种植方式与施氮量对杂交籼稻养分吸收特性及根系活力的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.42012

Abstract

Abstract:

To explore the effects of different planting methods and nitrogen application rates on nutrient absorption characteristics, root activity, and yield of hybrid indica rice, F You 498 was used as the experimental material in a two-factor split-plot design. The main plot consisted of carpet seedling machine transplanting, wet precision hole direct seeding, and manual transplanting, while the sub-plot included four nitrogen application rates (0 kg hm^-2, 90 kg hm^-2, 135 kg hm^-2, and 180 kg hm^-2). The effects on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation, root activity, yield, and yield components of hybrid indica rice under different treatments were studied. The results showed that the total nitrogen accumulation at the heading and maturity stages was highest in manually transplanted rice, followed by mechanical transplanting, and then direct seeding. The total phosphorus accumulation at the jointing stage and potassium accumulation at the heading stage were also highest in manually transplanted rice. The nutrient accumulation rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium before jointing was highest in direct-seeded rice, being 40.68%-63.64% and 19.42%-71.43% higher than in mechanical and manual transplanting, respectively. The nutrient accumulation rate peaked from jointing to heading stage under different planting methods. There was no significant difference in rice yield between manual and mechanical transplanting. However, compared to manual transplanting, direct seeding reduced rice yield by 8.09%-15.00%. The 1000-grain weight, grain number per panicle, and seed setting rate of manually transplanted rice were higher than those of mechanical transplanting and direct seeding, but the effective panicle number was significantly reduced, being 15.99%-41.77% and 23.19%-29.60% lower than those of mechanical transplanting and direct seeding, respectively. The dry matter accumulation of shoots and roots reached its maximum at the maturity and heading stages, respectively. Under manual transplanting conditions, the dry weight of shoots and roots at maturity was greater than that of mechanical transplanting and direct seeding. As the growth process advanced, the bleeding intensity of single stems and populations after heading gradually decreased, and the root activity of single stems and populations in mechanical transplanting was significantly higher than in manual transplanting and direct seeding. The optimal nitrogen application rate for machine-transplanted rice was in the middle to low range (90-135 kg hm^-2), while for direct-seeded and manually transplanted rice, it was in the middle to high range (135-180 kg hm^-2).

Key words: rice, nitrogen application, cropping practices, nutrient uptake characteristics, root system

WANG Cheng, MA Yang-Ming, WANG Chun-Yu, LI Zhi-Xin, LUO Jian-Sheng, PENG Zheng-Lan, LIU Ru-Hong-Ji, HUANG Xing-Hai, CAO Yun, PENG Zheng-Bo, MA Jun. Effects of cropping practices and nitrogen application on nutrient uptake characteristics and root vigor of hybrid indica rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(12): 3069-3082.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Effect of different cropping practices and nitrogen application on yield and its components"

处理 Treatment		水稻产量及其构成因子 Rice yield and its components
处理 Treatment		有效穗 Effective panicles (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Spikeletes per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t hm^-2)
2016
T1	N0	177.32 b	194.48 c	92.83 a	31.39 a	10.46 c
	N1	184.96 b	233.82 a	88.56 b	29.57 b	11.21 b
	N2	205.79 a	212.74 b	84.82 c	30.04 b	11.70 a
	N3	209.95 a	217.61 b	87.67 b	29.89 b	12.13 a
平均值Mean		194.50	214.66	88.47	30.22	11.38
T2	N0	190.56 b	172.58 d	82.51 a	31.38 a	9.39 b
	N1	203.21 ab	224.09 c	72.51 b	30.20 b	10.06 a
	N2	210.19 a	233.03 b	65.98 c	30.78 ab	10.12 a
	N3	216.56 a	244.95 a	73.94 b	29.70 c	10.44 a
平均值Mean		206.57	218.66	73.73	30.52	10.00
T3	N0	150.60 b	235.31 c	95.51 a	31.73 a	10.48 b
	N1	163.31 ab	277.82 a	87.99 b	29.94 c	11.47 a
	N2	172.32 a	260.61 b	91.64 ab	30.05 bc	11.95 a
	N3	184.55 a	262.00 b	91.75 a	30.67 b	12.10 a
平均值Mean		167.69	258.93	91.72	30.60	11.50
F值 F-value	T	22.11^**	59.93^**	96.08^**	0.32	20.83^**
	N	9.70^**	110.25^**	21.41^**	19.52^**	23.48^**
	T×N	0.21	15.14^**	3.81^*	1.79	0.74
2017
T1	N0	196.76 c	189.20 b	84.50 a	29.89 a	10.57 c
	N1	215.97 b	205.30 a	79.62 b	29.14 b	11.14 b
	N2	234.03 a	190.38 b	79.28 b	29.06 b	11.90 a
	N3	241.67 a	188.33 b	76.02 c	28.83 b	12.03 a
平均值Mean		222.11	193.30	79.86	29.23	11.41
T2	N0	168.35 d	190.43 a	80.39 a	30.54 a	9.60 c
	N1	202.84 c	183.67 ab	78.91 a	30.01 ab	10.18 b
	N2	213.86 b	180.55 ab	78.42 a	29.68 b	10.60 b
	N3	227.12 a	171.55 b	73.62 b	29.36 b	11.13 a
平均值Mean		203.04	181.55	77.84	29.90	10.38
T3	N0	135.29 c	235.35 b	92.82 a	30.77 a	9.23 c
	N1	151.41 b	254.01 a	91.58 a	30.67 ab	11.35 b
	N2	165.70 a	230.64 b	86.15 b	30.60 ab	11.94 a
	N3	174.27 a	233.65 b	85.20 b	30.01 b	12.36 a
平均值Mean		156.67	238.41	88.94	30.51	11.22
F值 F-value	T	158.89^**	63.13^**	77.67^**	14.43^*	6.71
	N	123.00^**	4.67^*	15.79^**	1.75	76.03^**
	T×N	2.25	1.21	1.04	3.05^*	6.92^**

