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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (8): 2152-2163.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53017

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮肥减施措施对江淮春玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

尤根基1(), 谢昊1, 梁毓文1, 李龙2, 王玉茹1, 蒋晨炀1, 郭剑1, 李广浩1,*(), 陆大雷1   

  1. 1江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室 / 江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心 / 扬州大学农学院, 江苏扬州 225009
    2宿迁中江种业有限公司, 江苏宿迁 223800
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03 接受日期:2025-04-25 出版日期:2025-08-12 网络出版日期:2025-05-06
  • 通讯作者: *李广浩, E-mail: guanghaoli@yzu.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: a2728152904@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    江苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目(CX [23] 3117);国家自然科学基金项目(32101828);江苏现代农业产业技术体系项目(JATS [2023] 454);江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目;扬州大学青蓝工程项目资助

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction measures on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in Jianghuai region

YOU Gen-Ji1(), XIE Hao1, LIANG Yu-Wen1, LI Long2, WANG Yu-Ru1, JIANG Chen-Yang1, GUO Jian1, LI Guang-Hao1,*(), LU Da-Lei1   

  1. 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops / College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
    2Suqian Zhongjiang Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Suqian 223800, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2025-03-03 Accepted:2025-04-25 Published:2025-08-12 Published online:2025-05-06
  • Contact: *E-mail: guanghaoli@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX [23] 3117);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101828);Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System of China(JATS [2023] 454);Priority Academic Programme Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions;Blue Project of Yangzhou University

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摘要：

多元替代减量增效是落实化肥减量化行动方案, 实现玉米生产绿色高质量发展和保障粮食安全的重要措施。本研究为探明不同氮肥减施措施对江淮春玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响, 以黄淮海区域大面积推广种植的玉米品种江玉877为供试材料。设置6个氮肥处理: 不施氮(CK)、常规施氮(N225)、减量施氮(N180)、减量施氮配施硝化抑制剂(N180+D)、减量施氮配施凹凸棒石(N180+T)和减量施氮配施生物骨粉(N180+B), 研究不同施氮处理下春玉米产量及其构成、叶面积指数(LAI)、SPAD值、地上部干物质和氮素积累转运及氮肥利用效率的差异。结果表明: N225处理的穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、千粒重及产量显著高于N180, N180+D、N180+T、N180+B比N225处理产量略有增加, 但差异不显著。与N225相比, N180+D、N180+T、N180+B处理提高了吐丝期和乳熟期LAI以及乳熟期穗位叶SPAD值, 地上部干物质积累和氮素积累量分别增加20.3%、18.1%、21.7%和14.5%、5.1%和21.5%, 同时促进了干物质和氮素转运, 提高了收获指数。2年试验中, N180+D、N180+T、N180+B的平均氮肥利用效率比N225提高17.3%、10.0%和22.9%。综上表明, 本研究在减氮20%的基础上, 通过配施硝化抑制剂、凹凸棒石和生物骨粉均可起到稳产增效的效果, 可为玉米生产中实现绿色节本增效提供理论依据和技术支持。

关键词: 春玉米, 产量, 氮肥减施, 物质积累, 氮素吸收利用

Abstract:

