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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (5): 1378-1388.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43036

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic materials on the soil bacterial and fungal community structure in maize fields

JIANG Yu-Zhou1,3(), WANG Jia1, ZHANG Hong-Yuan2, FENG Wen-Hao2, WANG Peng1,3, LI Yu-Yi2,*()   

  1. 1Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163391, Heilongjiang, China
    2Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    3Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163391, Heilongjiang, China
  • Received:2024-07-31 Accepted:2025-01-23 Online:2025-05-12 Published:2025-02-05
  • Contact: *E-mail: yuyili@caas.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02-24)

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Abstract:

The neglect of organic material inputs in agricultural fields has significant impacts on the structure of soil microbial communities, reduces soil nutrient availability, and leads to low maize yields. This study investigated the effects of organic material amendments on soil bacterial and fungal communities, soil chemical properties, and maize yield. The aim was to explore changes in soil microbial community structure and analyze the relationship between microbial communities and soil chemical properties, providing a scientific basis for optimized fertilization practices, the maintenance of soil microbial ecosystems, and sustainable agricultural development. A two-year field experiment with continuous fertilization treatments was conducted to evaluate the effects of different fertilization regimes on the bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of maize fields. The treatments included as follows: (1) single chemical fertilizer application (control), (2) chemical fertilizer + straw rot, (3) chemical fertilizer + fulvic acid, and (4) chemical fertilizer + chicken manure. The results showed that combining chemical fertilizer with organic materials increased maize yield and enhanced soil nutrient availability. Continuous application of organic materials also influenced the alpha diversity of soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). For example, compared with the single chemical fertilizer treatment, the chemical fertilizer + straw rot treatment increased the bacterial Shannon index, ACE index, and Chao1 index by 2.42%, 23.24%, and 23.19%, respectively. However, fungal alpha diversity showed a decreasing trend under the same treatment. At the taxonomic level, Vicinamibacterales and Sphingomonadales (from Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, respectively) were the dominant bacterial orders, while Sordariales (from Ascomycota) was the dominant fungal order. Soil microbial diversity was strongly correlated with soil nutrient content. In conclusion, the combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic materials can regulate soil microbial community structure, enhance microbial diversity, and improve soil health and productivity in dryland maize farming systems. In particular, fertilizer combined with straw rot has the best effect.

Key words: fertilization, maize field, humic acid, microbial interaction, keystone taxa

Table 1

Nutrient input of fertilizer under different treatments in field trials"

处理
Treatment		 化肥
Chemical fertilizer (kg hm-2)		 有机肥
Ordinary organic fertilizer (kg hm-2)
N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O
化肥 CF 170 75 80 0 0 0
化肥+秸秆腐熟物 CF+SR 170 75 80 33 11 34
化肥+黄腐酸 CF+FA 170 75 80 56 105 38
化肥+鸡粪 CF+CM 170 75 80 31 17 28

Table 2

Maize yield treated with different fertilizers"

处理
Treatment		 产量 Yield (t hm-2)
2021 2022
CF 8.99±0.47 c 9.81±0.38 b
CF+SR 10.71±0.39 ab 11.53±0.36 a
CF+FA 9.99±0.36 bc 10.97±0.38 a
CF+CM 11.21±0.39 a 11.21±0.32 a

Table 3

Chemical properties of maize soil treated with different fertilizers"

