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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (11): 2870-2882.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44027

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effect of foliar spraying regulators on nitrogen utilization during the overwintering stage and yield of late-sowing rapeseed

GUO Mao-Chang1(), CHEN Du-Juan1, YUAN Jin-Zhan1, ZHANG Zhe2, JIANG Bo3, YANG Shu-Ting1, CHEN Min1, GUO An-Da1, WANG Qi1, KUAI Jie1, WANG Bo1, WANG Jing1, ZHAO Jie1, XU Zheng-Hua1,*(), ZHOU Guang-Sheng1   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Hongshan Laboratory / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2NationalAgricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Beijing 100125, China
    3Hubei Department of Rape Production Management, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2024-02-19 Accepted:2024-06-20 Online:2024-11-12 Published:2024-07-10
  • Contact: *E-mail: xzh@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2023BBB028);Hubei Provincial Project(HBZY2023B001-01)

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Abstract:

Ensuring high yields of late-sown rapeseed plays a crucial role in mitigating the conflict of cropping seasons between rice and rapeseed cultivation, while maximizing the utilization of winter fallow fields in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). In this study, we focused on the early-maturing rapeseed variety, Huayouza 137. A completely randomized block design was employed, including a control group (CK) with clear water, as well as treatments with different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) at 10, 25, and 50 mg L-1 (G1, G2, G3), 2,4-epibrassinolide (2,4-EBR) at 0.25 mg L-1 and 0.5 mg L-1 (B1, B2), and Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) at 10 and 20 mg L-1 (D1, D2). The foliar spraying of these regulators was carried out at the 3-leaf stage from 2021 to 2023, and their effects on nitrogen utilization and yield formation of late-sown rapeseed during the overwintering stage were investigated. The results showed that moderate concentrations of GA3, 2,4-EBR, and DA-6 significantly enhanced the yield of late-sown rapeseed compared to CK. However, excessive application of regulators, such as GA3 and B2 treatments, had a negative impact. Notably, G1, B1, and D2 treatments exhibited the highest yield increases. Specifically, compared to CK, they resulted in yield increments of 13.9%, 10.3%, and 6.3% from 2021 to 2022, and 12.5%, 7.2%, and 6.2% from 2022 to 2023, respectively. Foliar spraying regulators also increased the leaf area and leaf dry matter. On one hand, the content of leaf gibberellin (GA3), indoleacetic acid (IAA), and zeatin (Zt) increased, while the abscisic acid (ABA) content decreased, leading to an expansion of the leaf area. On the other hand, the activities of leaf nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) increased, enhancing the nitrogen assimilation capacity of the leaves and resulting in increased leaf dry weight. Correlation analysis revealed that yield was positively correlated with leaf area and leaf dry matter. Leaf area showed a positive correlation with GA3, IAA, and Zt content, while negatively correlating with ABA content. Moreover, NR, GS, and GOGAT activities were positively correlated with GA3, IAA, and Zt content, respectively, while negatively correlated with ABA content. In conclusion, foliar spraying of late-sown rapeseed with appropriate concentrations of GA3, 2,4-EBR, and DA-6 at the 3-leaf stage enhanced the activities of NR, GS, and GOGAT enzymes. This, in turn, improved leaf nitrogen assimilation capacity and nitrogen use efficiency by regulating hormone levels in the leaves. Additionally, it facilitated leaf expansion, resulting in a larger leaf area, increased dry matter accumulation, and ultimately higher yield. Among the treatments, G1 (10 mg L-1 GA3), B1 (0.25 mg L-1 2,4-EBR), and D2 (10 mg L-1 DA-6) demonstrated the most effective outcomes. This study provides important theoretical and technical support for the exogenous regulation of late-sown rapeseed cultivation in the YRB, particularly in terms of pre-winter strong seedling cultivation, and the improvement of winter fallow field utilization.

