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Research progress in phytohormone regulation of square and boll shedding in cotton XIE Zhang-Shu, XIE Xue-Fang, TU Xiao-Ju, LIU Ai-Yu, DONG He-Zhong, ZHOU Zhong-Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 1-29.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44122 Abstract （1157）   HTML （85）    PDF（pc） （4249KB）（9220）       Knowledge map    Save Cotton square and boll shedding is a common phenomenon, which can occur as an active adaptive response to adverse environmental stress or as a passive loss due to genetic characteristics, environmental conditions, cultivation practices, and various biotic and abiotic stresses. Square and boll shedding directly impacts cotton yield. However, most existing studies, both domestic and international, primarily focus on preliminary findings from the 1950s and 1960s concerning the influence of ethylene and abscisic acid on cotton shedding. Based on insights from other plant species, it appears that square and boll shedding is closely related to a decline in growth-promoting hormones—such as auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin—and an increase in growth-inhibiting hormones like ethylene and abscisic acid. These hormones not only regulate metabolic processes within the plant but also coordinate signaling pathways that play a pivotal role in the shedding process. In this paper, we review the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the formation and functioning of abscission zones, as well as the hormonal responses and regulatory mechanisms involved in the shedding of cotton squares and bolls, and in the shedding of other plant (reproductive) organs in recent years. Our findings reveal a lack of comprehensive research on cotton square and boll shedding, with most studies focusing on the limited effects of a few hormones on cotton reproductive growth, while failing to investigate the deeper mechanisms that lead to shedding. Therefore, future research should prioritize exploring the genetic basis of cotton square and boll shedding, identifying new gene resources for breeding varieties resistant to shedding, and enhancing our understanding of the relationship between shedding and hormone regulation in cotton as a model plant. This will provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for improving cotton yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic relationship analysis and fingerprints construction of faba bean varieties in Qinghai province based on SSR markers ZHENG Dong, ZHOU Xian-Li, TENG Chang-Cai, HOU Wan-Wei, ZHANG Hong-Yan, LIU Yu-Jiao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 79-90.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44066 Abstract （601）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （2262KB）（3978）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the population structure and relationships among cultivated varieties, advanced lines, and backbone parents of faba bean in Qinghai province, forty-six pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism, stability, and repeatability were used to analyze the genetic diversity of thirty-six varieties (lines) and construct genetic fingerprints. The results revealed that 262 alleles were detected using the forty-six primer pairs through capillary electrophoresis. The number of polymorphic alleles (Na) per primer ranged from two to fifteen, with an average of 5.696 alleles. The average number of effective alleles per locus was 2.988, ranging from 1.180 to 9.257. The Shannon index ranged from 0.287 to 2.444, with an average of 1.210. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.141 to 0.883, with an average of 0.553, indicating rich genetic diversity among the faba bean varieties in Qinghai. Clustering analysis grouped the 36 materials into four subgroups: subgroup I (twenty-four materials), subgroup II (four materials), subgroup III (seven materials), and subgroup IV (one material). Population genetic structure and principal coordinate analyses divided the materials into two subgroups, with subgroup I containing seventeen materials and subgroup II containing nineteen materials. There was some overlap between the subgroups identified by clustering and those identified by population structure analysis, which clarified the genetic relationships and population structure of the main faba bean cultivars in Qinghai province. On this basis, four core primer pairs were selected to construct genetic fingerprints for the thirty-six materials, which were subsequently stored in a two-dimensional code. The fingerprinting of the main faba bean cultivars in Qinghai provides an effective tool for variety identification and offers technical support for parental selection and the protection of new varieties in future faba bean breeding programs in the region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of TIFY gene family in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) QI Jia-Min, XU Chun-Miao, XIAO Bin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (9): 2297-2309.