[1] Distelfeld A, Li C, Dubcovsky J. Regulation of flowering in temperate cereals. Curr Opin Plant Biol,2009,12: 178–184.

[2] Kippes N, Zhu J, Chen A, Vanzetti L, Lukaszewski A, Nishida H, Kato K, Dvorak J, Dubcovsky J. Fine mapping and epistatic interactions of the vernalization gene VRN-D4 in hexaploid wheat. Mol Genet Genomics, 2014,289:47–62

[3] Yan L, Loukoianov A, Tranquilli G, Helguera M, Fahima T, Dubcovsky J. Positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003,100: 6263–6268.

[4] Yan L, Fu D, Li C, Blechl A, Tranquilli G, Bonafede M, Sanchez A, Valarik M, Yasuda S, Dubcovsky J. The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2006, 103: 19581–19586.

[5] Chen A, Dubcovsky J. Wheat TILLING mutants show that the vernalization gene VRN1 down-regulates the flowering repressor VRN2 in leaves but is not essential for flowering. PLoS Genet, 2012, 8: e1003134.

[6] Yan L, Helguera M, Kato K, Fukuyama S, Sherman J, Dubcovsky J. Allelic variation at the VRN-1 promoter region in polyploid wheat. Theor Appl Genet, 2004,109: 1677–1686.

[7] Yan L L, Loukoianov A, Blechl A, Tranquilli G, Ramakrishna W, SanMiguel P, Bennetzen J L, Echenique V, Dubcovsky J. The wheat VRN2 gene is a flowering repressor down-regulated by vernalization. Science, 2004, 303: 1640–1644.

[8] Fu D L, Szucs P, Yan L L, Helguera M, Skinner J S, von Zitzewitz J, Hayes P M, Dubcovsky J. Large deletions within the first intron in VRN-1 are associated with spring growth habit in barley and wheat. Mol Genet Genomics, 2005, 273: 54–65.

[9] Milec Z, Tomková L, Sumíková T, Pánková K. A new multiplex PCR test for the determination of Vrn-B1 alleles in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mol Breed, 2012, 30: 317–323.

[10] Zhang X F, Gao M X, Wang S S, Chen F, Cui D Q. Allelic variation at the vernalization and photoperiod sensitivity loci in Chinese winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Front Plant Sci, 2015, 6: 470.

[11] Zhang X K, Xiao Y G, Zhang Y, Xia X C, Dubcovsky J, He Z H. Allelic variation at the vernalization genes Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, and Vrn-B3 in Chinese wheat cultivars and their association with growth habit. Crop Sci, 2008, 48: 458–470.

[12]姜莹, 黄林周, 胡银岗. 中国小麦地方品种春化基因的分布及其与冬春性的关系. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2619–2632.
Jiang Y, Huang L Z, Hu Y G. Distribution of vernalization genes in Chinese wheat landraces and their relationship with winter hardness. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2619–2632 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[13] Shindo C, Tsujimoto H, Sasakuma T. Segregation analysis of heading traits in hexaploid wheat utilizing recombinant inbred lines. Heredity, 2003, 90: 56–63.

[14] Chen S L, Wang J S, Deng G W, Chen L, Cheng X Y, Xu H X, Zhan K H. Interactive effects of multiple vernalization (Vrn-1)- and photoperiod (Ppd-1)-related genes on the growth habit of bread wheat and their association with heading and flowering time. BMC Plant Biol, 2018, 18: 374.

[15] 杨芳萍, 韩利明, 阎俊, 夏先春, 张勇, 曲延英, 王忠伟, 何中虎. 春化和光周期基因等位变异在23个国家小麦品种中的分布. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1917–1925.
Yang F P, Han L M, Yan J, Xia X C, Zhang Y, Qu Y Y, Wang Z W, He Z H. Distribution of allelic variation for genes of vernalization and photoperiod among wheat cultivars from 23 countries. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1917–1925(in Chinese with English abstract).

[16] Worland A J, Börner A, Korzun V, Li W M, Petrovíc S, Sayers E J. The influence of photoperiod genes on the adaptability of European winter wheats. Euphytica, 1998,100: 385–394.

[17] Dragovich A Y, Fisenko A V, Yankovskaya A A. Vernalization (VRN) and photoperiod (PPD) genes in spring hexaploid wheat landraces. Russ J Genet,2021,57:329–340.

[18] Beales J, Turner A, Griffiths S, Snape J W, Laurie D A. A pseudo-response regulator is misexpressed in the photoperiod insensitive Ppd-Dla mutant of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet, 2007, 115: 721–733.

[19] Yang F P, Zhang X K, Xia X C, Laurie D A, Yang W X, He Z H. Distribution of the photoperiod insensitive Ppd-D1a allele in Chinese wheat cultivars. Euphytica, 2009, 165:445–452.

[20] 杨芳萍, 夏先春, 张勇, 张晓科, 刘建军, 唐建卫, 杨学明, 张俊儒, 刘茜, 李式昭, 何中虎. 春化、光周期和矮秆基因在不同国家小麦品种中的分布及其效应. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1155–1166.
Yang F P, Xia X C, Zhang Y, Zhang X K, Liu J J, Tang J W, Yang X M, Zhang J R, Liu Q, Li S Z, He Z H. Distribution of allelic variation for vernalization, photoperiod, and dwarfing genes and their effects on growth period and plant height among cultivars from major wheat producing countries. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1155–1166(in Chinese with English abstract).

