甘肃省小麦地方品种春化光周期基因效应及抗寒性评价

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41036

Abstract

Abstract:

Winter-spring growth habit and photoperiodic response are two critical traits that determine the suitable cultivation areas for wheat. This study aimed to understand these traits in local wheat varieties from Gansu province by using molecular markers for the vernalization genes Vrn-1 and Vrn-B3, and the photoperiod gene Ppd-D1, to detect allelic variations and evaluate heading dates, winter-spring growth habits, and cold tolerance. The results indicated that 59.6% of the accessions carried only one dominant vernalization allele, with Vrn-D1 being the most common at a frequency of 67.4%. Other dominant vernalization alleles were primarily found in the spring wheat zone, with frequencies ranging from 0.5% to 11.0%. Varieties carrying two or three dominant vernalization alleles were rare (0.2%-8.9%). Additionally, 19.6% of varieties carried all recessive alleles, with this frequency increasing from the northwest to the southeast of Gansu. The photoperiod-insensitive allele Ppd-D1a had a frequency of 17.8%, and it was more prevalent in winter wheat zones than in spring wheat zones. In the winter wheat zones, varieties planted in autumn headed earlier than those in the spring wheat zones. Following spring planting, the frequency of headed varieties increased from the west to the center in the spring wheat zones, while it decreased from the southwest to the northeast in the winter wheat zones. The frequency of late-heading varieties was lower in spring wheat zones compared to winter wheat zones, where many varieties did not mature normally. After spring planting, the dominant vernalization alleles promoted flowering in the order of Vrn-A1a > Vrn-D1 > Vrn-B1. However, after autumn planting, the early heading effect of dominant vernalization alleles was not evident. For Ppd-D1b types, varieties with two or three dominant vernalization alleles headed later than those with a single dominant allele. In contrast, Ppd-D1a types displayed an additive effect of vernalization alleles, where Ppd-D1a significantly promoted flowering in wheat. There was a high consistency between the winter-spring growth habit determined phenotypically and that inferred from vernalization alleles, with habits gradually shifting from spring to winter types. Varieties with strong winter habits did not necessarily exhibit strong cold tolerance. However, most varieties with strong cold tolerance also exhibited strong winter growth habits.

Key words: wheat, landrace, Gansu, vernalization, photoperiod

YANG Fang-Ping, GUO Ying, TIAN Yuan-Yuan, XU Yu-Feng, WANG Lan-Lan, BAI Bin, ZHAN Zong-Bing, ZHANG Xue-Ting, XU Yin-Ping, LIU Jin-Dong. Effect of vernalization and photoperiod genes and evaluation of cold tolerance for wheat landraces from Gansu province, China[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(2): 370-382.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1

Table 2

Frequency distribution and number of vernalization and photoperiod genes and their combination in wheat landraces from different wheat regions in Gansu Province"