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34193 Abstract （1085）   HTML （46）    PDF（pc） （1311KB）（1964）       Knowledge map    Save The TIFY family is a gene family of transcription factor unique to plants. It contains conserved TIFY domains (TIF [F/Y]XG), which plays an important role in regulating plant development, responding to abiotic stress, and plant hormones. In this study, a total of 26 members of the StTIFY family at the genome-wide level in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were identified. Based on phylogenetic characteristics and protein structure, StTIFY was divided into 4 subfamilies, and the JAZ subfamily was divided into 5 subgroups. Tandem duplication and segmental duplication events played a major role in the expansion of the StTIFY gene family. Collinearity analysis showed that there were 21, 5, and 6 orthologous gene pairs between StTIFYs and TIFYs of dicotyledonous plants, which were tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Arabidopsis, and cabbage (Brassica oleracea). There were only 1 and 2 orthologous gene pairs between StTIFYs and TIFYs of monocotyledonous rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays), respectively, which had evolved under purification selection. RNA-seq data analysis showed that TIFY gene and two genes in ZML subfamily were highly expressed in 13 tissues, while the other members exhibited tissue-specificity. Furthermore, we analyzed the response of the StTIFY gene to abiotic stresses and hormone treatments, and found that 19 genes responded to abiotic stress (drought/salt/heat), among which 3 genes and 2 genes simultaneously responded to 3 and 2 abiotic stresses, respectively. Five genes were differentially expressed under BAP, ABA, IAA, and GA3 treatments. The relative expression levels of four candidate genes in drought-tolerant and water-sensitive cultivars under drought stress were further detected using qPCR. The results showed that these four genes were significantly differentially expressed in the two cultivars during flower-falling period. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the characteristics of the StTIFY gene family, as well as in-depth analysis of the functions of StTIFY family members response to hormone signals and resistance to abiotic stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Endosperm development of cereal crops and its role in seed dormancy and germination SONG Song-Quan, TANG Cui-Fang, CHENG Hong-Yan, WANG Cheng-Liang, YUAN Liang-Bing, ZUO Sheng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1133-1155.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42055 Abstract （1676）   HTML （70）    PDF（pc） （5724KB）（1661）       Knowledge map    Save In angiosperms, double fertilization triggers the simultaneous development of two closely adjacent tissue, embryo and endosperm. The function of endosperm is not only to provide nutrients and serve as a mechanical barrier for the embryo, but also to act as a growth regulator for the embryo during seed development, dormancy and germination, thereby controlling the vitality, dormancy, and germination of the seeds. But so far, the development of endosperm and its regulatory mechanism are not clear enough. In the present paper, the recent progress achieved in the endosperm development and its regulatory mechanism, as well as the regulation of these events on seed dormancy and germination, was reviewed, including morphogenesis, differentiation of aleurone layer and starch endosperm, programmed cell death of starch endosperm, accumulation of storage proteins in endosperm during endosperm development, as well as the regulation of cell cycle regulatory factors, phytohormones, and epigenetic on endosperm development, and the role of endosperm in embryo development, seed dormancy and germination. Finally, the scientific issues that need to be further researched in this field are proposed, attempting to provide reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms of endosperm development and its regulation, and thereby improving the yield and quality of cereal crops. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of maize and soybean intercropping on soil physicochemical properties and microbial carbon metabolism in karst region QIAN Yu-Ping, SU Bing-Bing, GAO Ji-Xing, RUAN Fen-Hua, LI Ya-Wei, MAO Lin-Chun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 273-284.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43010 Abstract （865）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （1803KB）（1550）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to investigate the effects of corn and soybean belt intercropping on soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure diversity in a karst area. Three planting models were established: corn and soybean intercropping (MSI), corn monocropping (MM), and soybean monocropping (SM). The Biolog-ECO microplate method was used to explore the impacts of these different planting patterns on the metabolic activity, diversity, and soil properties of soil microbial carbon sources, as well as their underlying mechanisms. The results showed that compared to MM and SM, the MSI model significantly increased the soil microbial community richness index (McIntosh index) by 11.90% (P < 0.05) and 58.40% (P < 0.01), respectively, and the AWCD value by 24.50% and 80.10%, respectively. The relative absorbance of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and phenolic acids increased significantly by 34.50%, 63.70%, and 61.80% on average, respectively. The carbon source metabolic fingerprint revealed that the MSI model enhanced the utilization of p-carboxylic acid carbon sources by increasing the metabolic activity of itaconic acid, and improved the utilization of amino acid carbon sources by boosting the metabolic activity of L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, and glycyl-glutamic acid. Additionally, the MSI model increased the utilization of polymer carbon sources via enhanced metabolic activity of Tween 40, Tween 80, and liver sugar. Furthermore, soil SOC under MSI treatment was significantly higher by 8.50% and 72.84% compared to MM and SM, respectively, while NH4+-N and TN contents were significantly increased by 46.70% and 33.30% compared to SM treatment, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that the two extracted components explained 79.69% of the total variation in carbon source utilization. The overall carbon source metabolic