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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (9): 2514-2526.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作群体光分布特征及对植物性状和产量的影响

杨姝(), 白伟*(), 蔡倩*(), 杜桂娟   

  1. 辽宁省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所 / 农业农村部东北节水农业重点实验室, 辽宁沈阳 110161
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-16 接受日期:2025-06-01 出版日期:2025-09-12 网络出版日期:2025-06-10
  • 通讯作者: *白伟, E-mail: libai200008@126.com; 蔡倩, E-mail: caiqian2005@126.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: yangshu-2002@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1500600);国家自然科学基金项目(32101855);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28090202);辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”项目(XLYC2401002);辽宁省农业科学院学科建设项目(120520303)

Characteristics of light distribution in maize‖alfalfa intercropping systems and their effects on plant traits and yield

YANG Shu(), BAI Wei*(), CAI Qian*(), DU Gui-Juan   

  1. Tillage and Cultivation Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture of Northeast, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
  • Received:2025-01-16 Accepted:2025-06-01 Published:2025-09-12 Published online:2025-06-10
  • Contact: *E-mail: libai200008@126.com; E-mail: caiqian2005@126.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1500600);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101855);Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28090202);Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2401002);Subject Construction Program of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences(120520303)

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摘要： 为明确玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作群体光资源利用机制, 筛选适宜东北旱作农业区适宜的最优行比配置方式, 本研究于2021—2022年在典型旱作农业区辽宁阜新设置了2行玉米间作2行紫花苜蓿(2M2A)、2行玉米间作4行紫花苜蓿(2M4A)、4行玉米间作4行紫花苜蓿(4M4A)、玉米单作(M)和紫花苜蓿单作(A)5个试验处理的田间定位试验。研究了间作模式对玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作群体光分布及植物性状和产量的影响。结果表明: 玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作系统中紫花苜蓿冠层PAR明显小于玉米冠层; 玉米群体光环境因间作模式而得到改善, 间作玉米穗位层透光率较单作玉米提高28.8%~178.4%, 底层的透光率亦大于单作, 但与单作差异不显著; 紫花苜蓿群体光环境因间作模式变差, 间作紫花苜蓿冠层透光率较单作紫花苜蓿降低21.4%~59.2%, 底层透光率降低40.3%~50.3%; 与单作玉米相比, 间作玉米灌浆期的茎粗和单株叶面积增大, 果穗长度显著增加, 果穗直径略有增加, 秃尖长度略有减小; 间作玉米通过显著提高穗数和穗粒数显著提高了产量, 增产幅度为13.29%~28.22%; 间作紫花苜蓿干草产量较单作降低20.91%~ 49.20%。总之, 间作模式改变了玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作群体的光分布, 适宜的行比配置可以平衡玉米‖紫花苜蓿对光的竞争, 改善植物性状, 提高产量。3种间作模式相比较, 2M4A土地当量比(1.01)最高, 有一定的间作优势, 其纯效益比单作玉米和单作苜蓿分别提高0.8%和10.5%; 4M4A土地当量比为1.00, 没有间作优势, 其纯效益比单作玉米和单作苜蓿分别提高1.9%和11.8%。综合考虑间作优势和纯效益2个指标, 2M4A是东北旱作农业区适宜的间作模式。

关键词: 玉米, 紫花苜蓿, 光分布, 植物性状, 产量

Abstract:

To elucidate the light resource utilization mechanism in maize‖alfalfa intercropping systems and identify the optimal row configuration for dryland agriculture in Northeast China, a field experiment was conducted in Fuxin, Liaoning—a representative dryland region—during 2021-2022. Five planting patterns were evaluated: intercropping of two rows of maize with two rows of alfalfa (2M2A), two rows of maize with four rows of alfalfa (2M4A), four rows of maize with four rows of alfalfa (4M4A), as well as sole maize (M) and sole alfalfa (A). The effects of intercropping on light distribution, plant traits, and yield were investigated. The results showed that the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) within the alfalfa canopy was significantly lower than that within the maize canopy. Intercropping improved the light environment of maize: compared with sole maize, light transmittance at the ear layer increased by 28.8%-178.4%, and a similar trend was observed at the canopy base, though differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, the light environment in intercropped alfalfa deteriorated, with canopy light transmittance reduced by 21.4%-59.2% and bottom light transmittance reduced by 40.3%-50.3% compared to sole alfalfa. Intercropping significantly increased stem diameter, leaf area per plant at the filling stage, and ear length of maize, while ear diameter slightly increased and bald tip length slightly decreased. Maize yield in intercropping systems increased by 13.29%-28.22%, mainly due to a significant increase in ear number and grains per ear. However, alfalfa hay yield decreased by 20.91%-49.20% compared to sole alfalfa. In summary, intercropping altered the light distribution within the maize ‖ alfalfa system. An appropriate row configuration can balance light competition between the two crops, improve plant traits, and enhance yield. Among the systems tested, 2M4A showed the highest land equivalent ratio (1.01), indicating a moderate intercropping advantage, and its net economic benefit was 0.8% and 10.5% higher than that of sole maize and sole alfalfa, respectively. Although the land equivalent ratio of 4M4A was 1.00 (no intercropping advantage), its net benefit was still 1.9% and 11.8% higher than that of sole maize and sole alfalfa. Considering both intercropping advantages and economic returns, 2M4A is recommended as a suitable intercropping model for dryland areas in Northeast China.