Diversified substitution strategies for nitrogen (N) fertilizer reduction and efficiency enhancement are key measures for implementing fertilizer reduction initiatives, promoting green and high-quality development of maize production, and ensuring food security. This study investigated the effects of different N fertilizer reduction measures on the yield, N uptake, and utilization of spring maize (Zea mays L.) in Jianghuai region, using the widely cultivated cultivar Jiangyu 877 in the Huanghuaihai region of China. Six N application treatments were established: no N fertilizer (CK), conventional N application (N225), reduced N application (N180), and reduced N application combined with either a nitrification inhibitor (N180+D), attapulgite (N180+T), or biological bone powder (N180+B). The effects of these treatments on yield and its components, leaf area index (LAI), SPAD value, aboveground dry matter and N accumulation, N translocation, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were analyzed. Results showed that ear length, ear diameter, grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, and overall yield were significantly higher under N225 compared to N180. However, the yields under N180+D, N180+T, and N180+B were improved relative to N180 and showed no significant difference compared to N225. These treatments also increased LAI at silking and milk stages, and enhanced SPAD values of ear leaves at the milk stage. Compared with N180, aboveground dry matter and N accumulation under N180+D, N180+T, and N180+B increased by 20.3%, 18.1%, and 21.7%, and by 14.5%, 5.1%, and 21.5%, respectively. Moreover, these treatments promoted dry matter and N translocation and improved the harvest index. Compared with N225, the average NUE of N180+D, N180+T, and N180+B increased by 17.3%, 10.0%, and 22.9% in 2023 and 2024. In conclusion, a 20% reduction in N combined with the application of nitrification inhibitors, attapulgite, or biological bone powder can stabilize yield while improving nitrogen use efficiency, providing both theoretical insight and technical support for green, cost-effective, and efficient maize production.

Key words: spring maize, yield, nitrogen fertilizer reduction, matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and utilization

图1

春玉米生育期内气温和降雨量"

表1

氮肥减施措施对春玉米产量及其构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 穗长
Ear length
(cm)		 穗粗
Ear diameter
(cm)		 秃尖长
Barren ear tip
(cm)		 穗粒数
Grains per
ear		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2023 CK 14.9 f 4.4 de 2.9 a 384.6 g 186.1 h 5499.3 c
N225 18.5 b 4.7 ab 2.9 a 496.2 cd 248.5 de 8991.7 a
N180 17.9 bc 4.7 ab 2.9 a 468.9 ef 246.7 e 7075.8 b
N180+D 17.7 c 4.7 ab 2.0 bc 482.4 de 256.3 bc 9014.4 a
N180+T 19.8 a 4.8 a 2.4 ab 535.2 cd 234.8 f 9154.2 a
N180+B 17.2 cd 4.5 bc 1.7 c 482.0 de 269.6 a 9018.0 a
2024 CK 16.4 e 4.0 g 2.3 b 432.7 f 215.5 g 6754.8 b
N225 18.5 b 4.6 ab 2.3 b 491.3 de 273.1 a 9390.1 a
N180 16.6 de 4.2 fg 2.3 b 467.7 ef 248.6 de 7508.6 b
N180+D 17.2 cd 4.3 ef 0.6 de 723.2 a 260.3 b 9542.6 a
N180+T 20.1 a 4.2 fg 1.1 d 557.1 c 252.7 cd 9485.3 a
N180+B 17.6 c 4.4 cd 0.5 e 633.0 b 246.7 e 9450.6 a
ANOVA 年份Year (Y) NS ** ** ** ** **
处理Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** ** **
年份×处理Y×T ** ** * ** ** **

图2

氮肥减施措施对春玉米叶面积指数的影响 处理同表1。R1: 吐丝期; R3: 乳熟期。不同小写字母表示不同处理年份间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图3

氮肥减施措施对春玉米叶片SPAD值的影响 处理同表1。R1: 吐丝期; R3: 乳熟期。不同小写字母表示不同处理年份间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图4

氮肥减施措施对春玉米吐丝前后地上部干物质积累量的影响 处理同表1。不同小写字母表示不同处理年份间差异显著(P < 0.05)。上部小写字母表示总干物质积累量, 中部小写字母表示吐丝后干物质积累量, 下部小写字母表示吐丝前干物质积累量。"