Table 3

Table 4

Effect of cropping method and nitrogen application on the accumulation of matter in hybrid indica rice (kg hm-2)"

处理 Treatment		群体地上部干重Population shoot dry matter			群体根系干重Population root dry matter
处理 Treatment		拔节期Jointing	抽穗期Heading	成熟期Maturity	拔节期Jointing	抽穗期Heading	成熟期Maturity
2016
T1	N0	2150 c	9110 c	15,520 b	773 b	954 b	755 c
	N1	2470 b	10,120 b	17,220 a	918 a	1156 a	960 a
	N2	2590 b	10,800 a	17,720 a	941 a	1025 ab	926 ab
	N3	3080 a	11,100 a	17,590 a	881 a	1094 a	905 b
平均值Mean		2572	10,283	17,012	878	1057	886
T2	N0	2270 c	10,020 b	16,170 b	736 b	1121 b	787 c
	N1	2430 bc	10,700 a	17,170 ab	923 a	1341 a	1017 a
	N2	2770 ab	10,900 a	17,530 ab	873 a	1324 a	951 ab
	N3	3050 a	11,030 a	18,090 a	854 a	1263 a	946 b
平均值Mean		2630	10,660	17,240	846	1262	925
T3	N0	1610 b	9060 b	15,690 b	559 b	982 a	832 c
	N1	1940 ab	9300 ab	17,190 a	874 a	1091 a	940 b
	N2	2070 a	9530 ab	17,910 a	837 a	1028 a	1093 a
	N3	2260 a	9930 a	18,770 a	829 a	1006 a	1006 b
平均值Mean		1970	9460	17,390	775	1027	968
F值 F-value	T	8.45^*	22.17^**	0.28	13.77	25.39^*	94.43^*
	N	30.66^**	11.04^**	8.90^**	30.18^**	3.61	56.99^**
	T×N	0.73	1.11	0.34	2.10	0.43	5.45^*
2017
T1	N0	2030 c	10,230 d	15,430 d	354 c	726 b	502 b
	N1	2160 c	11,300 c	16,810 c	428 b	833 a	594 a
	N2	2600 b	11,760 b	17,859 b	564 a	811 a	642 a
	N3	3120 a	12,130 a	18,450 a	558 a	808 a	614 a
平均值Mean		2480	11,350	17,140	476	794	588
T2	N0	1970 c	8120 d	14,250 d	498 b	684 b	517 b
	N1	2250 b	9130 c	16,290 c	530 b	792 a	612 a
	N2	2650 a	9730 b	16,900 b	666 a	811 a	625 a
	N3	2860 a	10,560 a	17,550 a	688 a	856 a	622 a
平均值Mean		2430	9380	16,250	596	786	594
T3	N0	2380 c	8310 c	13,830 d	571 b	844 b	556 b
	N1	2680 b	10,860 b	17,090 c	610 ab	945 a	596 ab
	N2	3050 a	11,100 ab	17,990 b	619 ab	955 a	641 a
	N3	3080 a	11,250 a	18,730 a	648 a	939 a	674 a
平均值Mean		2800	10,380	16,910	612	921	617
F值 F-value	T	19.06^**	119.19^**	129.09^**	189.80^**	134.66^**	9.21
	N	70.26^**	428.99^**	196.54^**	32.69^**	13.43^**	8.44^**
	T×N	2.39	21.06^**	5.98^**	3.54^*	0.79	0.38