基因类型 Genotype	数目(频率) Number (frequency, %)
	总材料 Total	仅携带单个显性等位基因及其组合 Only a single dominant allele and their combination	不同麦区显性等位基因 Dominant allele and their combination in different wheat growth regions
	总材料 Total		HIS	CDS	HCTS	UWRW	LDDTW	UJRW	PANM
Vrn-A1a	11 (2.5)	4 (0.9)	1 (0.9)	1 (2.1)	4 (10.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (2.0)	4 (4.0)
Vrn-B1a	49 (11.0)	5 (1.1)	25 (21.4)	2 (4.3)	2 (5.1)	1 (2.2)	3 (6.7)	2 (4.0)	14 (10.9)
Vrn-B1b	7 (1.6)	3 (0.7)	6 (5.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1.0)
Vrn-B1c	2 (0.5)	1 (0.2)	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (2.0)	0 (0)
Vrn-D1	300 (67.4)	251 (56.4)	90 (76.9)	39 (83.0)	28 (71.8)	21 (45.7)	15 (33.3)	26 (52.0)	81 (80.2)
Vrn-B3	2 (0.5)	1 (0.2)	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1.0)
Ppd-D1a	79 (17.8)	—	11 (9.4)	6 (12.8)	2 (5.1)	9 (19.6)	16 (35.6)	17 (34.0)	18 (17.8)
Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1a	4 (0.9)	4 (0.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	4 (4.0)
Vrn-A1a+Vrn-D1	2 (0.5)	2 (0.5)	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	1 (2.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Vrn-B1a+Vrn-D1	39 (8.9)	39 (8.9)	23 (19.7)	1 (2.1)	2 (5.1)	1 (2.2)	2 (4.4)	5 (10.0)	6 (5.9)
Vrn-B1b+Vrn-D1	3 (0.7)	3 (0.7)	3 (0.26)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Vrn-B1a+Vrn-D1+Vrn-B3	1 (0.2)	1 (0.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1.0)
Vrn-B1a+Vrn-B3	1 (0.2)	1 (0.2)	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
vrn-A1+vrn-B1+vrn-D1+ vrn-B3	87 (19.6)	87 (19.6)	9 (7.7)	2 (4.3)	3 (7.7)	21 (45.7)	25 (55.6)	21 (42.0)	6 (5.9)
(vrn-A1+vrn-B1+vrn-D1+ vrn-B3)/Ppd-D1a	30 (6.7)	30 (6.7)	1 (0.9)	2 (4.3)	0 (0)	3 (6.5)	15 (33.3)	4 (8.0)	5 (5.0)
(vrn-A1+vrn-B1+vrn-D1+ vrn-B3)/Ppd-D1b	57 (12.8)	57 (12.8)	8 (6.8)	0 (0)	3 (7.7)	18 (39.1)	10 (22.2)	17 (34.0)	1 (1.0)
不同麦区材料份数Number in different wheat growth regions			117	47	39	46	45	50	101

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Relationship between winter-spring growth habit of different alleles on Vrn-1 and Ppd-D1 loci based on phenotype and cold resistance"