表2

氮肥减施措施对春玉米干物质转运的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 干物质转运量
DMT (kg hm-2)		 干物质转运率
DMTR (%)		 干物质贡献率
DMCR (%)		 收获指数
HI (%)
2023 CK 634.1 f 13.3 d 13.2 c 45.6 fg
N225 1053.0 c 15.7 b 15.0 b 47.2 ef
N180 916.2 d 14.4 c 14.2 bc 46.9 ef
N180+D 1491.5 ab 19.6 a 17.7 a 50.5 ab
N180+T 1472.0 ab 19.1 a 18.0 a 49.2 cd
N180+B 1531.4 a 18.8 a 18.1 a 49.6 bc
2024 CK 407.3 g 9.6 e 9.8 d 45.4 g
N225 925.4 d 16.7 b 15.2 b 49.1 cd
N180 760.7 e 15.8 b 13.9 bc 48.6 de
N180+D 1418.9 b 18.9 a 17.1 a 51.4 a
N180+T 1410.0 b 19.2 a 17.8 a 51.1 ab
N180+B 1483.7 ab 18.6 a 18.2 a 50.7 ab
ANOVA 年份Year (Y) ** NS NS **
处理Treatment (T) ** ** ** **
年份×处理Y×T NS ** NS NS

图5

氮肥减施措施对春玉米吐丝前后地上部氮素积累的影响 处理同表1。不同小写字母表示不同处理年份间差异显著(P < 0.05)。上部小写字母表示总干物质积累量, 中部小写字母表示吐丝后干物质积累量, 下部小写字母表示吐丝前干物质积累量。"

表3

氮肥减施措施对春玉米氮素转运的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮转运量
NT (kg hm-2)		 氮转运率
NTR (%)		 氮贡献率
NCR (%)		 收获指数
HI (%)
2023 CK 29.0 f 45.4 d 48.5 c 58.9 c
N225 53.1 c 49.1 bc 52.0 c 61.3 bc
N180 43.6 d 45.8 cd 50.5 c 59.4 c
N180+D 66.8 a 55.3 a 53.0 c 66.0 a
N180+T 57.1 bc 51.1 b 53.3 c 62.7 b
N180+B 61.5 b 50.2 b 52.8 c 62.4 b
2024 CK 19.2 g 37.1 e 50.5 c 50.5 e
N225 35.8 e 43.6 d 56.3 bc 54.4 d
N180 24.6 f 38.1 e 51.9 c 50.6 e
N180+D 44.4 d 44.3 d 65.3 a 51.0 e
N180+T 43.2 d 45.6 cd 63.6 ab 53.7 d
N180+B 46.4 d 42.2 d 53.8 c 54.9 d
ANOVA 年份Year (Y) ** ** ** **
处理Treatment (T) ** ** ** **
年份×处理Y×T NS NS NS **

表4

氮肥减施措施对春玉米氮素利用效率的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮肥偏生产力
NPFP (kg kg-1)		 氮肥农学效率
NAE (kg kg-1)		 氮肥利用效率
NUE (%)
2023 CK — — —
N225 40.0 b 15.5 b 29.1 cd
N180 39.3 b 8.8 c 24.4 d
N180+D 50.1 a 19.5 a 49.8 a
N180+T 50.9 a 20.3 a 38.4 b
N180+B 50.1 a 19.5 a 47.8 a
2024 CK — — —
N225 41.7 b 11.7 c 18.4 e
N180 41.7 b 4.2 d 10.2 f
N180+D 53.0 a 15.5 b 32.4 c
N180+T 52.7 a 15.2 b 29.0 cd
N180+B 52.5 a 15.0 b 45.5 a
ANOVA 年份Year (Y) * **` **
处理Treatment (T) ** ** **
年份×处理Y×T NS NS **

图6

氮肥不同施用方式下春玉米产量及其构成因素与各指标的相关性分析 Y: 产量; GPE: 穗粒数; TGW: 千粒重; DMA: 干物质积累量; DMT: 干物质转运量; NA: 氮素积累量; NT: 氮素转运量; NPFP: 氮肥偏生产力; NAE: 氮肥农学效率; NUE: 氮肥利用率。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上相关性显著。"

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