Table 4

Table 5

Effect of nitrogen levels on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation of hybrid indica rice at various fertility periods under different cropping practices (kg hm-2)"

处理 Treatment		氮素积累量N accumulation			磷素积累量P accumulation			钾素积累量K accumulation
处理 Treatment		拔节期 Jointing	抽穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	拔节期 Jointing	抽穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	拔节期 Jointing	抽穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity
2016
T1	N0	36.86 d	78.47 d	113.38 d	7.12 c	20.66 d	32.09 b	59.94 d	147.98 d	164.08 c
	N1	47.15 c	115.61 c	151.81 c	9.46 b	26.91 c	34.26 b	66.83 c	168.13 c	174.79 b
	N2	52.08 b	152.49 b	173.38 b	11.06 a	32.1 b	39.61 a	74.44 b	185.08 b	201.29 a
	N3	58.14 a	174.34 a	192.79 a	11.84 a	36.97 a	43.04 a	83.89 a	190.93 a	211.96 a
平均值Mean		48.56	130.23	157.84	9.87	26.60	37.25	71.28	173.03	188.03
T2	N0	37.72 c	90.00 d	108.52 c	5.58 c	19.09 b	33.86 b	60.73 c	143.90 d	150.51 c
	N1	43.66 b	122.95 c	159.87 b	10.18 b	27.63 a	39.52 a	66.65 b	163.80 c	178.3 b
	N2	48.46 a	136.67 b	168.11 b	13.21 a	28.15 a	39.69 a	75.33 a	171.45 b	193.94 a
	N3	51.52 a	147.67 a	183.02 a	13.89 a	30.22 a	39.69 a	79.12 a	184.76 a	200.01 a
平均值Mean		45.34	124.32	154.88	10.71	26.27	38.19	70.46	165.98	180.69
T3	N0	38.74 c	92.14 d	123.71 d	7.02 d	20.93 c	33.88 c	60.07 b	143.57 d	166.92 c
	N1	42.64 c	118.58 c	156.65 c	12.03 c	24.55 b	36.52 bc	65.24 b	173.51 c	185.14 b
	N2	49.67 b	155.89 b	173.43 b	15.01 b	29.42 a	40.49 ab	74.45 a	183.54 b	207.93 a
	N3	54.97 a	166.56 a	193.03 a	17.00 a	31.49 a	44.24 a	81.58 a	188.12 a	211.21 a
平均值Mean		46.51	133.29	161.71	12.76	29.16	38.78	70.34	172.18	192.8
F值 F-value	T	5.10	13.65^**	1.68	18.93^**	7.50^*	6.00	0.11	2.54	2.97
	N	61.66^**	405.74^**	143.3^**	88.16^**	56.85^**	21.44^**	43.73^**	713.78^**	82.18^**
	T×N	1.29	11.07^**	1.13	3.64^*	2.24	2.00	0.32	8.14^**	0.98
2017
T1	N0	32.37 d	96.61 d	136.61 d	9.97c	35.22 c	40.88 c	60.33 d	156.98 d	196.69 d
	N1	36.05 c	120.63 c	169.91 c	10.28 c	41.65 b	44.94 b	72.02 c	190.62 c	224.66 c
	N2	52.42 b	139.82 b	181.82 b	12.60 b	45.80 a	50.02 a	82.11 b	196.95 b	239.69 b
	N3	62.73 a	151.63 a	195.75 a	14.86 a	46.74 a	53.25 a	92.78 a	213.04 a	259.52 a
平均值Mean		45.89	127.17	171.02	11.93	42.35	47.27	76.81	189.40	230.14
T2	N0	30.63 c	74.78 d	122.84 d	8.80 c	33.49 c	43.22 b	60.315 c	159.50 c	196.61 c
	N1	35.37 b	112.83 c	155.82 c	10.52 b	37.34 b	50.46 a	70.705 b	188.22 b	220.11 b
	N2	41.13 a	126.79 b	170.46 b	11.79 ab	39.74 b	51.00 a	76.39 ab	200.54 a	229.72 a
	N3	39.88 ab	147.18 a	183.33 a	12.37 a	44.57 a	53.43 a	81.01 a	209.37 a	239.86 a
平均值Mean		36.75	115.40	158.11	10.87	38.78	49.52	72.105	189.41	221.57
T3	N0	35.31 c	102.94 d	136.74 c	10.86 b	33.27 c	37.95 c	68.84 c	162.2 d	204.72 d
	N1	37.45 bc	125.23 c	174.58 b	11.04 b	42.41 b	45.01 b	80.20 b	184.1 c	219.20 c
	N2	43.08 b	139.64 b	182.5 b	13.35 a	44.02 b	49.40 ab	87.39 ab	199.23 b	235.86 b
	N3	49.76 a	152.14 a	195.27 a	13.74 a	48.07 a	54.40 a	92.93 a	210.48 a	251.31 a
平均值Mean		41.40	129.99	172.27	12.25	41.94	46.69	82.34	189.00	227.77
F值 F-value	T	17.79	6.40	40.63^*	2.23	15.28	0.59	5.85	0.01	39.23^**
	N	57.70^**	193.42^**	183.80^**	25.35^**	75.38^**	22.66^**	34.26^**	114.48^**	107.04^**
	T×N	8.49^*	2.75	0.27	1.21	1.85	0.74	0.71	0.64	1.90