Key words: rapeseed, late-sowing, foliar spraying, regulators, nitrogen utilization, yield

Fig. 1

Major meteorological factors for 2021-2022 (A) and 2022-2023 (B) Ta-min and Ta-max represent the daily minimum temperature and the daily maximum temperature, respectively."

Table 1

Effect of foliar spraying regulators on yield and yield components of late-sowing rapeseed"

年份
Year		 调节剂
PGR		 单株角果数
Pods per plant		 每角果粒数
Seeds per pod		 千粒重
1000-seed wight
(g)		 单株产量
Yield per plant
(g)		 成株率
Survival rate
(%)		 小区产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2021 CK 104.5 bc 18.6 ab 3.71 a 6.94 d 55.9 abc 2511.1 c
G1 139 a 19.2 ab 3.68 a 9.24 a 59.5 a 2842.2 a
G2 116.5 abc 18.1 b 3.66 a 8.47 c 56.8 abc 2649.8 b
G3 97.6 c 18.6 ab 3.69 a 6.65 e 52.0 c 2416.5 cd
B1 128.5 ab 19.6 a 3.57 a 8.97 b 57.7 abc 2768.9 ab
B2 98.1 c 18.3 b 3.76 a 6.31 f 54.3 abc 2338.9 d
D1 97.1 c 18.2 b 3.58 a 6.64 e 54.3 abc 2448.9 cd
D2 111.1 abc 18.7 ab 3.58 a 8.33 c 57.3 abc 2692.3 b
2022 CK 95.1 c 18.0 abc 3.53 a 5.76 e 54.2 abc 2176.3 c
G1 108.3 bc 18.9 a 3.50 a 8.08 a 58.2 ab 2448.8 a
G2 100.5 bc 17.8 bc 3.48 a 7.63 c 52.8 bc 2294.1 b
G3 96.3 c 18.1 abc 3.54 a 5.73 e 55.8 abc 2157.0 c
B1 98.2 c 18.7 ab 3.52 a 7.95 b 56.3 abc 2312.9 b
B2 93.7 c 17.7 c 3.64 a 5.19 f 54.7 abc 2053.0 d
D1 91.7 c 18.0 abc 3.53 a 5.02 g 52.9 bc 2088.7 d
D2 105.5 bc 18.2 abc 3.44 a 7.07 d 53.3 bc 2311.1 b
方差分析ANOVA
年份 Year (Y) ** * NS ** NS **
调节剂 PGR (P) ** NS NS ** NS **
年份×调节剂 Y×P ** NS NS ** NS **

Table 2

Effect of foliar spraying regulators on key agronomic traits of late-sowing rapeseed at maturity stage"

年份
Year		 调节剂
PGR		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 根颈粗
Root-crown
diameter (cm)		 分枝数
Branch number		 有效分枝高度
Effective branch
height (cm)		 地上部干重
Shoot dry
matter (g)
2021 CK 166.3 de 9.7 c 4.0 c 111.3 a 17.9 d
G1 171.1 bc 11.6 a 5.6 a 100.2 cd 25.1 a
G2 169.3 c 10.6 bc 4.6 b 100.4 cd 20.6 c
G3 165.5 e 10.9 ab 4.5 b 104.4 bc 18.0 d
B1 173.3 ab 10.2 bc 5.5 a 108.7 ab 23.6 b
B2 165.3 e 10.2 bc 3.8 c 98.9 d 17.0 e
D1 168.7 cd 10.5 bc 4.5 b 101.8 cd 17.5 d
D2 174.7 a 10.1 bc 5.6 a 98.1 d 23.2 b
2022 CK 165.5 b 7.5 c 3.1 d 110.7 a 16.3 e
G1 169.6 a 10.7 a 4.5 ab 107.8 ab 23.2 a
G2 162.6 c 9.7 b 4.0 c 96.5 cd 18.7 c
G3 159.0 d 9.3 b 3.4 d 102.3 bcd 16.1 e
2022 B1 167.7 a 9.5 b 4.5 ab 103.5 abc 21.9 b
B2 164.1 bc 9.5 b 4.1 c 95.3 d 15.7 f
D1 163.6 c 9.7 b 4.2 bc 105.1 ab 16.1 e
D2 168.5 a 10.5 a 4.6 a 96.4 cd 18.0 d
方差分析ANOVA
年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** **
调节剂 PGR (P) ** ** ** ** **
年份×调节剂 Y×P ** ** ** ** **