冬春性及份数 Winter or spring /number	抗寒性分级 Level for cold tolerance	数量(频率) Number (frequency, %)
		Vrn-A1位点品种 landrace on Vrn-A1		Vrn-B1位点品种 Landrace on Vrn-B1				Vrn-D1位点品种 Landrace on Vrn-D1		Ppd-D1位点品种 Landrace on Ppd-D1
		Vrn-A1a	vrn-A1	Vrn-B1a	Vrn-B1b	Vrn-B1c	vrn-B1	Vrn-D1	vrn-D1	Ppd-D1a	Ppd-D1b
春性/15 Spring/15	Total	5 (33.3)	10 (66.7)	2 (13.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	13 (86.7	10 (66.7)	4 (26.7)	10 (66.7)	5 (33.3)
	1	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	2	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	3	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	4	3 (20)	0 (0)	1 (6.7)	0 (0)	0 (0)	3 (20)	1 (6.7)	2 (13.3)	1 (6.7)	3 (20)
	5	2 (13.3)	10 (66.6)	1 (6.7)	0 (0)	0 (0)	10 (67.7)	9 (60)	2 (13.3)	9 (60.0)	2 (13.3)
弱春性/33 Weak spring/33	Total	5 (15.2)	28 (84.8)	5 (15.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	27 (81.8)	24 (72.7)	6 (18.2)	13 (39.4)	16 (48.5)
	1	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	2	1 (3.0)	2 (6.1)	1 (3.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (3.0)	1 (3.0)	1 (3.0)	0 (0)	2 (6.1)
	3	1 (3.0)	4 (12.1)	1 (3.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	3 (9.1)	2 (6.1)	1 (3.0)	1 (3.0)	1 (3.0)
	4	3 (9.1)	8 (24.2)	2 (6.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	8 (24.2)	8 (24.2)	2 (6.1)	3 (9.1)	7 (21.2)
	5	0 (0)	15 (45.5)	1 (3.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	14 (42.4)	12 (36.4)	2 (6.1)	7 (21.2)	6 (18.2)
弱冬性/310 Weak winter/310	Total	1 (0.3)	309 (99.7)	40 (12.9)	7 (2.3)	1 (0.3)	257 (82.9)	235 (75.8)	45 (14.5)	35 (11.3)	233 (75.2)
	1	0 (0)	29 (9.4)	4 (1.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	25 (8.1)	9 (2.9)	17 (5.5)	9 (2.9)	16 (5.2)
	2	0 (0)	14 (4.5)	1 (0.3)	1 (0.3)	0 (0)	12 (3.9)	7 (2.3)	2 (0.6)	5 (1.6)	7 (2.3)
	3	0 (0)	37 (11.9)	3 (1.0)	1 (0.3)	0 (0)	32 (10.3)	20 (6.5)	8 (2.6)	6 (1.9)	22 (7.1)
	4	1 (0.3)	102 (32.9)	16 (5.2)	3 (1.0)	0 (0)	82 (26.5)	88 (28.4)	8 (2.6)	5 (1.6)	86 (27.7)
	5	0 (0)	120 (38.7)	15 (4.8)	2 (0.6)	1 (0.3)	99 (31.9)	104 (33.5)	9 (2.9)	8 (2.6)	98 (31.6)
冬性/56 Winter/56	Total	0 (0)	56 (100)	2 (3.6)	0 (0)	1 (1.8)	50 (89.3v	20 (35.7)	34 (60.7)	13 (23.2)	41 (73.2)
	1	0 (0)	44 (78.6)	1 (1.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	40 (71.4)	13 (2.9)	30 (53.6)	13 (23.2)	29 (51.8)
	2	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	6 (10.7)	3 (5.4)	3 (5.4)	0 (0)	6 (10.7)
	3	0 (0)	2 (3.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	4	0 (0)	4 (7.1)	1 (1.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1.8)	2 (3.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (3.6)
	5	0 (0)	4 (7.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1.8)	3 (5.4)	2 (3.6)	1 (1.8)	0 (0)	4 (7.1)
强冬性/28 Strong winter/28	Total	0 (0)	26 (92.9)	1 (3.57)	0 (0)	0 (0)	26 (92.9)	9 (32.1)	18 (64.3)	7 (25)	19 (67.9)
	1	0 (0)	21 (75)	1 (3.57)	0 (0)	0 (0)	21 (75)	6 (21.4)	16 (57.1)	6 (21.4)	16 (57.1)
	2	0 (0)	4 (14.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	4 (14.3)	2 (7.1)	2 (7.1)	0 (0)	3 (10.7)
	3	0 (0)	1 (3.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (3.6)	1 (3.6)	0 (0)	1 (3.6)	0 (0)
	4	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	5	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)

Table 6

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	Cao X Y, Liu J J, Cheng D G, Song J M, Li H S, Liu A F, Zhao Z D. A primary analysis on the relations between winter-spring characteristics, cold resistance and wide adaptation in winter wheat. J Triticeae Crops, 2012, 32: 1210-1214 (in Chinese with English abstract).