取样时期
Sampling period		 处理
Treatment		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available
phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Rapidly available potassium
(mg kg-1)
2021年玉米收获期
Maize mature stage in 2021		 CF 8.32 ±0.01 a 29.60±1.51 a 84.00±1.14 b 13.60±0.38 b 150.00±8.98 c
CF+SR 8.24 ±0.04 b 32.60±0.72 a 92.40±1.14 a 17.10±0.18 a 177.00±6.53 a
CF+FA 8.31±0.02 a 32.40±1.18 a 89.60±1.98 a 16.20±1.63 a 166.70±4.92 ab
CF+CM 8.32±0.02 a 30.70±2.12 a 84.90±1.32 b 16.80±0.76 a 158.50±2.04 bc
2022年玉米收获期
Maize mature stage in 2022		 CF 8.14±0.07 a 32.91±0.87 a 86.80±1.98 a 11.52±1.15 a 270.67±14.82 a
CF+SR 8.05±0.05 a 37.47±3.05 a 91.00±1.14 a 13.71±0.88 a 284.00±26.00 a
CF+FA 8.13±0.04 a 35.42±0.79 a 91.47±7.61 a 11.99±0.68 a 260.00±2.94 a
CF+CM 8.17±0.16 a 34.30±2.00 a 94.73±5.64 a 13.09±0.99 a 274.00±17.38 a
F值 S 26.42 18.98 3.31 51.43 336.45
F-value T 1.73 3.85* 2.35 7.36** 2.25
S × T 0.06 0.23 1.72 0.98 1.01

Fig. 1

α-diversity of soil microorganisms in maize fields treated with different fertilization scheme Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. (a) bacterial Shannon index; (b) bacterial ACE index; (c) bacterial Chao1 index; (d) fungal Shannon index; (e) fungal ACE index; (f) fungal Chao1 index."

Fig. 2

Taxonomic composition of soil microbial community in maize fields treated with different fertilization scheme Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. (a) taxonomic composition of bacteria; (b) taxonomic composition of fungi."

Fig. 3

PCA analysis of soil microbial community in maize fields treated with different fertilization scheme Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. (a) PCA analysis of bacteria; (b) PCA analysis of fungi."

Table 4

Pearson correlation analysis of soil microbial composition and soil chemical properties in maize field under different fertilization treatments"

菌类
Bacterial type		 土壤微生物
Soil microbial		 pH 有机质
Organic matter		 碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen		 有效磷
Available phosphorus		 速效钾
Rapidly available potassium
细菌
Bacteria		 Vicinamibacterales 0.233 0.334 0.927 0.402 0.628
Sphingomonadales 0.168 0.053 0.828 0.186 0.261
Gemmatimonadales 0.560 0.577 0.603 0.135 0.011*
Burkholderiales 0.115 0.011* 0.451 0.142 0.904
Unclassified_bacteria 0.623 0.719 0.615 0.310 0.016*
Rhizobiales 0.323 0.084 0.246 0.020 * 0.119
Xanthomonadales 0.322 0.064 0.742 0.689 0.905
Bryobacterales 0.746 0.986 0.787 0.459 0.413
Chitinophagales 0.150 0.464 0.732 0.097 0.605
Cytophagales 0.566 0.529 0.322 0.641 0.237
Others 0.369 0.466 0.927 0.157 0.155
Unassigned 0.715 0.090 0.817 0.938 0.454
真菌
Fungus		 Sordariales 0.556 0.212 0.609 0.363 0.087
Unidentified 0.569 0.485 0.376 0.036* 0.178
Unclassified_fungi 0.672 0.992 0.303 0.285 0.602
Pleosporales 0.395 0.605 0.127 0.005** 0.692
Hypocreales 0.007** 0.195 0.601 0.805 0.691
Unclassified_Sordariomycetes 0.101 0.129 0.306 0.183 0.900
Mortierellales 0.283 0.344 0.438 0.997 1.000
Pezizales 0.229 0.347 0.460 0.154 0.024*
Agaricales 0.557 0.616 0.959 0.796 0.372
Cystofilobasidiales 0.171 0.252 0.952 0.947 0.498
Others 0.233 0.342 0.293 0.212 0.366

Fig. 4

RDA analysis of the relationship between soil microbial community composition and soil chemical properties (a) RDA analysis of bacteria; (b) RDA analysis of fungi. pH: acid basicity; OM: organic matter; AN: alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen; AP: available phosphorus; RAP: rapidly available potassium."

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