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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (11): 2908-2919.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.23005

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

施钾量对夏玉米维管组织结构与物质运输性能的影响

宋杰1(), 任昊1, 赵斌1, 张吉旺1, 任佰朝1, 李亮2, 王少祥2, 黄金苓2, 刘鹏1,*()   

  1. 1山东农业大学作物生物学国家重点实验室 / 山东农业大学农学院, 山东泰安 271018
    2东平县农业农村局, 山东泰安 271500
  • 收稿日期:2022-01-11 接受日期:2022-05-05 出版日期:2022-11-12 网络出版日期:2022-05-23
  • 通讯作者: 刘鹏
  • 作者简介:第一作者联系方式: E-mail: 1253500871@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由山东省重点研发计划项目(LJNY202103);山东省现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(SDAIT-02-08)

Effect of potassium application on vascular tissue structure and material transport properties in summer maize (Zea mays L.)

SONG Jie1(), REN Hao1, ZHAO Bin1, ZHANG Ji-Wang1, REN Bai-Zhao1, LI Liang2, WANG Shao-Xiang2, HUANG Jin-Ling2, LIU Peng1,*()   

  1. 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/ College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2Dongping County Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Tai’an 271500, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-01-11 Accepted:2022-05-05 Published:2022-11-12 Published online:2022-05-23
  • Contact: LIU Peng
  • Supported by:
    The Shandong Province Key Research and Development Program(LJNY202103);The Shandong Agriculture Research System(SDAIT-02-08)

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摘要：

大田试验于2020和2021年在山东省泰安市东平农科所进行, 以登海605 (Denghai 605, DH605)为试验材料, 在统一的氮、磷肥用量(N 225 kg hm-2、P2O5 110 kg hm-2)条件下开展钾肥梯度试验, 分别设置K0 (0 kg hm-2)、K1 (150 kg hm-2)、K2 (225 kg hm-2)、K3 (300 kg hm-2)和K4 (375 kg hm-2) 5个钾肥(K2O)施用量, 研究施钾量对夏玉米维管系统结构和物质运输性能的影响。结果表明, 玉米叶片厚度、叶脉横截面积和木质部面积随施钾量的增加先升高后降低, 2020年和2021年分别在K2和K3时达到最大。施钾显著提高了玉米基部茎节和穗柄的横截面积、大小维管束数目和面积, 茎秆维管束面积占横截面积之比在K2处理最大, 而穗柄维管束面积占比则以K2、K4处理显著高于其他处理。穗轴维管束数目和面积随钾肥的施入呈先升高后降低的趋势, K2、K3处理的维管束总面积显著高于其他处理。施钾显著提高了茎秆、穗柄伤流强度, 灌浆期在K2处理下最高。相关分析表明, 茎秆维管束总数及其总面积、穗柄维管束总数及其总面积与籽粒产量显著正相关; 穗轴大维管束数目和穗轴维管束总面积与千粒重显著正相关。综合上述结果, 本试验条件下施钾量为225 kg K2O hm-2时可促进玉米叶、茎、穗中维管系统的发育, 提高伤流强度, 增强“流”系统的通畅性, 进而提高夏玉米籽粒产量。

关键词: 施钾量, 夏玉米, 维管束系统, 伤流强度, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

Field experiments were conducted at the Dongping Agricultural Science Institute, Tai’an city, Shandong province from 2020 to 2021, using Denghai 605 (DH605) as the experimental material. The objective of the study is to explore the effects of K application on vascular system structure and material transport properties in summer maize, five K2O application rates of 0 kg hm-2 (K0), 150 kg hm-2 (K1), 225 kg hm-2 (K2), 300 kg hm-2 (K3), and 375 kg hm-2 (K4) were set under uniform N and P fertilizer rates (N 225 kg hm-2 and P2O5 110 kg hm-2). The results showed that maize leaf thickness, leaf vein cross-sectional area, and xylem area increased and then decreased with the increase of K application rates, and reached the maximum at K3 treatment. K application significantly increased the cross-sectional area, the number and area of small and big vascular bundles at the basal stalk and ear-pedicel in maize. The ratio of stalk vascular area to cross-sectional area reached the highest value at K2 treatment, while the ratio of ear-pedicel vascular was significantly higher in K2 and K4 treatments than in other treatments. The number and area of vascular bundles of ear-axis revealed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with K fertilization, and the total area of vascular bundles was significantly higher in K2 and K3 treatments than in other treatments. K application significantly increased the bleeding intensity of stem and ear-pedicel, both of which were the highest under K2 treatment at filling stage. Correlation analysis revealed that the total area and number of vascular bundles of the stem, the total area and total number of vascular bundles of the ear-pedicel were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. The total area of vascular bundles of ear-axis were significantly and positively correlated with 1000-grain weight. In conclusion, K2 conditions promoted the development of the vascular systems in the leaves, stems, and ears of maize, increased the bleeding sap, and enhanced the fluidity of the “flow” system, thus improving grain yield in summer maize.

