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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (4): 1053-1064.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33038

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer nitrogen on yield, quality, and nitrogen efficiency of waxy maize

LOU Fei1(), ZUO Yi-Ping1, LI Meng1, DAI Xin-Meng1, WANG Jian1, HAN Jin-Ling1, WU Shu3, LI Xiang-Ling1,*(), DUAN Hui-Jun2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology / Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
    2College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
    3Hebei University of Environmental Engineering / Hebei Key Laboratory of Agroecological Safety, Qinhuangdao 066102, Hebei, China
  • Received:2023-06-09 Accepted:2023-09-13 Online:2024-04-12 Published:2023-09-27
  • Contact: * E-mail: ncqyfz2008@126.com; E-mail: hjduan@hebau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Special Specialty Corn New Bariety Breeding Fund Project of Hebei Province(21326319D-16);Construction Project of Maize Industry Innovation Team of Modern Agricultural Technology System in Hebei Province(HBCT2023010410)

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Abstract:

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer substitution of some chemical fertilizers on ear yield, quality, and nitrogen utilization of fresh waxy maize, and to explore the optimum organic fertilizer substitution ratio for chemical fertilizer in waxy maize production, which can provide the theoretical basis for the high-quality cultivation of fresh waxy maize in Hebei Plain. The field trials were conducted in 2020 and 2021 using the waxy maize variety Sidanuo 41 as the experimental material. A randomized zonal experimental design was used to set up 6 treatments: no nitrogen application (T1), quantitative fertilizer nitrogen (T2), organic fertilizer substituting 20% chemical fertilizer nitrogen (T3), organic fertilizer substituting 40% chemical fertilizer nitrogen (T4), organic fertilizer substituting 60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen (T5), and organic fertilizer substituting 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen (T6). The results showed that substituting of T3, T4, T5 treatments with commercial organic fertilizer increased fresh ears yield of waxy maize, increased by 3.08%, 13.61%, and 3.20%, respectively. Compared with T2 treatment, nitrogen use efficiency treatment with T3-T6 were decreased, the partial productivity and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer of T3-T5 treatments were significantly increased. The appearance and tasting quality scores of waxy maize under the substituting of commercial organic fertilizer were higher than T2 treatment, and the total score of T4 treatment was the highest, mainly because the substituting some chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer increased the total starch and pullulan content of grain, reduced the content of grain protein and soluble sugar, and improved grain texture characteristics, increased grain hardness, elasticity and chewiness, and decreased cohesion. In conclusion, under the condition of a total nitrogen application rate of 180 kg hm-2, the substituting 40% chemical fertilizer nitrogen (T4) with organic fertilizer can improve the yield and quality of fresh ears of waxy maize.

Key words: waxy maize, organic fertilizer, yield, nitrogen efficiency, quality

Fig. 1

Effects of organic fertilizer substituting some chemical fertilizer nitrogen on dry matter accumulation of waxy maize T1: no nitrogen fertilizer application; T2: constant fertilizer nitrogen; T3: organic fertilizer substituting 20% chemical fertilizer nitrogen; T4: organic fertilizer substituting 40% chemical fertilizer nitrogen; T5: organic fertilizer substituting 60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen; T6: organic fertilizer substituting 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. V6: jointing stage; V12: big bell mouth stage; R1: silking stage; R3: milk ripening harvest stage."

Fig. 2

Effects of organic fertilizer substituting some chemical fertilizer nitrogen on N accumulation in fresh waxy maize T1: no nitrogen fertilizer application; T2: constant fertilizer nitrogen; T3: organic fertilizer substituting 20% chemical fertilizer nitrogen; T4: organic fertilizer substituting 40% chemical fertilizer nitrogen; T5: organic fertilizer substituting 60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen; T6: organic fertilizer substituting 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. V6: jointing stage; V12: big bell mouth stage; R1: silking stage; R3: milk ripening harvest stage."

Fig. 3

Effects of commercial organic fertilizer substituting some chemical fertilizer nitrogen on yield of fresh ear in fresh waxy maize T1: no nitrogen fertilizer application; T2: constant fertilizer nitrogen; T3: organic fertilizer substituting 20% chemical fertilizer nitrogen; T4: organic fertilizer substituting 40% chemical fertilizer nitrogen; T5: organic fertilizer substituting 60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen; T6: organic fertilizer substituting 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among the treatments in the same year at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 1

Effects of organic fertilizer substituting some chemical fertilizer nitrogen on nitrogen efficiency in fresh waxy maize"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素利用率
NUE (kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏生产力
PFPN (kg kg-1)		 氮素农学效率
AEN (kg kg-1)
2021 T1 — — —
T2 65.21 a 63.99 bc 25.28 bc
T3 55.24 b 65.97 b 27.26 b
T4 49.37 b 72.70 a 33.99 a
T5 50.24 b 66.04 b 27.33 b
T6 21.35 c 58.64 c 20.50 c
2022 T1 — — —
T2 66.03 a 63.06 c 25.36 b
T3 62.56 b 71.84 ab 28.20 a
T4 48.28 b 73.17 a 30.33 a
T5 54.17 b 71.04 ab 30.86 a
T6 14.09 c 56.67 d 15.43 b