capacity followed the order MSI > MM > SM, with the MSI soil microbial community demonstrating the strongest metabolic utilization of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and polymers. Redundancy analysis indicated that TN (53.50%) and SOC (30.90%) were the two most significant environmental factors influencing carbon source metabolic utilization. TN promoted the metabolic utilization of carboxylic acid and amino acid carbon sources, while SOC enhanced the utilization of amine and phenolic acid carbon sources. The preferential carbon metabolism observed in maize and soybean intercropping was primarily driven by the diversity of microbial community structure, and was further regulated by soil total nitrogen and organic matter content. These findings suggest that the interaction between microbial community structure and soil physicochemical properties may play a key role in the yield improvement and efficiency of soybean and corn intercropping systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of editing efficiency of different CRISPR-Cas12f systems HUANG Ling-Zhi, FU Xiao, QI Xian-Tao, LIU Chang-Lin, XIE Chuan-Xiao, WU Peng-Hao, REN Jiao-Jiao, ZHU Jin-Jie Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (10): 2425-2434.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43012 Abstract （965）   HTML （46）    PDF（pc） （9242KB）（1444）       Knowledge map    Save CRISPR/Cas12f proteins belonging to the Type V-F family are reported to be only 1/4 to 1/3 the size of Cas9 protein molecules, providing a significant advantage in viral vector delivery. However, the CRISPR/Cas12f system for gene editing in plants has been reported to have lower editing activity, limiting its broader application in plant research. In this study, we compared the editing activities of OsCas12f, SpCas12f, and UnCas12f in three different systems: in vitro digestion, yeast, and transient expression in maize protoplasts. The results showed that the editing activities of OsCas12f and SpCas12f proteins were comparable in terms of in vitro digestion of Cas12f/sgRNA complexes, while no substrate digestion activity was detected for UnCas12f. In the yeast mutant eGFP expression restoration assay, OsCas12f exhibited an editing efficiency of over 95% at the two tested loci, which was comparable to Cas12i.3. On the other hand, SpCas12f achieved editing efficiencies of 1.63% and 3.20% at the two sites, respectively, representing the next highest effect. However, UnCas12f showed minimal editing activity. Furthermore, by transiently expressing maize protoplasts, we compared the editing efficiencies of OsCas12f and SpCas12f at endogenous maize loci. It was found that OsCas12f successfully mediated targeted editing at two loci with editing efficiencies of 2.72% and 1.97%, respectively, while SpCas12f only mediated targeted editing at one locus with an editing efficiency of 1.09%. Deletion of bases was the predominant type of mutation introduced by Cas12f proteins at the target loci, with deletion lengths ranging from -9 to -17 base pairs. These comprehensive results indicate that OsCas12f can serve as a versatile tool for developing plant microgene editors and related technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional analysis of promoter of CsMIXTA associated with development of glandular trichome in industrial hemp ZHOU Zhi-Man, ZHANG Xiao-Yu, GAO Feng, DAI Zhi-Gang, XU Ying, CHENG Chao-Hua, YANG Ze-Mao, SU Jian-Guang, TANG Qing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2754-2763.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44001 Abstract （491）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （2949KB）（1226）       Knowledge map    Save CsMIXTA may play a crucial role in the morphology and development of glandular trichomes in cannabis female flowers. To investigate its regulatory mechanism, a 2199 bp promoter sequence of CsMIXTA was cloned. PlantCARE prediction identified multiple hormone response elements and stress response elements within this region. Based on this analysis, five 5′ end deletion fragments of the promoter with varying lengths were amplified. Six GUS gene expression vectors were constructed using the full-length promoter and the 5′ end deletion fragments, which were then transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and industrial hemp sugar leaves. GUS staining revealed that nucleotide positions -393 and -99 constituted the core region of the CsMIXTA promoter, containing the gibberellin response element TATC-box and the transcription initiation element TATA-box. The results also demonstrated that CsMIXTA is specifically expressed in glandular trichomes of industrial hemp. Promoter activity of the core region was confirmed by luciferase assay. Stress response analysis indicated that low temperature, abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellin (GA3) enhanced promoter activity. These findings provide a crucial basis for further studies on the regulation of CsMIXTA. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of canopy nitrogen concentration in maize based on UAV multi- spectral data and spatial nitrogen heterogeneity HAO Qi, CHEN Tian-Lu, WANG Fu-Gui, WANG Zhen, BAI Lan-Fang, WANG Yong-Qiang, WANG Zhi-Gang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 189-206.