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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (8): 2064-2076.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23067

所属专题： 玉米：遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 • 上一篇    下一篇

近四十年来我国玉米大品种的历史沿革与发展趋势

白岩1(), 高婷婷2, 卢实2, 郑淑波2, 路明2,*()   

  1. 1 全国农业技术推广服务中心, 北京 100125
    2 吉林省农业科学院玉米研究所 / 主要粮食作物国家工程研究中心 / 国家玉米工程技术研究中心(吉林) / 农业农村部东北中部玉米生物学与遗传育种重点实验室, 吉林长春 130033
  • 收稿日期:2022-09-30 接受日期:2023-02-10 出版日期:2023-08-12 网络出版日期:2023-02-21
  • 通讯作者: 路明
  • 作者简介:E-mail: by271039957@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02);全国农业技术推广服务中心横向委托项目资助。

A retrospective analysis of the historical evolution and developing trend of maize mega varieties in China from 1982 to 2020

BAI Yan1(), GAO Ting-Ting2, LU Shi2, ZHENG Shu-Bo2, LU Ming2,*()   

  1. 1 National Agro Technical Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China
    2 Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences / National Engineering Research Center of Major Food Crops / National Engineering Research Center for Maize (Jilin) / Key Laboratory Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
  • Received:2022-09-30 Accepted:2023-02-10 Published:2023-08-12 Published online:2023-02-21
  • Contact: LU Ming
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02);Horizontal Scientific Research Program of National Agro Technical Extension and Service Center.

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摘要：

种子是农业的芯片, 优良品种更新换代对我国玉米产量提高发挥了重要作用。研究近40年来我国玉米大品种的历史贡献和发展趋势对当前我国玉米育种具有重要的现实意义。本研究以1982—2020年期间全国农业技术推广服务中心发布的历年玉米品种推广面积为依据, 筛选出近40年来我国种植的郑单958等27个玉米大品种, 累计推广3.21亿公顷, 占期间我国玉米总种植面积的29.09%, 其中超大品种4个, 分别是郑单958、中单2号、丹玉13、先玉335; 特大品种6个, 分别是浚单20、掖单2号、农大108、掖单13、四单19、烟单14, 推广年限在8~30年之间, 平均17.63年, 单年最大推广面积在69.97万~456.95万公顷, 平均150.79万公顷。主要分布于山东、河南、河北、吉林、黑龙江、内蒙古等省区, 13个品种单年超66.67万公顷的省(区)是山东、河南、河北、吉林、黑龙江、内蒙古、辽宁、四川。大品种种植面积占总面积的比例变化特征是1982—1989年期间快速上升、1990—1997年期间面积占比稳定、1998之后下降, 至2020年面积占比下降到12%左右。裕丰303、中科玉505等具有发展成为大品种的潜力, 未来智能设计育种将高效培育出新一代突破性品种, 加速提升我国玉米单产水平。面对当前玉米生产问题及今后发展趋势, 建议在区域试验的分布布局、试验精准度和品种审定标准等方面进一步完善玉米品种区域试验。

关键词: 1982—2020年, 玉米, 大品种, 历史沿革, 发展趋势

Abstract:

Seed is the chip of agriculture and the upgrading of excellent varieties has played an important role in improving the yield of corn in China. It is of great practical significance to study the historical contribution and developing trend of mega maize varieties in China in recent 40 years. Based on the dataset of planting area of individual maize varieties released by the National Extension and Service Center of Agricultural Technology from 1982 to 2020, 27 mega maize varieties such as Zhengdan 958 in recent 40 years with the total promotion of 321 million hectares accounting for 29.09% of the total corn planting area in China were screened..There were four utmost mega varieties (Zhengdan 958, Zhongdan 2, Danyu 13, and Xianyu 335) and six massive mega varieties (Jundan 20, Yedan 2, Nongda 108, Yedan 13, Sidan 19, and Yandan 14). The promotion period was 8-30 years, with an average of 17.63 years, the maximum promotion area in a single year was 699,700-4,569,500 hm2, with an average of 1,507,900 hm2. It was mainly distributed in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and other production regions and the provinces (regions) with 13 varieties exceeding 666,700 hm2 per year were Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, and Sichuan. The proportion of planting area of mega varieties to the total area increased rapidly from 1982 to 1989, remained stable from 1990 to 1997, decreased after 1998, and decreased to about 12% by 2020. Some varieties such as Yufeng 303 and Zhongkeyu 505 had the potential to develop into mega varieties. In the future, intelligent design breeding will efficiently cultivate a new generation of breakthrough varieties and accelerate the improvement of maize yield. According to the current maize production problems and future development trends, it is recommended to further improve the regional test of maize varieties in terms of distribution layout, test accuracy and variety approval standards of regional tests.