Fig. 2

Effect of foliar spraying regulators on lodging resistance of late-sowing rapeseed Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 3

Effect of foliar spraying regulators on key agronomic traits of late-sowing rapeseed at wintering stage"

年份
Year		 调节剂
PGRs		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 根长
Root length (cm)		 根颈粗
Root-crown
diameter (mm)		 绿叶数
Green leaves
number		 叶面积
Leaf area
(cm2)		 叶干重
Leaf dry matter (g)
2021 CK 24.5 e 14.1 bc 4.01 d 4.6 c 404.7 d 2.17 b
G1 30.4 a 16.2 a 6.19 a 5.2 b 516.2 a 3.16 a
G2 26.5 c 15.6 ab 4.65 bc 5.0 b 433.0 c 2.32 b
G3 24.5 e 14.6 abc 4.91 b 4.6 c 390.3 de 2.16 b
B1 29.0 b 15.6 ab 4.23 cd 5.4 a 459.5 b 3.14 a
B2 25.2 de 12.9 c 5.67 a 5.0 b 363.9 e 2.18 b
D1 26.1 cd 14.7 abc 4.57 bc 5.1 b 384.9 de 2.15 b
D2 28.9 b 16.0 ab 5.94 a 5.1 b 475.6 b 3.04 a
2022 CK 23.7 c 12.9 ab 3.68 d 4.0 c 416.8 cd 2.28 b
G1 28.7 a 14.7 a 5.47 a 4.5 b 490.2 a 3.30 a
G2 25.3 b 14.5 a 4.38 b 4.5 b 427.8 c 2.48 b
G3 24.7 bc 13.6 ab 4.40 b 4.3 bc 363.2 e 2.30 b
B1 27.9 a 12.0 b 3.84 cd 5.0 a 465.0 b 3.36 a
B2 24.3 bc 13.9 ab 5.15 a 4.5 b 357.7 e 2.15 b
D1 24.9 bc 13.3 ab 4.16 bc 4.7 ab 401.7 d 2.18 b
D2 27.5 a 14.5 a 5.42 a 5.0 a 474.8 ab 3.13 a
方差分析ANOVA
年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** NS NS
调节剂 PGR (P) ** ** ** ** ** **
年份×调节剂 Y×P NS NS NS NS * NS

Fig. 3

Relationship between yield and leaf number, leaf area, and leaf dry matter during overwintering *** represents significant difference at P < 0.001. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 4

Effects of foliar spraying regulators on nitrogen content and nitrogen use efficiency of late-sowing rapeseed Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 5

Effect of foliar spraying regulators on the activities of NR, GS, and GOGAT of late-sowing rapeseed leaves Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 6

Effect of foliar spraying regulators on the contents of endogenous hormones in late-sowing rapeseed leaves Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 4

Correlation analysis between endogenous hormone content and key enzyme activities of nitrogen metabolism in leaves"

指标
Index		 硝酸还原酶活性
NR activity		 谷氨酸合成酶活性
GS activity		 谷氨酰胺合成酶活性
GOAGT activity
赤霉素 GA3 0.583** 0.841** 0.531**
吲哚乙酸 IAA 0.674** 0.732** 0.773**
玉米素 Zt 0.529** 0.517** 0.674**
脱落酸 ABA -0.651** -0.749** -0.854**

Fig. 7

Correlation between endogenous hormone content in leaves and leaf area *: P < 0.05; ***: P < 0.001. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

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