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43015 Abstract （1200）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （9939KB）（1204）       Knowledge map    Save Remote sensing diagnosis of crop canopy nitrogen nutrition is crucial for guiding precise nitrogen application and improving crop nitrogen efficiency and yield. To address the issue of maize canopy depth significantly affecting the accuracy of UAV-based nitrogen concentration estimation, this study analyzed the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of maize canopy nitrogen concentration. This analysis was based on multi-spectral data and measured nitrogen concentration data from UAV across fields with different nitrogen fertilizer treatments in 2022 and 2023. Using the random forest algorithm, we identified the effective leaf layer for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration. We further constructed an estimation model for effective leaf nitrogen concentration by combining the random forest algorithm with multi-spectral vegetation indices, and then converted the effective leaf nitrogen concentration to the canopy scale to estimate the overall canopy nitrogen concentration. The results were as follows: (1) The nitrogen concentration of the maize canopy at the 9-leaf extension and large trumpet stages was highest in the upper leaves, followed by the middle and lower leaves. At the silk-spinning and milk-ripening stages, the nitrogen concentration was highest in the middle leaves, followed by the upper and lower leaves. (2) The effective leaf layers for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration at each growth stage were the lower layer, middle layer, middle layer, and middle layer, respectively. The random forest regression model demonstrated higher accuracy in estimating canopy nitrogen concentration compared to the support vector regression model. (3) Using the random forest algorithm, the average RMSE, NRMSE, and MAE for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration based on effective leaf nitrogen concentration were 0.10%, 4.41%, and 0.07%, respectively. In contrast, the average RMSE, NRMSE, and MAE for estimation based on direct vegetation indices were 0.19%, 9.00%, and 0.15%, respectively. In conclusion, the study identified the spatial differentiation of maize canopy nitrogen concentration. Considering effective leaf nitrogen concentration based on random forest and vegetation index estimation significantly improved the accuracy of canopy nitrogen concentration estimation. The canopy nitrogen concentration estimation framework, which accounts for the spatial heterogeneity of canopy nitrogen concentration, established in this study can provide theoretical support for real-time nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Breeding objectives and strategies for maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region CHEN Yong-Qiang, WANG Ya-Fei, XIE Hui-Ling, ZHANG Zhan-Hui, HEI Hong-Chao, PENG Qiang, YANG Xue-Li, HE Ge-Ming, TANG Ji-Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 2917-2924.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43026 Abstract （1200）   HTML （197）    PDF（pc） （554KB）（1201）       Knowledge map    Save The Huang-Huai-Hai region, the second largest maize-producing area in China, is situated in a transitional zone between the subtropical and north temperate climates. This region is characterized by a unique double cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize, which presents specific challenges for maize cultivation. The distinct ecological conditions and cropping system necessitate maize varieties with enhanced comprehensive resistance and adaptability. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current production status and the primary issues facing maize cultivation in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. It identifies key breeding objectives, including “high yield, suitability for mechanized harvesting, early maturity, tolerance to high planting density, resilience to environmental stresses, and resistance to major diseases and pests.” Based on these objectives, the paper proposes several breeding strategies: “reducing heterosis to increase planting density, improving kernel bulk density and single-ear seed yield, incorporating multiple resistance genes to enhance disease resistance, strengthening lodging resistance by increasing the number of brace roots, and promoting earlier anther dehiscence and pollen release to avoid high temperatures.” Additionally, the paper emphasizes the importance of identifying and utilizing superior genes, advancing the development of new core germplasm resources, and establishing modern molecular breeding systems, such as genome editing and genome-wide selection. It also advocates for the creation of an innovative collaboration model among research institutes, universities, and seed enterprises to accelerate germplasm innovation, improve maize breeding efficiency, and enhance the breeding and promotion of the entire industry chain. The ultimate goal is to develop superior new maize varieties that will effectively support agricultural production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial distribution of cultivation suitable area for Panax notoginseng and its response to climate change WANG Lu, ZHAO Jiong-Chao, WANG Yi-Xuan, MI Yan-Hua, ZHANG Ning-Yi, ZHAO Ming-Yu, CHU Qing-Quan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2860-2869.