Key words: the year from 1982 to 2020, maize, mega variety, historical evolution, developing trend

图1

1982-2020年我国玉米品种种植面积统计数量动态变化 A: 0.67万公顷以上; B: 66.67万公顷以上。"

表1

1982-2020年我国玉米大品种种植面积统计表"

大品种
Mega
variety		 累计推广面积
Total planting area		 单年最大面积
The largest area in one year		 面积列前三名年数
Duration with area
ranking in top 3
起始
Starting
year		 终止
Ending
year		 年数
Number
of years		 面积
Area
(×104 hm2)		 年份
Year		 面积
Area
(×104 hm2)		 起始
Starting
year		 终止
Ending
year		 年数
Number
of years
中单2号 Zhongdan 2 1982 2011 30 3237.13 1989 228.93 1982 1999 17
丹玉6号 Danyu 6 1982 1990 9 256.73 1982 108.27 1982 1982 1
郑单2号 Zhengdan 2 1982 1996 15 246.33 1982 83.47 1982 1983 2
鲁原单4号 Luyuandan 4 1982 1989 8 204.13 1982 69.67 1983 1983 1
四单8号 Sidan 8 1982 1993 12 696.67 1986 103.93 1984 1986 3
吉单101 Jidan 101 1982 2000 19 337.20 1984 75.20 1984 1984 1
烟单14 Yandan 14 1983 2008 26 1039.60 1987 119.80 1985 1988 4
丹玉13 Danyu 13 1985 2009 25 2810.47 1989 350.07 1987 1996 10
掖单2号 Yedan 2 1982 2004 23 1871.07 1994 157.20 1989 1998 10
掖单4号 Yedan 4 1986 2003 18 721.07 1990 124.40 1990 1990 1
掖单13 Yedan 13 1991 2012 22 1557.40 1995 226.47 1992 1999 8
沈单7号 Shendan 7 1987 2001 15 500.00 1992 70.07 — — —
掖单12 Yedan 12 1991 2003 13 566.27 1996 96.27 — — —
掖单19号 Yedna 19 1994 2009 16 421.80 1996 96.87 — — —
本玉9号 Benyu 9 1991 2009 19 583.60 1997 96.47 — — —
四单19 Sidan 19 1992 2017 26 1077.13 1999 86.53 — — —
西玉3号 Xiyu 3 1993 2008 16 333.73 1998 70.33 — — —
鲁单50 Ludan 50 1997 2009 13 333.00 1999 79.27 2000 2001 2
农大108 Nongda 108 1998 2020 23 1837.13 2002 273.27 2000 2003 4
豫玉22 Yuyu 22 1997 2020 24 728.33 2003 115.40 2001 2003 3
郑单958 Zhengdan 958 2001 2020 20 5971.12 2012 456.95 2002 2020 19
鲁单981 Ludan 981 2000 2019 20 579.33 2007 88.80 2004 2008 5
浚单20 Xundan 20 2004 2020 17 1923.19 2010 309.30 2007 2015 9
先玉335 Xianyu 335 2006 2020 15 2368.50 2012 281.02 2009 2019 11
德美亚1号 Demeiya 1 2008 2020 13 491.28 2014 72.87 — — —
京科968 Jingke 968 2012 2020 9 740.99 2018 134.53 2016 2020 5
登海605 Denghai 605 2011 2020 10 649.78 2016 95.93 — — —

表2

1982-2020年我国玉米种植面积前3名品种列表"