[21] Kiss T, Balla K, Veisz O, Láng L, Bedő Z, Griffiths S, Isaac P, Karsai I. Allele frequencies in the VRN-A1, VRN-B1 and VRN-D1 vernalization response and PPD-B1 and PPD-D1 photoperiod sensitivity genes, and their effects on heading in a diverse set of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Mol Breed, 2014, 34:297–310

[22] Kamran A, Randhawa H S, Pozniak C, Spaner D. Phenotypic effects of the flowering gene complex in Canadian spring wheat germplasm. Crop Sci, 2013, 53: 84–94.

[23] Shcherban A B, Börner A, Salina E A. Effect of VRN-1 and PPD-D1 genes on heading time in European bread wheat cultivars. Plant Breed, 2015, 134:49–55.

[24] Palomino C, Cabrera A. Evaluation of the allelic variations in vernalisation (VRN1) and photoperiod (PPD1) genes and genetic diversity in a Spanish spelt wheat collection. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24: 16041.

[25] Snape J W, Semikhodskii A, Fish L, Sarma R N, Quarrie SA, Galiba G, Sutka J. Mapping frost resistance loci in wheat and comparative mapping with other cereals. Acta Agron Hung, 1997, 45: 265–270. 

[26] Tóth B, Galiba G, Fehér E, Sutka J, Snape J W. Mapping genes affecting flowering time and frost resistance on chromosome 5B of wheat. Theor Appl Genet, 2003,107: 509–514.

[27] 刘文林, 张宏纪, 刘东军, 郭怡璠, 孙岩, 马淑梅, 宋凤英, 杨淑萍. 黑龙江小麦春化和光周期主要基因组成分析. 植物遗传资源学报, 2014, 15: 1352–1359.
Liu W L, Zhang H J, Liu D J, Guo Y F, Sun Y, Ma S M, Song F Y, Yang S P. Distribution of allelic variation for vernalization and photoperiod genes in the wheat varieties from Heilongjiang. J Plant Genet Resour, 2014, 15: 1352–1359 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[28] 郑少萌. 河南省小麦品种春化特性和光周期特性的遗传变异. 河南农业大学硕士学位论文, 河南郑州，2019.
Zheng S M. Genetic Variation of Vernalization Characteristics and Photoperiod Characteristics of Wheat Varieties in Henan Province. MS Thesis of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, 2019 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[29] 曹雯梅, 刘述忠, 杨青华, 张文超. STS标记鉴定河南历史主推小麦品种春化光周期基因及与品种冬春性的相关性. 分子植物育种, 2016, 14: 117–124.
Cao W M, Liu S Z, Yang Q H, Zhang W C. Characteristics of vernalization gene and photoperiod gene and their relationship with winter hardness revealed by STS markers. Mol Plant Breed, 2016, 14: 117–124 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[30] 王翔. 小麦温光反应的分子生物学研究. 中国农业科学院博士后研究工作报告, 2015-12-16, https://a.d4t.cn/CxmTWZ.
Wang X. Molecular biological study on responses to temperature and photoperiod in wheat development. Post-doctoral Research report of CAAS, 2015-12-16, https://a.d4t.cn/CxmTWZ.

[31] Andeden E E, Yediay F E, Baloch F S, Shaaf S, Kilian B, Nachit M, Özkan H. Distribution of vernalization and photoperiod genes (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, Vrn-B3, Ppd-D1) in Turkish bread wheat cultivars and landraces. Cereal Res Commun, 2011, 39: 352–364.

[32] 郑冬晓. 不同冬春性小麦低温灾害指标和可种植界限变化研究. 中国农业大学博士学位论文, 北京, 2019.
Zheng D X. Studies on Indices of Freezing Injury and Changes of Possible Planting Boundaries for Different Winter-Spring Wheat. PhD Dissertation of China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 2019 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[33] Nazim Ud Dowla M A N, Edwards I, O’Hara G, Islam S, Ma W J. Developing wheat for improved yield and adaptation under a changing climate: optimization of a few key genes. Engineering, 2018, 4: 514–522.

[34] 赵彦坤, 张文胜, 王秀堂, 傅晓艺, 贾丹, 高振贤, 史占良, 何明琦. 黄淮北片主栽小麦品种冬春性与主要春化基因组成的关系. 麦类作物学报, 2016, 36: 1440–1448.
Zhao Y K, Zhang W S, Wang X T, Fu X Y, Jia D, Gao Z X, Shi Z L, He M Q. Analysis of winterness-springness type and vernalization genes in the main wheat cultivars from the north of Yellow and Huai Valley of China. J Triticeae Crops, 2016, 36: 1440–1448 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[35] Fowler D B, Breton G, Limin A E, Mahfoozi S, Sarhan F. Photoperiod and temperature interactions regulate low-temperature-induced gene expression in barley. Plant Physiol, 2001, 127: 1676–1681.

[36] Galiba G, Vágújfalvi A, Li C X, Soltész A, Dubcovsky J. Regulatory genes involved in the determination of frost tolerance in temperate cereals. Plant Sci, 2009, 176: 12–19.

[37] 曹新有, 刘建军, 程敦公, 宋健民, 李豪圣, 刘爱峰, 赵振东. 小麦品种冬春性、抗寒性与广适性的关系. 麦类作物学报, 2012, 32: 1210–1214.
Cao X Y, Liu J J, Cheng D G, Song J M, Li H S, Liu A F, Zhao Z D. A primary analysis on the relations between winter-spring characteristics, cold resistance and wide adaptation in winter wheat. J Triticeae Crops, 2012, 32: 1210–1214 (in Chinese with English abstract).