23±1.92 c 32.04±0.79 a 3.16±0.11 a 81.98±0.92 b
方差分析(F值) ANOVA (F-value)
品种Variety (V) 1652.673** 98.323** 35.769** 3199.652** 28.837** 89.394**
处理Treatment (T) 0.219 2.139 111.443** 0.595 1.642 36.207**
品种 × 处理 V × T 0.889 0.214 5.231** 0.475 0.264 0.471

表5

不同种植均匀度处理下产量及其构成因素的比较"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 有效穗数
No. of productive panicles (×104 hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Spikelets per
panicle		 结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 产量
Yield
(t hm-2)
甬优1540
YY1540		 T1 186.40±3.71 b 292.46±6.56 a 82.88±1.68 a 22.80±0.67 a 9.22±0.20 b
T2 171.33±2.55 c 292.38±5.66 a 81.35±1.87 a 22.84±0.64 a 8.58±0.28 d
T3 202.69±2.55 a 294.41±3.62 a 82.44±2.00 a 23.00±0.73 a 10.18±0.13 a
T4 183.22±5.17 b 292.53±5.63 a 81.89±2.90 a 23.08±0.82 a 8.91±0.28 c
浙禾香2号
ZHX2		 T1 239.51±4.29 b 184.73±5.68 a 86.16±1.78 b 23.94±0.22 a 8.33±0.09 b
T2 225.35±5.19 c 183.94±5.38 a 83.49±1.27 c 23.96±0.25 a 7.70±0.28 c
T3 248.51±3.71 a 184.42±3.65 a 88.50±1.33 a 24.31±0.34 a 8.80±0.21 a
T4 218.43±5.63 d 184.22±5.40 a 83.50±1.29 c 24.07±0.36 a 7.57±0.14 c
华浙优210
HZY210		 T1 282.79±6.14 b 161.50±4.74 a 83.26±1.87 ab 24.18±0.17 b 7.89±0.22 b
T2 274.24±8.32 bc 160.56±4.91 a 80.76±2.28 c 23.75±0.13 c 7.47±0.20 c
T3 292.26±3.91 a 162.03±3.03 a 84.30±1.75 a 24.63±0.27 a 8.50±0.20 a
T4 268.82±9.50 c 158.19±3.98 a 81.03±1.92 bc 23.90±0.20 c 7.29±0.23 c
方差分析(F值) ANOVA (F-value)
品种Variety (V) 51.895** 4858.771** 22.864** 50.088** 296.188**
处理Treatment (T) 7.130** 0.519 12.234** 3.285* 135.375**
品种 × 处理 V × T 17.715** 0.222 1.715 1.122 3.402**

表6

不同种植均匀度处理下稻米品质的比较"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 糙米率
Brown rice rate (%)		 精米率
Milled rice
rate (%)		 整精米率
Head rice
rate (%)		 垩白米率
Chalky rice rate (%)		 垩白度
Chalkiness degree		 直链淀粉含量
Amylose
content (%)		 蛋白质含量
Protein
content (%)
甬优1540
YY1540		 T1 81.26±0.19 b 72.83±0.65 ab 56.44±0.22 b 24.60±0.81 b 6.64±0.41 b 13.52±0.09 a 7.99±0.41 b
T2 81.00±0.70 b 72.32±0.47 b 55.93±0.41 c 25.68±1.06 a 7.11±0.11 a 13.53±0.10 a 7.68±0.31 c
T3 81.86±0.52 a 73.16±0.37 a 56.90±0.36 a 23.66±0.56 c 6.58±0.38 b 13.60±0.10 a 8.64±0.40 a
T4 81.24±0.31 b 72.24±0.45 b 55.63±0.32 c 24.86±0.68 b 6.97±0.33 a 13.54±0.07 a 7.89±0.11 b
浙禾香2号
ZHX2		 T1 80.47±0.57 b 71.40±0.41 b 58.49±0.52 b 22.33±0.72 b 5.53±0.11 b 10.57±0.06 a 9.03±0.13 b
T2 80.28±0.54 b 71.32±0.49 b 58.16±0.42 b 22.37±1.06 b 5.80±0.15 a 10.55±0.07 a 8.64±0.33 c
T3 81.11±0.38 a 72.74±0.30 a 59.09±0.44 a 22.18±0.98 b 5.17±0.15 c 10.58±0.06 a 9.35±0.20 a
T4 79.96±0.56 b 71.23±0.79 b 58.22±0.34 b 23.42±1.10 a 5.91±0.16 a 10.54±0.09 a 8.46±0.33 c
华浙优210
HZY210		 T1 81.53±0.57 b 71.93±0.45 ab 57.46±0.19 b 31.08±2.45 a 7.41±0.26 ab 15.31±0.05 a 9.00±0.22 b
T2 81.62±0.50 b 71.53±0.54 ab 57.35±0.48 b 31.48±2.06 a 7.66±0.56 ab 15.37±0.09 a 8.27±0.26 c
T3 82.39±0.73 a 72.42±0.51 a 58.53±0.28 a 30.53±1.75 a 7.29±0.13 b 15.34±0.08 a 9.81±0.54 a
T4 81.34±0.51 b 71.15±1.42 b 57.59±0.65 b 31.48±1.85 a 7.61±0.52 a 15.28±0.05 a 8.75±0.16 c
方差分析(F值) ANOVA (F-value)
品种Variety (V) 37.499** 36.420** 195.248** 496.794** 450.591** 23213.382** 62.459**
处理Treatment (T) 8.503** 11.513** 25.718** 6.196** 22.479** 1.696 38.860**
品种 × 处理 V × T 1.029 0.525 1.554 0.719 1.219 0.668 3.900**
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