年份
Year		 第1名The first place 第2名 The second place 第3名 The third place
品种
Variety		 面积Area
(×104 hm2)		 品种
Variety		 面积Area
(×104 hm2)		 品种
Variety		 面积Area
(×104 hm2)
1982 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 160.20 丹玉6号 Danyu 6 108.27 郑单2号 Zhengdan 2 83.47
1983 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 175.27 郑单2号 Zhengdan 2 65.47 鲁原单4号 Luyuandan 4 64.53
1984 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 175.80 四单8号 Sidan 8 78.60 吉单101 Jidan 101 75.20
1985 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 197.67 四单8号 Sidan 8 98.33 烟单14 Yandan 14 79.67
1986 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 207.80 四单8号 Sidan 8 103.93 烟单14 Yandan 14 98.67
1987 丹玉13 Danyu 13 224.93 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 171.53 烟单14 Yandan 14 119.40
1988 丹玉13 Danyu 13 304.33 中单2 号Zhongdan 2 193.73 烟单14 Yandan 14 97.40
1989 丹玉13 Danyu 13 350.07 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 228.93 掖单2号 Yedan 2 138.53
1990 丹玉13 Danyu 13 300.80 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 187.07 掖单4号 Yedan 4 124.40
1991 丹玉13 Danyu 13 312.33 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 185.13 掖单2号 Yedan 2 156.80
1992 丹玉13 Danyu 13 218.60 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 198.00 掖单13 Yedan 13 98.13
1993 丹玉13 Danyu 13 197.00 掖单2号 Yedan 2 151.13 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 142.07
1994 丹玉13 Danyu 13 192.73 掖单13 Yedan 13 160.47 掖单2号 Yedan 2 157.20
1995 掖单13 Yedan 13 226.47 丹玉13 Danyu 13 189.20 中单2 号Zhongdan 2 165.13
1996 掖单13 Yedan 13 210.00 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 169.07 丹玉13 Danyu 13 149.00
1997 掖单13 Yedan 13 200.20 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 116.13 掖单2号 Yedan 2 104.40
1998 掖单13 Yedan 13 150.53 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 105.33 掖单2号 Yedan 2 101.20
1999 掖单13 Yedan 13 102.27 四单19 Sidan19 86.53 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 82.87
2000 农大108 Nongda108 187.40 掖单13 Yedan 13 109.07 鲁单50 Ludan 50 74.07
2001 农大108 Nongda108 254.00 豫玉22 Yuyu 22 73.13 鲁单50 Ludan 50 64.07
2002 农大108 Nongda108 273.27 豫玉22 Yuyu 22 98.00 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 88.27
2003 农大108 Nongda108 234.20 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 140.93 豫玉22 Yuyu 22 115.40
2004 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 286.27 农大108 Nongda108 181.33 鲁单981 Ludan 981 76.20
2005 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 345.13 农大108 Nongda108 145.13 鲁单981 Ludan 981 69.00
2006 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 390.53 农大108 Nongda108 96.33 鲁单981 Ludan 981 76.73
2007 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 379.40 浚单20 Xundan 20 109.73 鲁单981 Ludan 981 88.80
2008 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 380.27 浚单20 Xundan 20 163.87 鲁单981 Ludan 981 58.87
2009 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 454.00 浚单20 Xundan 20 245.20 先玉335 Xianyu 335 112.80
2010 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 415.05 浚单20 Xundan 20 309.30 先玉335 Xianyu 335 191.91
2011 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 452.15 先玉335 Xianyu 335 238.13 浚单20 Xundan 20 220.08
2012 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 456.95 先玉335 Xianyu 335 281.02 浚单20 Xundan 20 191.44
2013 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 431.93 先玉335 Xianyu 335 268.13 浚单20 Xundan 20 159.27
2014 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 360.37 先玉335 Xianyu 335 270.76 浚单20 Xundan 20 112.93
2015 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 308.65 先玉335 Xianyu 335 248.97 浚单20 Xundan 20 94.44
2016 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 262.92 先玉335 Xianyu 335 217.50 京科968 Jingke 968 134.47
2017 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 229.41 先玉335 Xianyu 335 168.42 京科968 Jingke 968 134.39
2018 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 204.95 先玉335 Xianyu 335 135.14 京科968 Jingke 968 134.53
2019 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 187.87 京科968 Jingke 968 97.27 先玉335 Xianyu 335 88.87
2020 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 186.53 京科968 Jingke 968 99.53 裕丰303 Yufeng 303 97.33

图2

1982-2020年我国玉米大品种对单产提升的推动贡献"

图3

1982-2020年玉米大品种推广种植的前十大省(区) SD: 山东; HN: 河南; JL: 吉林; SC: 四川; HB: 河北; LN: 辽宁; SX1: 山西; HLJ: 黑龙江; IM: 内蒙古; SX2: 陕西; AH: 安徽; GS: 甘肃。"

表3

1982-2020年我国玉米品种单年超66.67万公顷的省(区)"

省(区)
Province (region)		 品种(年份)
Variety (year)
山东 Shandong 掖单2号 Yedan 2 (1989, 1991), 掖单13 Yedan 13 (1996), 鲁单50 Ludan 50 (1999), 农大108 Nongda 108 (2001-2002), 豫玉22 Yuyu 22 (2002), 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 (2006, 2009-2013, 2015-2018)
河南 Henan 丹玉13 Danyu 13 (1989-1992), 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 (2004-2013), 浚单20 Xundan 20 (2008-2012)
河北 Hebei 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 (2005-2017)
吉林 Jilin 四单8号 Sidan 8 (1984-1986), 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 (1992), 先玉335 Xianyu 335 (2010-2012)
黑龙江 Heilongjiang 德美亚1号 Demeiya 1 (2014-2015)
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia 京科968 Jingke 968 (2016-2020)
辽宁 Liaoning 丹玉13 Danyu 13 (1988, 1990)
四川 Sichuan 中单2号 Zhongdan 2 (1989, 1990)

图4

1982-2020年我国玉米大品种种植面积的变化趋势 Dynamic trend of maize mega variety planting total area in China from 1982 to 2020 A: 种植面积; B: 种植面积占比。A: planting total area; B: the proportion of planting total area."

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