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王昀杰,樊志龙,张刁亮,毛守发,胡发龙,殷文,柴强
WANG Yun-Jie,FAN Zhi-Long,ZHANG Diao-Liang,MAO Shou-Fa,HU Fa-Long,YIN Wen,CHAI Qiang*
摘要:
明确间作绿肥对不同灌水量下玉米产量可持续性的影响,对构建节水增效型玉米间作豆科绿肥模式具有重要支撑作用。于2018—2022年开展田间定位试验,采用裂区试验设计,设置玉米间作箭筈豌豆(M/V)和单作玉米(SM) 2种种植模式,以及玉米地方习惯灌水量(I3: 4000 m3 hm-2)、减量15% (I2: 3400 m3 hm-2)、减量30% (I1: 2800 m3 hm-2) 3种灌水水平。研究了间作绿肥对不同灌水量下玉米产量及产量构成因素、相对多作物抗性指数、产量可持续性指数、关键土壤养分指标和经济效益的影响。结果表明,间作绿肥可在减量15%灌水条件下较单作玉米提高玉米穗粒数和千粒重,从而提高玉米籽粒产量,2019—2022年,间作玉米在减量15%灌水水平下较单作玉米的穗粒数和千粒重分别提高8.7%~16.4%和7.1%~13.4%,籽粒产量提高9.3%~23.6%,同时与间作玉米地方习惯灌水量处理的籽粒产量无显著差异。间作绿肥使玉米在减量灌水条件下的相对多作物抗性指数均大于0,且随种植年限的增加而提高,进而降低了减灌条件下产量的变异系数、提高了产量可持续性指数,间作玉米产量变异系数较同一灌水量单作玉米降低77.9%~82.8%、产量可持续性指数提高12.2%~19.9%。玉米间作绿肥可以增加土壤养分,与单作玉米相比土壤有机质、速效氮含量分别增加6.4%~15.8%、12.1%~35.6%,土壤速效磷含量在减量15%和减量30%灌水水平下分别增加了19.4%、11.3%,玉米间作绿肥在减量15%灌水水平下的土壤有机质、速效氮和速效磷含量与地方习惯灌水量处理无显著差异,均显著大于其他处理。在2020—2022年,间作玉米在减量15%灌水水平下较单作玉米的纯收益提高了10.5%~34.2%;在2021—2022年产投比提高了7.8%~10.4%,与间作玉米地方习惯灌水量处理无显著差异。间作绿肥主要通过增加土壤有机质,改善土壤氮、磷养分条件而增强玉米产量可持续性。总之,间作绿肥能够缓减因灌水量减少造成的产量损失,增强减量灌水下玉米产量稳定性和可持续性指数。本研究中玉米间作箭筈豌豆灌水量3400 m3 hm-2,可作为试区玉米可持续生产模式及其适宜灌水量的参考。
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