Table 5

Table 6

Effect of nitrogen levels on the rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation in hybrid indica rice at various fertility periods under different cropping practices (kg hm-2 d-1)"

处理 Treatment		氮素积累速率 N accumulation rate			磷素积累速率 P accumulation rate			钾素积累速率 K accumulation rate
处理 Treatment		拔节前 Before Jointing	拔节- 抽穗期 Jointing- Heading	抽穗- 成熟期 Heading- Maturity	拔节前 Before Jointing	拔节- 抽穗期 Jointing- Heading	抽穗- 成熟期 Heading- Maturity	拔节前 Before Jointing	拔节- 抽穗期 Jointing- Heading	抽穗- 成熟期 Heading- Maturity
2016
T1	N0	0.50 d	1.22 d	0.83 a	0.10 c	0.40 d	0.27 a	0.81 d	2.61 c	0.38 a
	N1	0.64 c	2.01 c	0.86 a	0.13 b	0.51 c	0.18 ab	0.90 c	2.96 b	0.16 b
	N2	0.70 b	2.95 b	0.50 b	0.15 a	0.62 b	0.18 ab	1.01 b	3.31 a	0.39 a
	N3	0.79 a	3.42 a	0.44 b	0.16 a	0.74 a	0.14 b	1.13 a	3.12 ab	0.50 a
平均值Mean		0.66	2.40	0.66	0.13	0.57	0.19	0.96	2.99	0.36
T2	N0	0.90 c	1.54 c	0.47 b	0.11 c	0.40 b	0.38 a	1.17 c	2.41 b	0.17 bd
	N1	1.04 b	2.33 b	0.95 a	0.20 b	0.51 a	0.31 ab	1.28 b	2.85 a	0.37 abc
	N2	1.15 a	2.60 a	0.81 a	0.25 a	0.44 ab	0.30 ab	1.45 a	2.80 a	0.58 a
	N3	1.23 a	2.83 a	0.91 a	0.27 a	0.48 ab	0.24 b	1.52 a	3.03 a	0.39 ab
平均值Mean		1.08	2.32	0.78	0.21	0.46	0.31	1.35	2.77	0.38
T3	N0	0.52 b	1.57 c	0.75 a	0.09 d	0.41 a	0.31 a	0.81 b	2.51 b	0.56 a
	N1	0.58 b	2.23 b	0.91 a	0.16 c	0.37 a	0.29 a	0.88 b	3.08 a	0.28 b
	N2	0.67 a	3.12 a	0.42 b	0.20 b	0.42 a	0.26 a	1.01 a	3.13 a	0.58 a
	N3	0.74 a	3.28 a	0.63 ab	0.23 a	0.43 a	0.30 a	1.10 a	3.10 a	0.55 a
平均值Mean		0.63	2.55	0.68	0.17	0.41	0.29	0.95	2.95	0.49
F值 F-value	T	570.40^**	4.22	0.66	35.17^**	18.15^**	14.89^*	98.49^**	173.17^**	0.39
	N	48.80^**	212.28^**	3.83^*	104.50^**	6.51^**	2.66	49.57^**	22.79	3.50
	T×N	0.90	7.01^**	2.52	6.57^**	3.83^*	0.56	0.40	1.18	1.47
2017
T1	N0	0.44 c	1.78 b	0.93 a	0.14 b	0.70 b	0.13 a	0.83 c	2.66 b	0.97 ab
	N1	0.49 c	2.35 a	1.15 a	0.14 b	0.87 a	0.08 a	0.99 b	3.13 a	0.86 b
	N2	0.72 b	2.43 a	0.98 a	0.17 a	0.92 a	0.10 a	1.12 a	3.06 a	1.04 a
	N3	0.86 a	2.47 a	1.03 a	0.20 a	0.89 a	0.15 a	1.27 a	3.35 a	1.13 a
平均值Mean		0.63	2.26	1.02	0.16	0.85	0.11	1.05	3.05	1.00
T2	N0	0.71 c	1.26 c	1.07 a	0.20 c	0.71 c	0.22 a	1.40 c	2.76 c	0.83 a
	N1	0.82 b	2.21 b	0.96 a	0.24 b	0.77 b	0.29 a	1.64 b	3.32 b	0.69 ab
	N2	0.96 a	2.45 b	0.97 a	0.27 ab	0.80 b	0.25 a	1.77 ab	3.68 ab	0.69 ab
	N3	0.93 a	3.07 a	0.80 a	0.29 a	0.92 a	0.20 a	1.88 a	3.83 a	0.58 b
平均值Mean		0.85	2.25	0.95	0.25	0.80	0.24	1.68	3.40	0.70
T3	N0	0.48 c	2.05 c	0.89 b	0.15 b	0.68 c	0.12 a	0.94 b	2.79 b	1.18 a
	N1	0.51 bc	2.66 b	1.30 a	0.15 ab	0.95 b	0.07 a	1.10 a	3.21 a	0.83 b
	N2	0.59 ab	2.93 ab	1.13 ab	0.18 a	0.93 b	0.14 a	1.20 a	3.40 a	1.03 ab
	N3	0.68 a	3.10 a	1.14 ab	0.19 a	1.04 a	0.17 a	1.27 a	3.58 a	0.98 ab
均值Mean		0.57	2.68	1.11	0.17	0.90	0.12	1.13	3.24	1.01
F值 F-value	T	66.39^*	4.60	3.22	56.90^*	54.32^*	0.27	80.35^*	8.53	104.65^**
	N	36.47^**	70.43^**	1.18	16.60^**	55.15^**	0.87	27.56^**	15.86^*	2.20
	T×N	3.50^*	5.24^*	1.11	0.95	5.42^*	0.34	0.40	0.61	1.31