Key words: potassium application, summer maize, vascular bundles, bleeding intensity, grain yield

表1

施钾量对夏玉米产量及产量构成因素的影响"

年份 Year 处理
Treatment		 单位面积穗数
Ear number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains number
(Grain per ear)		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield (t hm-2)
2020 K0 6.52±0.07 a 558.28±3.71 c 324.03±0.15 c 11.79±0.10 c
K1 6.62±0.13 a 581.18±9.69 ab 346.07±4.39 a 13.34±0.32 a
K2 6.56±0.04 a 590.29±4.31 a 351.15±2.56 a 13.59±0.15 a
K3 6.62±0.10 a 575.71±6.71 b 336.02±1.03 b 12.79±0.30 b
K4 6.58±0.04 a 584.44±4.66 ab 333.97±2.37 b 12.84±0.20 b
2021 K0 6.54±0.78 a 544.05±2.64 b 326.38±1.29 b 11.61±0.44 c
K1 6.42±0.16 a 564.08±17.58 a 342.28±5.23 a 12.65±0.32 b
K2 6.61±0.17 a 557.32±15.11 a 338.16±1.58 a 13.43±0.53 a
K3 6.48±0.10 a 574.65±15.97 a 334.39±6.35 a 12.50±0.24 b
K4 6.62±0.21 a 581.56±14.62 a 326.76±3.46 b 12.58±0.13 b

图1

2021年吐丝期不同处理下的玉米穗位叶横切图 处理同表1。标尺为50 µm。"

表2

不同施钾量对夏玉米吐丝期穗位叶解剖结构的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 上表皮厚度
Upper epidermis thickness (μm)		 下表皮厚度
Under epidermis thickness (μm)		 叶片厚度
Leaf thickness
(μm)		 叶脉横截面积
Cross section area of veins (μm2)		 叶脉木质部面积
Xylem area of veins
(μm2)
2020 K0 20.09±0.91 b 15.03±0.49 c 74.01±3.25 c 2961.24±13.62 c 326.34±9.25 c
K1 19.82±0.40 b 15.06±0.82 c 80.52±1.76 b 3220.31±61.25 b 354.63±21.39 b
K2 21.22±1.61 a 16.57±0.27 a 88.75±2.51 a 3516.26±24.56 a 407.36±15.57 a
K3 20.69±0.33 a 15.55±0.53 b 84.50±1.75 a 3385.21±72.65 a 396.93±13.68 a
K4 21.13±1.07 a 15.96±0.18 b 87.75±2.58 a 3551.31±47.34 a 409.61±21.29 a
2021 K0 15.15±0.37 c 11.25±0.22 d 88.86±0.88 c 2316.71±35.35 c 277.44±13.64 d
K1 16.82±0.38 b 15.55±0.42 a 113.86±1.55 b 2655.25±37.03 b 293.59±16.53 c
K2 19.68±0.38 a 15.08±0.68 ab 111.07±1.23 b 2750.35±59.88 b 371.00±10.98 b
K3 16.89±0.39 b 12.55±10.31 c 120.70±3.13 a 3539.24±52.28 a 417.32±14.75 a
K4 20.69±0.25 a 14.22±0.33 b 112.05±1.86 b 3431.80±68.34 a 364.56±12.26 b

图2

施钾量对夏玉米抽雄期净光合速率的影响 处理同表1。柱上不同小写字母表示不同处理在0.05水平差异显著。"

图3

2021年吐丝期不同处理下的玉米第3节茎秆小维管束(A)和大维管束(B)结构图 处理同表1, 标尺为500 µm。"

表3

灌浆期年不同施钾量对第3节茎秆解剖结构的影响"

