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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (4): 1005-1021.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41065

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of green manure incorporation and nitrogen reduction on N2O emissions and wheat yield in oasis irrigated areas

ZHANG Dong-Ling(), YU Ai-Zhong(), LYU Han-Qiang, YANG Xue-Hui, WANG Yu-Long, WANG Peng-Fei, SHANG Yong-Pan, YIN Bo, LIU Ya-Long, WANG Feng   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-10-09 Accepted:2025-01-23 Online:2025-04-12 Published:2025-02-07
  • Contact: E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1900200);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160524);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22-G-12);Fuxi Outstanding Talent Cultivation Program of Gansu Agricultural University(GAUfx-04J01);Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(22JR5RA867)

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Abstract:

In the oasis irrigated regions of Northwest China, long-term use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers has resulted in significant problems, such as gaseous nitrogen losses and a decline in soil fertility. It is essential to study the effects of varying green manure incorporation rates and nitrogen application levels on crop yield and soil N2O emissions. From 2019 to 2021, a field experiment was conducted in the Shiyang River Basin of the Hexi Corridor. After the harvest of spring wheat, hairy vetch was replanted, with four green manure incorporation levels established during its flowering stage: 7500 kg hm-2 (G1), 15,000 kg hm-2 (G2), 22,500 kg hm-2 (G3), and 30,000 kg hm-2 (G4). In the following year, prior to spring wheat sowing, two nitrogen reduction levels were implemented: a 15% reduction (N153) and a 30% reduction (N126), with a traditional nitrogen application without green manure (G0N180) as the control. The results showed that, compared to G0N180, the combination of green manure incorporation and nitrogen reduction significantly increased wheat grain yield while reducing N2O emissions and emission intensity. The yield of G4N153 treatment was the highest, ranging from 9135.33 to 9250.42 kg hm-2. Within the same level of green manure incorporation, a 30% nitrogen reduction significantly lowered N2O emissions compared to a 15% reduction. Similarly, for the same nitrogen level, G3 and G4 significantly reduced N2O emissions compared to G1 and G2. The study also found, the reduction in N2O emissions primarily occurred before the wheat jointing stage, which was attributed to a notable decrease in soil nitrate and ammonium content as well as the activities of nitrate and nitrite reductases during the wheat sowing and seedling stages under treatments combining green manure with nitrogen reduction treatments. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between soil available nitrogen content, enzyme activities during the wheat sowing and seedling stages, and N2O emissions (P < 0.01). Under a 15% nitrogen reduction, G4 increased soil available nitrogen content during the wheat's flowering and maturity stages compared to G1, G2, and G3, ensuring nitrogen uptake during the later stages of wheat growth. Overall, in the Hexi oasis irrigated region, the combination of green manure incorporation and reduced nitrogen application significantly enhanced wheat yield while reducing soil N2O emissions and emission intensity. Incorporating 30,000 kg hm-2 of green manure with a 15% reduction in nitrogen application provided the best results.

Key words: green manure incorporation, nitrogen application, N2O emission, soil available nitrogen, soil enzyme activity

Table 1

Soil properties and fertility status in the 0-30 cm soil profile at experimental site"

土壤深度
Soil depth
(cm)		 容重
Bulk density
(g cm-3)		 pH 粉粒
Silt (%)		 沙粒
Sand (%)		 黏粒
Clay (%)		 土壤有机质
Soil organic matte
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 有效磷
Olsen-P
(mg kg-1)
0-10 1.42 8.25 65.4 28.6 5.2 11.21 0.91 32.94
10-20 1.49 8.27 70.2 23.1 4.3 12.39 0.94 35.19
20-30 1.51 8.25 79.3 15.4 3.5 11.52 0.93 33.81

Fig. 1

Daily average temperature and daily precipitation from March to October (2019-2021) at the Wuwei experimental station"

Table 2

Green manure incorporation rates and nitrogen application rates under different treatments"

处理代码
Treatment code		 处理设计
Treatment design		 绿肥还田量
Green manure
incorporation amount
(kg hm-2)		 施氮量
Nitrogen application
(kg hm-2)		 减量施氮比例
Nitrogen
reduction rate (%)
G0N180 无绿肥传统施氮
Traditional nitrogen application without green manure		 0 180 0
G1N153 绿肥还田量7500 kg hm-2结合减量施氮15%
Green manure incorporation 7500 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 15%		 7500 153 15
G2N153 绿肥还田量15,000 kg hm-2结合减量施氮15%
Green manure incorporation 15,000 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 15%		 15,000 153 15
G3N153 绿肥还田量22,500 kg hm-2结合减量施氮15%
Green manure incorporation 22 500 hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 15%		 22,500 153 15
G4N153 绿肥还田量30,000 kg hm-2结合减量施氮15%
Green manure incorporation 30,000 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 15%		 30,000 153 15
G1N126 绿肥还田量7500 kg hm-2结合减量施氮30%
Green manure incorporation 7500 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 30%		 7500 126 30
G2N126 绿肥还田量15,000 kg hm-2结合减量施氮30%
Green manure incorporation 15,000 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 30%		 15,000 126 30
G3N126 绿肥还田量22,500 kg hm-2结合减量施氮30%
Green manure incorporation 22,500 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 30%		 22,500 126 30
G4N126 绿肥还田量30,000 kg hm-2结合减量施氮30%
Green manure incorporation 30,000 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 30%		 30,000 126 30

Fig. 2

Effects of different treatments on wheat yield from 2019 to 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error. ***: P < 0.001."