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44005 Abstract （767）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （1468KB）（1137）       Knowledge map    Save Understanding the dynamic spatiotemporal changes in suitable cultivation areas for Panax notoginseng in Yunnan province amid climate change is crucial for guiding its introduction, cultivation, and large-scale industrial development. Utilizing 131 geographical distribution data points of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan province and 15 environmental variables, we employed the MaxEnt model to analyze the primary factors influencing its distribution and to delineate the suitable cultivation areas and their variations from 1961 to 2020. Our analysis identified key factors, including mean daily temperature range (<10.0℃), the number of days with maximum temperature ≥ 33℃ (<5 days), aspect (north-facing slopes), annual accumulation temperature ≥ 10℃ (4708.0-5331.9 ℃ d), annual sunshine duration (1636.7-1963.3 h), and seasonal variation in precipitation (92%-96%). Suitable cultivation areas for Panax notoginseng were primarily concentrated in southeastern Yunnan Province, encompassing Wenshan, Honghe, Kunming, Yuxi, and Qujing, comprising approximately 4.8% of the entire province. Our findings indicate that climate change from 1961 to 2020 has led to an 18.1% expansion in suitable areas for Panax notoginseng cultivation across Yunnan province. Moreover, over the past six decades, there has been a noticeable northward expansion of the optimal boundary for Panax notoginseng, accompanied by an overall improvement in its suitability amid climate fluctuations. This study provides a theoretical framework and technical support for devising a rational industrial layoutfor Panax notoginseng in Yunnan province, thereby mitigating the potential risks posed by climate change to its production and facilitating the effective management and utilization of agricultural land resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the intensification of agroecosystem functions through legume-based crop rotation LIU Chun-Yan, ZHANG Li-Ying, ZHOU Jie, XU Yi, YANG Ya-Dong, ZENG Zhao-Hai, ZANG Hua-Dong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (8): 1885-1895.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34195 Abstract （1847）   HTML （110）    PDF（pc） （4936KB）（1097）       Knowledge map    Save Although intensive agriculture plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security, the conflict between its environmental costs and sustainable development is becoming increasingly prominent. Legume inclusion into agroecosystem is vital for improving soil health, enhancing agroecosystem stability, and achieving resource utilization efficiency. This paper provides a systematic summary of the main effects of the legume-based rotation on crop production and soil function as follows: 1) Legume enhance soil nitrogen (N) content through biological N fixation, high-quality rhizosphere exudates input, and straw incorporation, resulting in positive legacy effects. This, in turn, benefits the subsequent crop yields, particularly in agroecosystems with low soil fertility. 2) Although the biological N fixation of legumes poses the risk of increasing CO2 emissions, it can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by reducing N fertilization in the rotation. 3) The low C/N ratio and high N content of legume straw promote soil microbial activity and microbial residue accumulation, thereby improving soil carbon sequestration efficiency. However, the limited amount of straw for legumes restricts C sequestration. 4) Legumes can improve water and fertilizer utilization efficiency of subsequent crops, and optimizing the root depth between legume and subsequent crop can enhance the overall efficiency of water and fertilizer usage in the rotation. In conclusion, the inclusion of legumes in crop rotation can achieve a reduction in N fertilizer usage and an increase in yield. However, the effects of soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission reduction are influenced by various factors such as crop type, fertilizer input, soil, and climate conditions. Exploring the coupling mechanisms between the effects of legumes on subsequent crop yield and belowground ecological functions is of great significance. Developing field management technologies for legume-based crop rotation and designing new ecological and efficient cropping systems suitable for various regions in China will facilitate the construction and implementation of legume-based rotations, contributing to agricultural green development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of cold tolerance of japonica rice varieties at germination stage and construction of identification system HOU Tian-Yu, DU Xiao-Jing, ZHAO Zhi-Qiang, REYIM Anwar, YIDAYETULA Abula, BUHALIQIEMU Abulizi, YUAN Jie, ZHANG Yan-Hong, WANG Feng-Bin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 812-822.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42027 Abstract （728）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （6659KB）（1034）       Knowledge map    Save To identify key indicators of cold tolerance during the germination stage of japonica rice and to explore cold-tolerant germplasm resources, 98 japonica rice germplasm lines were evaluated under controlled conditions in an artificial climate chamber. The relative values of morphological traits were used as indicators of cold tolerance. Principal component analysis revealed that germination rate, germination index, and shoot length could serve as reliable indicators for identifying cold-tolerant japonica rice varieties at the germination stage. Based on membership function analysis, the comprehensive evaluation D values for the different japonica rice varieties ranged from 0.290 to 0.798. The 98 varieties were classified into four cold tolerance groups: 16 cold-tolerant varieties in Category I, 35 varieties in Category II, and 47 varieties of intermediate tolerance. A significantly positive correlation was observed between the relative index values and the D values. Comprehensive evaluation identified the top 10 cold-tolerant varieties, with X13 (Xindao 42), X47 (TY 2), and X50 (Xincejing 1) classified as Class I. The cold-tolerant germplasm identified in this study can serve as valuable material for the breeding of cold-tolerant rice varieties and for research on the underlying mechanisms of cold tolerance. Additionally, these findings provide a theoretical reference for the study of cold tolerance in rice germplasm resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of SHMT gene family in foxtail millet ( Setaria italica L.) GUO Bing, QIN Jia-Fan, LI Na, SONG Meng-Yao, WANG Li-Ming, LI Jun-Xia, MA Xiao-Qian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 586-5897.