Key words: maize, alfalfa, light distribution, plant traits, yield

图1

不同种植模式田间示意图及光强测量位置 黑色圆点为光强测量位置; Mc、Ms和Ac分别表示单作玉米行间、单作玉米行上和单作苜蓿行间; IMc和IMs分别表示间作玉米条带中间和间作玉米边行; IAc和IAs分别表示间作苜蓿条带中间和间作苜蓿边行。M: 玉米单作; A: 紫花苜蓿单作; 2M2A: 2行玉米间作2行紫花苜蓿; 2M4A: 2行玉米间作4行紫花苜蓿; 4M4A: 4行玉米间作4行紫花苜蓿。"

图2

玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作系统的光分布特征 缩写同图1。PAR: 光合有效辐射。"

图3

不同种植模式玉米和紫花苜蓿的透光率 缩写同图1。不同小写字母表示各处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图4

玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作对玉米植株性状的影响 缩写同图1。不同小写字母表示各处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图5

玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作对玉米果穗性状的影响 缩写同图1。不同小写字母表示各处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

表1

玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作对玉米产量及产量构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting model		 穗数
Ear number
(×104 ear hm-2)		 双穗率
Double ear rate
(%)		 空秆率
Empty ears rate
(%)		 穗粒数
Kernel number per spike		 百粒重
100-kernel weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(t hm-2)
2021 2M2A 5.58±0.17 a 13.5±1.5 a 0.0±0.0 b 723.6±17.5 a 41.94±0.24 a 17.46±0.38 b
2M4A 5.67±0.08 a 17.3±1.9 a 0.0±0.0 b 734.7±9.8 a 42.41±0.39 a 18.76±0.14 a
4M4A 5.50±0.14 a 15.8±0.5 a 0.0±0.0 b 697.7±3.4 a 42.51±0.29 a 17.05±0.13 b
M 5.00±0.14 b 0.0±0.0 b 3.3±1.6 a 641.9±13.8 b 41.76±0.32 a 15.05±0.16 c
2022 2M2A 5.92±0.17 a 16.6±2.3 a b 0.0±0.0 a 754.6±16.3 a 37.40±0.42 b 16.48±0.50 a
2M4A 5.83±0.22 a 18.6±1.5 a 0.0±0.0 a 734.7±24.6 a 38.73±0.25 a 17.94±0.46 a
4M4A 5.83±0.22 a 11.1±3.2 b 0.0±0.0 a 715.9±25.8 a 38.96±0.05 a 16.72±0.39 a
M 5.17±0.08 b 0.0±0.0 c 1.6±1.6 a 627.7±17.4 b 36.28±0.47 b 13.99±0.37 b
P 种植模式Model 0.003** 0.000** 0.182ns 0.000** 0.001** 0.000**
年份Year 0.050* 0.947ns 0.978ns 0.507ns 0.000** 0.003**
种植模式 × 年份
Model × year		 0.915ns 0.129ns 1.000ns 0.622ns 0.050* 0.660ns

图6

玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作对紫花苜蓿生长速度的影响 缩写同图1。不同小写字母表示各处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

表2

玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作对紫花苜蓿干草产量的影响"

种植模式
Planting model		 2021年干草产量
Hay yield in 2021 (t hm-2)		 2022年干草产量Hay yield in 2022 (t hm-2)
第1茬
1st hay		 第2茬
2nd hay		 第3茬
3rd hay		 总和
Total hay
2M2A 2.34±0.06 d 1.99±0.42 b 3.07±0.35 b — 5.05±0.71 c
2M4A 3.64±0.13 b 2.37±0.19 ab 4.38±0.21 b — 6.76±0.13 b
4M4A 3.17±0.17 c 1.99±0.22 b 4.11±0.18 b — 6.10±0.37 bc
A 4.60±0.14 a 3.04±0.17 a 4.39±0.28 a 2.16±0.30 9.60±0.28 a

图7

不同种植模式的土地当量比LER 缩写同图1。LER: 土地当量比。"

表3

玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作对经济效益的影响"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting model		 投入Cost input (Yuan hm-2) 产值Gross revenue (Yuan hm-2) 纯收益Net benefit (Yuan hm-2)
玉米
Maize		 紫花苜蓿Alfalfa 总计
Total		 玉米
Maize		 紫花苜蓿Alfalfa 总计
Total		 玉米
Maize		 紫花苜蓿Alfalfa 总计
Total
2021 2M2A 5030 2025 7055 23,280 2730 26,010 18,250 705 18,955
2M4A 3773 3038 6811 18,760 6370 25,130 14,987 3332 18,319
4M4A 5030 2025 7055 22,740 3710 26,450 17,710 1685 19,395
M 7545 — 7545 30,100 — 30,100 22,555 — 22,555
A — 6075 6075 — 16,100 16,100 — 10,025 10,025
2022 2M2A 5030 2125 7155 21,980 5880 27,860 16,950 3755 20,705
2M4A 3773 3138 6911 17,940 11,830 29,770 14,167 8692 22,859
4M4A 5030 2125 7155 22,300 7105 29,405 17,270 4980 22,250
M 7545 — 7545 27,980 — 27,980 20,435 — 20,435
A — 6375 6375 — 33,600 33,600 — 27,225 27,225
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