Table 2

Effects of organic fertilizer substituting some chemical fertilizer nitrogen on taste quality in fresh waxy maize"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 外观
Appearance		 气味
Smell		 色泽
Color and luster		 糯性
Waxy		 风味
Special flavor		 柔嫩性
Tenderness		 果皮厚薄
Thickness
of peel		 总分
Total score
2021 T1 24.9 b 5.0 a 5.9 b 14.8 b 7.7 b 8.4 a 14.8 b 80.3 b
T2 26.8 b 5.1 a 5.9 b 14.7 b 7.7 b 8.0 a 15.3 b 82.4 b
T3 27.2 a 5.5 a 6.4 a 15.1 a 8.1 a 8.8 a 15.9 ab 85.9 ab
T4 26.8 b 5.7 a 6.5 a 15.8 a 8.7 a 8.6 a 16.3 a 87.1 a
T5 28.3 a 5.5 a 6.5 a 15.6 a 8.5 a 8.2 a 15.5 b 86.9 a
T6 26.5 b 5.1 a 5.8 a 15.3 a 8.1 a 8.3 a 15.5 b 83.4 b
2022 T1 26.0 b 6.0 a 6.3 a 14.3 b 8.0 b 8.7 a 16.3 ab 85.7 bc
T2 26.0 b 5.7 a 6.3 a 15.3 b 8.7 ab 8.3 b 16.0 ab 86.3 b
T3 27.0 a 6.0 ab 5.7 b 16.0 a 9.0 a 8.0 b 16.7 ab 88.3 b
T4 27.0 a 6.3 a 6.0 a 16.3 a 9.0 a 9.0 a 17.0 a 90.7 a
T5 27.3 a 5.7 a 5.7 b 16.0 a 8.3 b 8.0 b 15.0 b 86.0 b
T6 26.0 b 6.3 a 6.3 a 15.7 ab 8.3 b 8.3 b 14.3 b 85.3 bc

Table 3

Effects of organic fertilizer substituting some chemical fertilizer nitrogen on grain nutritional quality in fresh waxy maize (%)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 蛋白质含量
Protein		 可溶性糖含量Soluble sugar 蔗糖含量
Sucrose		 可溶性淀粉含量
Soluble starch		 直链淀粉含量
Amylose		 支链淀粉含量
Amylopectin
2021 T1 9.88 d 10.10 b 3.39 c 50.09 b 0.83 a 49.26 b
T2 12.75 b 10.72 b 3.93 c 50.28 b 1.22 a 49.05 b
T3 14.00 a 11.34 a 4.14 b 53.71 ab 1.47 a 52.24 ab
T4 10.94 c 11.64 a 4.64 a 57.93 a 0.83 a 57.09 a
T5 10.31 c 11.31 a 4.25 ab 54.66 ab 1.08 a 53.58 a
T6 10.38 c 11.06 ab 4.03 b 51.62 b 1.05 a 50.57 b
2022 T1 9.81 c 11.04 b 4.58 b 44.64 bc 0.83 43.81 c
T2 13.25 b 11.80 b 5.21 ab 47.99 b 0.50 47.49b
T3 15.25 a 12.28 a 5.61 a 49.81 b 0.80 49.00b
T4 13.13 b 12.62 a 5.76 a 55.31 a 0.61 54.70 a
T5 13.31 b 12.21 a 5.52 ab 52.63 ab 0.78 51.85 ab
T6 9.88 c 12.11 ab 5.38 ab 52.21 ab 1.03 51.18 ab

Table 4

Effects of organic fertilizer substituting some chemical fertilizer nitrogen on grain texture characteristics of fresh-eating waxy maize"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 硬度
Hardness		 内聚性
Cohesion		 弹性
Flexibility		 胶黏性
Stickiness		 咀嚼性
Chewability
2021 T1 3.74 b 0.36 ab 4.01 b 1.13 a 4.20 ab
T2 4.33 ab 0.43 a 3.96 b 1.16 a 3.72 b
T3 4.65 ab 0.32 ab 4.47 ab 1.29 a 5.20 a
T4 5.09 a 0.37 ab 4.83 a 1.27 a 5.63 a
T5 3.97 b 0.29 b 4.62 a 1.21 a 4.95 ab
T6 4.18 ab 0.43 a 4.22 ab 1.31 a 4.33 ab
2022 T1 4.23 b 0.27 b 4.95 b 1.33 ab 5.17 b
T2 5.36 a 0.38 ab 4.53 b 1.20 ab 5.65 b
T3 5.21 a 0.41 a 4.91 b 1.42 ab 5.73 b
T4 5.09 ab 0.34 b 5.77 a 1.72 a 6.72 a
T5 4.95 ab 0.26 b 5.37 ab 1.68 a 5.89 b
T6 4.45 b 0.27 b 5.07 b 1.29 ab 5.49 b

Fig. 4

Correlation among yield, nutrient efficiency, and quality in waxy maize GY: fresh ear yield; DMA: plant dry matter accumulation during harvest; NC: plant nitrogen accumulation during harvest; NUE: nitrogen efficiency; PFPN: nitrogen partial productivity; AEN: nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency; CFS: cooking flavor score; GPTC: grain protein content; GSSC: grain soluble sugar content; GSC: grain sucrose content; TGSC: the total grain starch; GAC: grain amylose content; GPLC: grain pullulan content; GH: grain hardness; GCH: grain cohesion; GE: grain elasticity; GV: grain viscosity; GCW: grain chewability."

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