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44112 Abstract （842）   HTML （53）    PDF（pc） （4774KB）（1015）       Knowledge map    Save Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is involved in carbon metabolism and photorespiration, and is widely present in crops, playing a critical role in growth, development, and stress resistance. However, the SHMT genes in foxtail millet are largely unexplored. In this study, we identified the members of the SiSHMT gene family at the whole-genome level and systematically analyzed their gene structures, evolutionary relationships, chromosomal localizations, interspecies collinearity, cis-acting elements, expression patterns, and dominant haplotypes. Our results revealed five SiSHMT members in foxtail millet, with molecular weights ranging from 51.70 to 64.37 kD, and similar spatial structures. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into three groups, with members distributed across different chromosomes. The analysis of cis-acting elements in the gene promoters indicated the presence of numerous photo-responsive elements, anaerobic response elements, hormone response elements, and other cis-acting elements. Interspecies collinearity analysis showed that SiSHMT3 and SiSHMT4 exhibited collinearity with their orthologous genes in monocot crops such as rice, wheat, sorghum, and maize, with SiSHMT3 displaying multiple collinear pairs with rice, wheat, and maize. The expression levels of SiSHMT family members varied across different developmental stages and tissues of foxtail millet. Notably, SiSHMT4 was highly expressed in developing panicles and was significantly induced by drought, salt, and ABA treatments. Haplotype analysis of SiSHMT4 revealed that Hap1 was the dominant haplotype, significantly outperforming other haplotypes in panicle length, width, and weight. These findings provide valuable gene resources for improving drought and salt tolerance in foxtail millet and lay a theoretical foundation for the breeding of high-yield, stress-resistant foxtail millet varieties in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overexpression of wild soybean salt-alkali tolerance gene GsGSTU13 increases salt-alkaline tolerance in rice seedlings LI Wan-Hong, HU Bing-Shuang, SUN Xiao-Li, CAI Xiao-Xi, SUN Ming-Zhe Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (10): 2458-2467.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44017 Abstract （787）   HTML （58）    PDF（pc） （3054KB）（1013）       Knowledge map    Save Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a class of highly conserved enzymes that play crucial roles in plant responses to environmental stresses. Bioinformatic analysis has revealed that Glycine soja GsGSTU13, which positively regulates salt-alkaline tolerance, shares the highest sequence identity with the OsGSTU17 protein. To investigate the potential contribution of GsGSTU13 to rice salt-alkaline tolerance, we transformed GsGSTU13 into rice and obtained two homozygous transgenic lines with significantly elevated GST activity. Phenotypic assays showed that after treatment with 200 mmol L-1 NaHCO3, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species was significantly lower in GsGSTU13 transgenic lines compared to wild-type. Additionally, the survival rates, relative water contents, and the activities of superoxide dismutases, peroxidases, catalases, and GSTs were significantly higher in GsGSTU13 transgenic lines than in the wild-type. In summary, overexpression of GsGSTU13 in rice enhanced salt-alkaline tolerance by promoting ROS scavenging, which could facilitate the breeding of new rice cultivars with improved tolerance to salt-alkaline stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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QTL mapping of tiller angle in qingke ( Hordeum vulgare L.) YANG Jing-Fa, YU Xin-Lian, YAO You-Hua, YAO Xiao-Hua, WANG Lei, WU Kun-Lun, LI Xin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 260-272.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.31086 Abstract （700）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （2612KB）（1013）       Knowledge map    Save Tiller angle (TA) is a crucial component of qingke (hulless barley) architecture, significantly influencing lodging resistance and grain yield. To investigate the genetic basis of TA, we constructed a high-density genetic linkage map using reduced- representation genome sequencing on recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from two parental lines: ‘Dazhangzi’ (characterized by a loose plant architecture) and ‘Kunlun 10’ (characterized by a compact plant architecture). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was performed based on phenotypic data collected from multiple environments. Additionally, residual hybrid lines (RHLs) derived from the RILs were used to expand the population and fine-map the major QTL, qTA7H-1. A total of nine QTLs associated with TA were identified across seven chromosomes in qingke, with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 6.41% to 33.57%. Two QTLs, qTA3H-1 and qTA7H-1, were consistently detected across various environmental conditions, showing average additive effects of 5.42° (increasing TA) and -3.87° (decreasing TA), respectively. Four RHLs were selected within the initial localization interval of qTA7H-1, and F8:9 near-isogenic lines (NILs) were developed through self-pollination. To further refine the mapping, fourteen pairs of molecular markers were designed and densely placed within the QTL’s confidence interval, targeting the extreme single lines of the RHLs. Ultimately, qTA7H-1 was fine-mapped to a 9.54 Mb physical interval between markers PC08 (32,252,397) and PA10 (41,790,765) using five types of recombinant individuals. Taken together, this study elucidates the genetic factors controlling TA, providing a foundation for genetic improvement and molecular breeding of qingke with optimized architecture. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and characterization of drought tolerance function of kinase gene IbHT1 in sweetpotato WANG Yu-Xin, CHEN Tian-Yu, ZHAI Hong, ZHANG Huan, GAO Shao-Pei, HE Shao-Zhen, ZHAO Ning, LIU Qing-Chang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 301-311.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44098 Abstract （921）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （6978KB）（1002）       Knowledge map    Save HT1 (HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE 1) is a protein kinase known for its role in regulating stomatal movement in Arabidopsis. However, its function in sweetpotato has not been reported. In this study, the IbHT1 gene was cloned from the sweetpotato line Xushu 55-2. The full-length CDS of IbHT1 is 1140 bp, encoding a 379-amino acid protein that contains a conserved STKc_MAP3K_Like domain, with a predicted molecular weight of 43.07 kD and an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.83. The genomic sequence of IbHT1 spans 2796 bp, comprising 3 exons and 2 introns. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the IbHT1 protein is localized to the cell membrane, and yeast assays confirmed it lacks transactivation activity. Expression of IbHT1 was down-regulated in response to 20% PEG-6000 treatment. Overexpression of IbHT1 significantly reduced drought tolerance in sweetpotato, while RNA interference (RNAi) of IbHT1 markedly enhanced drought tolerance. Additionally, 10 proteins interacting with IbHT1 were identified through yeast library screening. These findings suggest that IbHT1 may regulate drought tolerance in sweetpotato by interacting with other proteins. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and comprehensive evaluation of agronomic and quality traits of spring soybean varieties in northern China NIE Bo-Tao, LIU De-Quan, CHEN Jian, CUI Zheng-Guo, HOU Yun-Long, CHEN Liang, QIU Hong-Mei, WANG Yue-Qiang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (9): 2248-2266.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44004 Abstract （976）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （1436KB）（988）       Knowledge map    Save Soybean germplasm resources are the key to the improvement of soybean variety. Variation analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, principal components analysis, piecewise linear regression analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted on the main agronomic and quality traits of 334 spring soybean germplasm resources in northern China. The results of cluster analysis showed that 334 soybean germplasm resources could be divided into 4 groups, among which group III mainly include cross breeding soybean varieties in Jilin region, with the high average yield per unit, strong lodging resistance, and better comprehensive performance in this region. Principal components analysis showed that the five principal components represented yield factor, quality factor, plant height factor, branching and flowering factor, and flowering to maturity time factor, with the cumulative contribution rate of 79.76%. The soybean variety with the best overall performance was No. 36 using DTOPSIS method. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that the number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, oil content, the number of nodes on main stem, and the number of seeds per plant had significant effect on yield; oil content, the number of pods per plant, the effective branch number, plant height, and flowering time had significant effect on protein content. Protein content, 100-seed weight, flowering time, flowering to maturity time, the number of pods per plant, and yield had significant effect on oil content. Based on piecewise linear regression analysis, combined with correlation analysis, and multiple regression equations, the optimum plant types for high-yield soybeans were established as follows: the number of nodes on main stem was increasing as much as possible. Five nodes height on the bottom was 8.00-14.70 cm. The number of pods per plant was more than 132.83. The effective branch number was about 6. The flowering time was about 57.16 days. The time from flowering to maturity was greater than 61.29 days, and the whole growth period was controlled before the frost period. Lodging is non-lodging or slight lodging. The number of seeds per plant was about 250.43. Protein content was about 38.87%, oil content was greater than 19.27%, 100-seed weight was 19.45-22.55 g. The optimum plant type of high-yield and high-oil soybeans was approximately 113.50-114.45 cm in plant height. Five nodes height on the bottom was 12.15-14.70 cm. The number of nodes on main stem shall not exceed 25.15 segments. The number of pods per plant was 132.83-142.65. The effective branch number was 0-3.00. Lodging was non-lodging or slight lodging. The flowering time was about 57.16 days. The time from flowering to maturity was 61.29-69.00 days, the number of seeds per plant was approximately 249.63, and 100-seed weight was 19.25-22.55 g. The optimum plant types for high-yield and high-protein soybeans were: the plant height was about 113.50-114.45 cm. Five nodes on the bottom were about 8.00-10.55 cm. The number of nodes on main stem was about 19.42. The number of pods per plant was 132.83-138.96, the branch number was about 4.72. Lodging can be mid-lodging. The flowering time was about 63.00 days. The time from flowering to maturity was about 68.52 days. The number of seeds per plant was 227.54-250.43, 100-seed weight was less than 19.20 g. This study revealed that northern spring soybean germplasm resources had a wide genetic background and rich genetic potential, which was the high-quality soybean breeding resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Auxin response reporter gene transformation of Brassica napus and dynamic signal analysis of GUS in different tissues ZHANG Qin, DAI Cheng, MA Chao-Zhi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 667-675.