Table 6

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 7

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年份 Year	全氮 Total N (g kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali hydrolysable N (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Olsen P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Exchangeable K (mg kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	pH	容重 Bulk density (g cm^-3)
2016	1.07	118.42	14.10	49.70	25.07	6.61	1.71
2017	1.19	88.96	12.26	59.91	20.13	6.45	1.88

年份 Year	种植方式 Transplanting methods	播种时间 Sowing date (month/day)	移栽时间 Transplanting date (month/day)	生育时期 Growth stage
年份 Year	种植方式 Transplanting methods	播种时间 Sowing date (month/day)	移栽时间 Transplanting date (month/day)	拔节期Jointing (month/day)	抽穗期Heading (month/day)	成熟期Maturity (month/day)
2016	T1	04/15	05/21	06/28	08/01	09/12
	T2	05/23	—	07/14	08/17	09/25
	T3	04/15	05/23	06/28	08/01	09/12
2017	T1	04/05	05/08	06/19	07/26	09/07
	T2	05/08	—	06/30	08/04	09/18
	T3	04/05	05/08	06/19	07/22	08/30

时间 Time	根系参数 Root system traits	有效穗数 Effective panicles	穗粒数 Spikeletes per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate	产量 Yield
抽穗后0 d 0 day after heading	SBI	0.58^*	-0.04	-0.34	0.90^**
抽穗后0 d 0 day after heading	GBI	0.91^**	-0.49	-0.70^**	0.64^*
抽穗后7 d 7 days after heading	SBI	0.45	0.13	-0.23	0.92^**
抽穗后7 d 7 days after heading	GBI	0.88^**	-0.43	-0.67^*	0.70^**
抽穗后14 d 14 days after heading	SBI	0.26	0.28	-0.07	0.94^**
抽穗后14 d 14 days after heading	GBI	0.82^**	-0.34	-0.60^*	0.79^**
抽穗后21 d 21 days after heading	SBI	0.14	0.39	0.07	0.84^**
抽穗后21 d 21 days after heading	GBI	0.73^**	-0.22	-0.49	0.79^**

Effects of cropping practices and nitrogen application on nutrient uptake characteristics and root vigor of hybrid indica rice

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