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基因位点 Gene locus	标记名称 Marker name	引物序列 Primer sequence (5′-3′)	等位变异(显/隐性) Allelic variation (dominant/recessive)	扩增片段 Amplified fragment (bp)	参考文献 References
Vrn-A1	Vrn1-A-F	GAAAGGAAAAATTCTGCTCG	Vrn-A1a (dominant)	965+876	[6]
	Vrn1-INT1-R	GCAGGAAATCGAAATCGAAG	Vrn-A1b (dominant)	714
			Vrn-A1c (dominant)	734
			vrn-A1 (dominant)	734
	Intr1-A-F2	AGCCTCCACGGTTTGAAAGTAA	Vrn-A1c (dominant)	1170	[8]
	Intr1-A-R3	AAGTAAGACAACACGAATGTGAGA
	Intr1-C-F	GCACTCCTAACCCACTAACC	vrn-A1 (dominant)	1068	[8]
	Intr1-AB-R	TCATCCATCATCAAGGCAAA
Vrn-D1	Intr1-D-F	GTTGTCTGCCTCATCAAATCC			[8]
	Intr1-D-R3	GGTCACTGGTGGTCTGTGC	Vrn-D1 (recessive)	1671
	Intr1-D-R4	AAATGAAAAGGAACGAGAGCG	vrn-D1 (dominant)	997
Vrn-B3	Vrn4-B-INS-F	CATAATGCCAAGCCGGTGAGTAC	Vrn-B3 (recessive)	1200	[4]
	Vrn4-B-INS-R	ATGTCTGCCAATTAGCTAGC
	Vrn4-BNOINS-F	ATGCTTTCGCTTGCCATCC	vrn-B3 (dominant)	1140	[4]
	Vrn4-BNOINS-R	CTATCCCTACCGGCCATTAG
Vrn-B1	Intr1-B-F	CAAGTGGAACGGTTAGGACA	Vrn-B1a (recessive)	709 +1235	[8-9]
	Ex1-B-F3	GAAGCGGATCGAGAACAAGA	Vrn-B1b (recessive)	673+1199	[8-9]
	Intr1-B-R3	CTCATGCCAAAAATTGAAGATGA	Vrn-B1c (recessive)	849	[8-9]
	Intr1-B-R4	CAAATGAAAAGGAATGAGAGCA	vrn-B1 (dominant)	1149	[8-9]
Ppd-D1	TaPpd-D1-F1	ACGCCTCCCACTACACTG			[18]
	TaPpd-D1-R1	TGTTGGTTCAAACAGAGAGC	Ppd-D1b (photoperiod sensitive)	414	[18]
	TaPpd-D1-R2	CACTGGTGGTAGCTGAGATT	Ppd-D1a (photoperiod insensitive)	288

地点 Location	抽穗时间 Heading date (Month/date)	频率Frequency (%)						抽穗期 Heading dates (Month/date)
地点 Location	抽穗时间 Heading date (Month/date)	HIS	CDS	HCTS	UWRW	LDDTW	UJRW	抽穗期 Heading dates (Month/date)
2023武威 2023 Wuwei	Earlier than 06/15	25.0	63.8	66.7	32.6	13.3	40.0	06/02-07/19
	Later than 06/20	20.5	6.38	7.7	63.0	66.7	42.0
	不成熟品种Un-mature	19.7	4.3	7.7	43.5	35.6	24.0
2021清水 2021 Qingshui	Earlier than 05/15	24.8	42.6	30.8	58.7	71.1	62.0	04/26-06/07
	Later than 05/20	45.3	34.0	30.8	28.3	15.6	18.0
	不成熟品种Un-mature	0	0	0	0	0	0
2022清水 2022 Qingshui	Earlier than 05/15	2.6	4.3	10.3	28.3	40.0	10.0	05/05-06/10
	Later than 05/20	85.5	72.3	61.5	43.5	15.6	46.0
	不成熟品种 Un-mature	0	0	0	0	0	0