年份 Year 处理
Treatment		 N1 N2 N0 Stotal (mm2) N0/Stotal A1 (mm2) A2 (mm2) A0 (mm2) A0/Stotal (%)
2020
K0
196.64±
9.82 b		 227.83±
4.91 c		 424.45±
10.27 c		 320.03±
12.31 d		 1.33±
0.04 a		 0.101±
0.004 c		 0.071±
0.007 c		 36.03±
1.36 c		 11.26±
0.79 c
K1
198.87±
5.40 b		 254.75±
7.80 b		 453.62±
8.59 b		 337.77±
7.68 c		 1.34±
0.02 a		 0.116±
0.006 b		 0.091±
0.001 a		 46.25±
1.05 b		 13.69±
0.83 ab
K2
226.01±
11.32 a		 272.88±
10.06 a		 498.88±
12.58 a		 369.41±
13.28 a		 1.35±
0.05 a		 0.121±
0.005 a		 0.102±
0.005 a		 55.18±
2.36 a		 14.94±
1.02 a
K3
232.67±
12.31 a		 284.28±
6.28 a		 516.95±
9.75 a		 389.6±
11.94 b		 1.33±
0.03 a		 0.111±
0.006 b		 0.075±
0.004 bc		 47.15±
1.37 b		 12.10±
1.24 b
K4
229.09±
11.34 a		 255.04±
14.03 b		 484.13±
15.29 a		 364.25±
8.75 b		 1.33±
0.02 a		 0.113±
0.004 b		 0.086±
0.005 b		 47.82±
2.96 b		 13.13±
0.91 b
2021
K0
180.85±
3.73 b		 263.73±
9.31 b		 448.29±
15.38 c		 322.19±
6.64 b		 1.39±
0.06 a		 0.106±
0.007 c		 0.080±
0.003 c		 40.57±
2.10 d		 12.58±
0.47 d
K1
198.84±
10.89 ab		 265.27±
8.55 b		 464.11±
17.49 b		 354.22±
19.41 ab		 1.32±
0.03 a		 0.145±
0.005 a		 0.114±
0.003 a		 59.07±
2.31 b		 16.74±
0.36 a
K2
220.17±
12.53 a		 297.07±
10.44 a		 518.89±
7.31 a		 392.21±
22.33 a		 1.33±
0.05 a		 0.153±
0.015 a		 0.116±
0.002 a		 68.33±
2.41 a		 16.95±
0.05 a
K3
200.27±
5.59 ab		 284.58±
6.79 ab		 482.17±
11.75 ab		 374.41±
10.45 ab		 1.29±
0.02 a		 0.123±
0.007 b		 0.091±
0.004 bc		 50.28±
1.23 c		 13.44±
0.15 c
K4
199.38±
4.87 ab		 292.06±
9.54 ab		 491.44±
11.04 ab		 372.76±
20.65 ab		 1.33±
0.04 a		 0.141±
0.009 a		 0.098±
0.005 b		 56.73±
1.56 b		 15.31±
0.40 b

图4

2021年施钾量对夏玉米茎秆伤流强度的影响 处理同表1。R1: 吐丝期; R2: 灌浆期。柱上不同小写字母表示不同处理在0.05水平差异显著。"

图5

2021年灌浆期不同处理下的玉米穗柄小维管束(A)和大维管束(B)结构图 处理同表1, 标尺为500 μm。"

表4

灌浆期不同施钾量对穗柄解剖结构的影响"