Fig. 3

Soil N2O emission fluxes under different treatments from 2019 to 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. The black arrow indicates the fertilization time and the blue arrow indicates the irrigation time. The middle panel of the box shows the N2O emission fluxes measured for seven consecutive days after the basal fertilizer was applied."

Table 3

Accumulated soil N2O emissions during different growth stages of wheat"

年份Year 施氮
Nitrogen application
(N)		 绿肥还田量
Green manure
incorporation amount
(G)		 N2O累积排放量Cumulative N2O emissions (kg hm-2)
播种期
Sowing stage		 苗期
Seedling stage		 拔节孕穗期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Flowering stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
2019 N180 G0 0.17751 a 0.28495 a 0.06482 a 0.01378 a 0.02269 a
N153 G1 0.17664 b 0.24977 c 0.05265 b 0.01107 b 0.01825 b
G2 0.17559 c 0.25664 b 0.05265 b 0.01103 b 0.01829 b
G3 0.17146 e 0.24305 d 0.05130 c 0.01004 c 0.01712 c
G4 0.17148 e 0.24021 e 0.05075 d 0.01047 d 0.01715 c
N126 G1 0.17408 d 0.25668 b 0.05076 d 0.00985 e 0.01658 d
G2 0.17152 e 0.24020 e 0.04843 e 0.00986 e 0.01653 d
G3 0.16792 f 0.23486 f 0.04759 f 0.00933 f 0.01590 e
G4 0.16792 f 0.23498 f 0.04758 f 0.00933 f 0.01590 e
2020 N180 G0 0.17717 a 0.28423 a 0.06544 a 0.01388 a 0.02223 a
N153 G1 0.17574 b 0.24995 c 0.05582 b 0.01124 c 0.01815 c
G2 0.17570 b 0.25697 b 0.05412 c 0.01152 b 0.01863 b
G3 0.17157 e 0.24435 d 0.05414 c 0.01088 de 0.01765 e
G4 0.17267 d 0.24438 d 0.05149 e 0.01153 b 0.01869 b
N126 G1 0.17418 c 0.25706 b 0.05259 d 0.01121 c 0.01807 c
G2 0.17157 e 0.24027 e 0.05147 e 0.01092 d 0.01788 d
G3 0.16800 f 0.23511 f 0.04924 f 0.01086 e 0.01770 e
G4 0.16799 f 0.23523 f 0.04914 f 0.01090 de 0.01767 e
2021 N180 G0 0.17584 b 0.28567 a 0.06421 a 0.01368 a 0.02316 a
N153 G1 0.17655 a 0.24959 c 0.05255 b 0.01090 b 0.01821 b
G2 0.17578 b 0.25625 b 0.05161 b 0.01066 bc 0.01794 b
G3 0.17064 e 0.24285 d 0.04846 c 0.00970 cd 0.01689 bc
G4 0.17068 e 0.23518 f 0.04862 c 0.00941 d 0.01601 cd
N126 G1 0.17398 c 0.25630 b 0.04693 d 0.00856 de 0.01510 de
G2 0.17146 d 0.24012 e 0.04639 de 0.00859 de 0.01478 de
G3 0.16787 f 0.23493 f 0.04550 e 0.00780 e 0.01410 e
G4 0.16789 f 0.23517 f 0.04714 d 0.00877 de 0.01517 de
P值 P-value
施氮Nitrogen application (N) *** *** *** *** *
绿肥还田量
Green manure incorporation (G)		 *** * ** ns ns
施氮 × 绿肥还田量N × G *** ** ** ns ns

Fig. 4

Effects of different treatments on cumulative soil N2O emissions over the whole wheat cycle from 2019 to 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error. ***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01."

Fig. 5

Effects of different treatments on soil N2O emission intensity during the whole wheat cycle from 2019 to 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error. ***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01; ns: no significant difference."

Fig. 6

Nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen contents in the 0-40 cm soil profile at different wheat growth stages from 2019 to 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error. ***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; ns: no significant difference."

Fig. 7

Nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities in the 0-40 cm soil profile at different wheat growth stages from 2019 to 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error. ***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; ns: no significant difference."

Fig. 8

Regression analysis of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content and enzyme activity with cumulative N2O emissions during different growth stages of wheat Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figs. 3, 6, and 7. Dark red area: 95% confidence band; light red area: 95% prediction band."

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