基因类型 Genotype	品种数 Variety number	总频率 Total frequency (%)	抽穗集中日期和份数 Average heading date and number (Month/date (number))
			含Ppd-D1a的品种 Varieties with allele Ppd-D1a			含Ppd-D1b的品种 Varieties with allele Ppd-D1b
			2021清水 2021 Qingshui	2022清水 2022 Qingshui	2023武威 2023 Wuwei	2021清水 2021 Qingshui	2022清水 2022 Qingshui	2023武威 2023 Wuwei
Only Vrn-A1a	4	0.9	05/10 (1)	05/24 (1)	06/05 (1)	05/17 (3)	05/23 (3)	06/13 (3)
Only Vrn-B1a	5	1.1	05/17 (3)	05/22 (3)	06/13 (3)	05/19 (2)	05/21 (2)	06/18 (2)
Only Vrn-B1b	3	0.7	05/15 (2)	05/18 (2)	06/18 (2)	05/19 (1)	05/21 (1)	06/17 (1)
Only Vrn-B1c	1	0.2	05/15 (1)	05/19 (1)	06/10 (1)	—	—	—
Only Vrn-D1	251	67.4	05/09 (35)	05/16 (35)	06/12 (35)	05/17 (199)	05/23 (199)	06/15 (199)
Only Vrn-B3	1	0.2	05/29 (1)	05/21 (1)	06/20 (1)	—	—	—
Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1a	4	0.9	—	—	—	05/19 (4)	05/24 (4)	06/14 (4)
Vrn-A1a+Vrn-D1	2	0.5	—	—	—	05/08 (2)	05/27 (2)	06/16 (2)
Vrn-B1a+Vrn-D1	39	8.8	05/04 (3)	05/17 (3)	06/08 (3)	05/21 (36)	05/26 (36)	06/18 (36)
Vrn-B1b+Vrn-D1	3	0.7	—	—	—	05/23 (3)	05/28 (3)	06/19 (3)
Vrn-B1a+Vrn-D1+Vrn-B3	1	0.2	05/05 (1)	05/12 (1)	05/29 (1)	—	—	—
Vrn-B1a+Vrn-B3	1	0.2	05/29 (1)	05/21 (1)	06/20 (1)	—	—	—
vrn-A1+vrn-B1+vrn-D1+vrn-B3	87	19.6	05/10 (30)	05/16 (30)	06/21 (30)	05/17 (57)	05/21 (57)	06/25 (57)

冬春性类型 Winter or spring	数量(频率) Number (frequency, %)
	表型Phenotype								基因型Genotype
	总计 All	HIS	CDS	HCTS	UWRW	LDDTW	UJRW	PANM	总计 All	Vrn-A1a	Vrn-D1	Vrn-B1	Vrn-B3	Vrn-1全隐性 Vrn-1 all recessive
春性 Spring	15 (3.4)	0 (0)	1 (7.1)	2 (14.3)	1 (7.1)	0 (0)	5 (33.3)	6 (42.9)	15 (3.4)	5 (1.1)	10 (2.2)	2 (0.4)	1 (0.2)	0 (0)
弱春性 Weak spring	33 (7.4)	8 (23.5)	3 (8.8)	4 (11.8)	2 (5.9)	0 (0)	2 (6.1)	14 (41.2)	28 (6.3)	5 (1.1)	22 (4.9)	3 (0.7)	0 (0)	2 (0.4)
弱冬性 Weak winter	310 (69.7)	105 (33.9)	42 (13.5)	32 (10.3)	18 (5.8)	14 (4.5)	23 (7.4)	76 (24.5)	235 (52.8)	1 (0.2)	235 (52.8)	43 (9.7)	1 (0)	42 (9.4)
弱冬性 Weak winter	310 (69.7)	105 (33.9)	42 (13.5)	32 (10.3)	18 (5.8)	14 (4.5)	23 (7.4)	76 (24.5)	235 (52.8)	1 (0.2)	235 (52.8)	43 (9.7)	1 (0)	42 (9.4)	冬性 Winter	56 (12.6)	2 (3.6)	1 (1.8)	2 (3.6)	12 (21.4)	23 (41.1)	12 (21.4)	4 (7.1)	35 (7.9)	0 (0)	20 (4.5)	3 (0.7)	0 (0)	34 (7.6)
强冬性 Strong winter	28 (6.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	13 (46.4)	8 (28.6)	7 (25)	0 (0)	18 (4.0)	0 (0)	9 (2.0)	1 (0.2)	0 (0)	18 (4.0)	冬性 Winter	56 (12.6)	2 (3.6)	1 (1.8)	2 (3.6)	12 (21.4)	23 (41.1)	12 (21.4)	4 (7.1)	35 (7.9)	0 (0)	20 (4.5)	3 (0.7)	0 (0)	34 (7.6)

Effect of vernalization and photoperiod genes and evaluation of cold tolerance for wheat landraces from Gansu province, China

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