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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (8): 2078-2090.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31074

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Effects of deep fertilization on ecological stoichiometric characteristics and photosynthetic carbon assimilation of flag leaves of spring wheat under drought conditions

LIANG Jin-Yu1,4(), YIN Jia-De2,3,4, HOU Hui-Zhi2,3,4, XUE Yun-Gui1,4, GUO Hong-Juan1,4, WANG Shuo1,4, ZHAO Qi-Zhi1,4, ZHANG Xu-Cheng1,2,3,4,*(), XIE Jun-Hong1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2Institute of Dry Land Farming, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    3Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    4Key Laboratory of Green and Low Carbon Dryland Agriculture in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2023-11-30 Accepted:2024-04-01 Online:2024-08-12 Published:2024-04-24
  • Contact: * E-mail: gszhangxuch@163.com;E-mail: xiejh@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1900700);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(22JR5RA763);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(23JRRA1340);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(20JR10RA464);Open Fund for 2022 of the Northeast Plain Agricultural Green and Low Carbon Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.

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Abstract:

Deep fertilization can improve the water and fertilizer use efficiency of dryland crops, which is one of the important technical ways to increase crop yield, but there is a lack of systematic research on its nutritional physiological mechanism, especially from the perspective of ecological stoichiometric characteristics of flag leaves. In this study, three treatments, 30 cm deep fertilization (D30), 15 cm shallow fertilization (D15) and no fertilization (CK) were conducted in 2021 and 2022 with ‘Longchun 35’ as the test cultivar. The effects of different treatments on the contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and ecological stoichiometric characteristics (C/N, C/P, N/P) of spring wheat flag leaves from booting to filling stage were studied. The effects of nutrient content and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of flag leaves on SPAD value, Pn, shoot growth rate, dry matter accumulation, and yield formation of flag leaves in spring wheat were revealed. The results showed that the C/N value of D30 flag leaves at the grain filling stage was 2.1%?6.4% and 5.4%?10.2% lower than D15 and CK, respectively. The C/P values decreased by 3.8%?5.2% and 5.4%?6.0%, respectively. In 2021, the distribution of N/P values increased by 1.4% and 4.1%, and in 2022, the N/P values decreased by 1.6% and 0.2%, respectively. Compared with D15 and CK, the SPAD values of D30 flag leaves increased by 1.8%?6.5% and 15.5%?18.2%, respectively. Pn increased by 21.6%, 27.0%, 28.5%?36.6%, respectively. Compared with D15 and CK, the growth rate of D30 shoots increased by 22.1%?41.2% and 68.4%?80.8%, respectively. The dry matter accumulation of D30 at maturity stage increased by 10.6%?11.1% compared with D15 and CK, respectively. The output increased by 15.7%?15.9% and 46.5%?49.3%, respectively. The contribution rate of nitrogen fertilizer in D30 increased by 46.6%?52.4% compared with D15. The partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 15.7%?16.0%. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 69.6%?76.7%. Correlation analysis showed that the contents of C, N, and P in flag leaves of spring wheat at grain filling stage were positively correlated with SPAD value, Pn, and dry matter accumulation in flag leaves. The ecological stoichiometric characteristics of flag leaf were negatively correlated with SPAD value, Pn and dry matter accumulation of flag leaf. Therefore, 30 cm deep fertilization under drought conditions increased the contents of C, N and P in flag leaves from booting to filling stage, delayed the decrease of N and P contents in flag leaves after flowering, optimized the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of flag leaves, reduced the restriction of N and P on the photosynthesis of flag leaves of spring wheat, increased the growth rate of Pn and shoots of flag leaves of spring wheat, delayed the senescence of flag leaves, and promoted the increase of yield.

Key words: spring wheat, drought, deep fertilization, ecological stoichiometric characteristics, senescence of flag leaves

Fig. 1

Daily average temperature from 2021 to 2022"

Table 1

Experimental fertilization depth"

处理
Treatment		 施肥深度Fertilization depth
15 cm 30 cm
不施肥(CK) No fertilization 0 0
化肥全部浅施15 cm (D15) Deeply fertilization of fertilizer in 15 cm 100% 0
化肥全部深施30 cm (D30) Deeply fertilization of fertilizer in 30 cm 0 100%

Fig. 2

The contents of C, N, and P in the flag leaves of spring wheat in each treatment BO: booting; HE: heading; FL: flowering; FI: filling."

Fig. 3

C/N value of flag leaves of spring wheat in each treatment Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters in the same growth stage means significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 4

C/P-value of flag leaves of spring wheat in each treatment Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters in the same growth stage means significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 5

N/P value of flag leaves of spring wheat in each treatment Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters in the same growth stage means significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 6

SPAD values of flag leaves of spring wheat in each treatment Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters in the same growth stage means significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 7

Pn of spring wheat flag leaves in each treatment Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 8

Shoot growth rate of spring wheat in each treatment BO: booting; HE: heading; FL: flowering; FI: filling; HA: harvesting."

Fig. 9

Dry matter accumulation of spring wheat in each treatment Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 8. Different lowercase letters in the same growth stage means significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 2

Treatment of different on spring wheat yield and yield composition"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 小穗数
Spikelet number		 穗粒数
Grain number		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 较CK增产率
Yield increase rate compared to CK (%)
2021 CK 14.00±0.58 b 38.33±0.88 c 38.34±0.12 c 4681.53±120.57 c —
D15 14.33±0.33 ab 43.33±0.33 b 42.84±0.18 b 5912.95±69.61 b 26.3
D30 15.67±0.33 a 46.67±0.67 a 46.14±0.08 a 6857.75±90.70 a 46.5
2022 CK 12.33±0.33 c 35.67±0.88 c 40.74±0.78 c 4623.14±29.78 c —
D15 13.67±0.33 b 43.67±0.33 b 42.91±0.62 b 5966.03±53.08 b 29.0
D30 16.00±0.00 a 46.33±0.33 a 46.76±0.33 a 6900.21±59.11 a 49.3

Fig. 10

D15 and D30 nitrogen use efficiency NCR: nitrogen contribution percentage; PFPN: partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen fertilizer; NAE: nitrogen agronomic efficiency."

Fig. 11

Correlation analysis from flag picking to grain filling period in spring wheat C: flag leaf carbon content; N: flag leaf nitrogen content; P: flag leaf phosphorus content; C/N: flag leaf carbon nitrogen ratio; C/P: flag leaf carbon-phosphorus ratio; N/P: flag leaf nitrogen to phosphorus ratio; SPAD: soil and plant analyzer development; Pn: net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves; DM: dry matter accumulation. * P ≤ 0.05; ** P ≤ 0.01."

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