年份
Year		 处理 Treatment N1 N2 N0 Stotal (mm2) N0/Stotal A1 (mm2) A2 (mm2) A0 (mm2) A0/Stotal (%)
2020
K0
55.93±
1.38 c		 138.56±
2.34 d		 194.50±
3.68 c		 125.47±
2.17 c		 1.55±
0.04 b		 0.083±
0.004 c		 0.067±
0.001 c		 13.93±
0.67 c		 11.10±
0.75 c
K1
65.52±
3.27 b		 153.84±
5.37 c		 219.37±
5.87 b		 137.64±
5.78 b		 1.59±
0.02 b		 0.096±
0.005 b		 0.086±
0.001 b		 19.52±
0.85 b		 14.18±
1.01 b
K2
82.44±
6.21 a		 177.23±
4.28 b		 256.68±
9.21 a		 149.25±
3.73 a		 1.74±
0.01 a		 0.105±
0.005 ab		 0.093±
0.002 a		 25.14±
1.47 a		 16.84±
0.98 a
K3
75.34±
4.28 ab		 170.22±
4.35 b		 245.56±
7.91 a		 147.58±
5.32 a		 1.66±
0.06 a		 0.098±
0.004 b		 0.086±
0.006 b		 22.02±
1.25 ab		 14.92±
0.84 b
K4
74.92±
4.38 ab		 190.66±
2.29 a		 265.57±
5.41 a		 156.87±
4.73 a		 1.69±
0.05 a		 0.118±
0.006 a		 0.098±
0.003 a		 27.52±
0.39 a		 17.55±
0.51 a
2021
K0
73.46±
3.98 c		 194.85±
6.72 b		 268.32±
8.28 c		 130.86±
5.74 b		 2.05±
0.02 a		 0.078±
0.004 b		 0.066±
0.005 b		 18.59±
1.34 c		 14.21±
0.25 c
K1
76.44±
4.36 b		 207.10±
5.82 b		 283.54±
9.32 b		 136.17±
3.15 b		 2.08±
0.03 a		 0.098±
0.006 a		 0.065±
0.006 b		 20.95±
1.95 c		 15.38±
0.67 b
K2
88.78±
5.29 a		 243.37±
9.53 a		 332.15±
13.27 a		 158.17±
3.57 a		 2.10±
0.05 a		 0.108±
0.005 a		 0.073±
0.005 ab		 27.44±
1.57 b		 17.35±
0.53 a
K3
87.40±
6.29 a		 237.99±
12.45 a		 325.39±
16.28 a		 163.40±
1.85 a		 1.99±
0.06 a		 0.100±
0.005 a		 0.071±
0.064 b		 25.64±
2.19 b		 15.69±
0.64 b
K4
88.13±
2.98 a		 256.11±
8.29 a		 344.23±
11.77 a		 164.76±
2.34 a		 2.09±
0.04 a		 0.109±
0.004 a		 0.080±
0.005 a		 30.01±
2.41 a		 18.21±
0.71 a

图6

2021年施钾量对夏玉米穗柄伤流强度的影响 处理同表1。R1: 吐丝期; R2: 灌浆期。柱上不同小写字母表示不同处理在0.05水平差异显著。"

表5

2021年灌浆期不同施钾量对夏玉米穗轴解剖结构的影响"

处理 Treatment N1 N2 A1 (mm2) A1 (mm2) A01 (mm2) A01 (mm2) A0 (mm2)
K0 67.12±2.52 c 76.32±1.63 c 0.187±0.01 c 0.035±0.01 ab 12.59±0.15 c 2.66±0.06 c 15.19±0.51 c
K1 70.67±4.81 c 88.51±2.54 b 0.199±0.02 b 0.037±0.01 a 14.06±0.10 bc 3.25±0.44 bc 17.32±01.21 c
K2 90.32±4.12 ab 106.35±4.48 a 0.214±0.10 a 0.038±0.01 a 19.47±0.88 a 4.41±0.28 a 23.88±0.80 a
K3 95.33±2.52 a 110.35±5.74 a 0.211±0.08 a 0.037±0.01 a 20.04±0.54 a 3.95±0.32 ab 23.99±0.31 a
K4 78.67±7.43 bc 113.54±3.21 a 0.207±0.01 a 0.033±0.01 b 16.28±1.53 b 4.16±0.19 ab 20.44±1.52 b

表6

维管束结构与产量性状的相关性分析"

参数
Parameter		 茎秆维管束
总数
Number of total Vb		 茎秆维管束
总面积
Total area of Vb		 穗柄维管束
总数目
Number of total Vb		 穗柄维管束总面积
Total area of Vb		 穗轴大维管束数目
Number of big Vb		 穗轴小维管束数目
Number of small Vb		 穗轴维管束
总面积
Total area of Vb
茎秆维管束总面积
Total area of Vb		 0.827
穗柄维管束总数目
Number of total Vb		 0.853 0.570
穗柄维管束总面积
Total area of Vb		 0.839 0.589 0.991**
穗轴大维管束数目
Number of big Vb		 0.741 0.418 0.748 0.655
穗轴小维管束数目
Number of small Vb		 0.793 0.536 0.979** 0.956** 0.797
穗轴维管束总面积
Total area of Vb		 0.851 0.569 0.840 0.767 0.980** 0.870
每公顷穗数
Ear numbers		 0.031 0.268 0.137 0.259 -0.504 0.096 -0.436
穗粒数
Grains numbers		 0.403 0.357 0.607 0.672 0.027 0.555 0.115
千粒重
1000-kernel weight		 0.837 0.639 0.817 0.737 0.989** 0.839 0.991**
籽粒产量
Grain yield		 0.882* 0.972** 0.934* 0.937* 0.765 0.912* 0.777
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