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44132 Abstract （831）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （7618KB）（967）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the dynamic distribution of auxin in various tissues of Brassica napus, a growth hormone-responsive expression vector with DR5::GUS as the reporter gene was constructed and transformed into B. napus. Transgenic lines stably expressing the GUS gene were obtained. GUS staining revealed that during the seedling stage, strong GUS signals were observed in the cotyledons and hypocotyl, while weaker signals were detected in the true leaves and roots, indicating higher auxin accumulation in the cotyledons. The DR5 promoter was also induced by the auxin analog NAA. At the bud stage, strong GUS signals were found in the anthers and sepals, with weaker signals in the stigma, suggesting that auxin may play a significant role in anther development. In seeds and siliques at various developmental stages after pollination, auxin levels exhibited an increase followed by a decrease, implying a role for auxin in seed development. In conclusion, this study visualized auxin distribution in B. napus using the DR5::GUS auxin reporter system, providing a valuable method for further elucidating the role of auxin in the growth and development of B. napus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification, evaluation and screening of salt-tolerant of soybean germplasm resources at seedling stage SUN Xian-Jun, HU Zheng, JIANG Xue-Min, WANG Shi-Jia, CHEN Xiang-Qian, ZHANG Hui-Yuan, ZHANG Hui, JIANG Qi-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (9): 2179-2186.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44030 Abstract （1257）   HTML （69）    PDF（pc） （1426KB）（920）       Knowledge map    Save Soil salinization has a significant impact on soybean quality and yield. Therefore, it is crucial to screen salt-tolerant soybean resources for the comprehensive utilization of salinized land. To establish a method for identifying and evaluating salt tolerance in soybean at the seedling stage, we conducted experiments using fresh water and 10 equal-differential gradients of NaCl solutions ranging from 0.9% to 1.8%. These solutions were applied to vermiculite culture medium when the soybean plants reached the stage of two emerged leaves. Results indicated that the 1.2% salinity treatment for 16 days demonstrated the highest interquartile range of salt-tolerant grading among various soybean germplasm resources, thus considered the optimal condition for evaluating salt tolerance in soybean seedlings. A total of 504 soybean germplasm resources from diverse geographic regions at home and abroad were subjected to evaluation using the soybean salt-tolerant evaluation system. Among them, 46, 146, 157, 79, and 76 soybean germplasm resources received salt-tolerant gradings of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The soybean resources with salt-tolerant grading 1 were further analyzed using the GmSALT3 gene molecular marker. The amplification results of 40 soybean resources (80.96%) were consistent with the GmSALT3 gene molecular marker. To analyze the change in salt stress concentration in the culture medium during the identification of soybean seedlings, a regression equation was established between soil salt content (Y, %) and electrical conductivity (X, mS cm-1): Y=0.278X-0.0618, with a prediction accuracy above 95%. The variation trend of salt content in the culture medium was measured from the beginning of salt treatment until the end of the investigation, and it was found to be maintained at approximately 13 mS cm-1. This study not only provides a technical system for large-scale identification of salt-tolerant soybean seedlings but also serves as a foundation for breeding new soybean salt-tolerant germplasm resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and application of cotton MNP marker for fingerprint cons- truction AI Sha, LI Sha, FANG Zhi-Wei, LI Lun, LI Tian-Tian, GAO Li-Fen, CHEN Li-Hong, XIAO Hua-Feng, WAN Ren-Jing, YAN Duo-Zi, WU Xing-Ting, PENG Hai, HAN Rui-Xi, ZHOU Jun-Fei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (9): 2267-2278.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34163 Abstract （826）   HTML （38）    PDF（pc） （6754KB）（886）       Knowledge map    Save Cotton is an important economic crop with complex genomes, yet the development of cotton molecular markers lags behind that of other diploid crops, posing challenges. This study utilized the highly polymorphic and accurate Multiple Dispersed Nucleotide Polymorphisms (MNP) marker approach to construct fingerprints for the main cotton varieties in China. This achievement provides a technical foundation for variety identification, genetic diversity analysis, and molecular breeding. Using public cotton genome information, a panel of 940 MNP markers was developed. Subsequently, 98 cotton samples underwent multiplex PCR amplification, library construction, sequencing, and genotyping. As a result, a fingerprint database for each cotton variety was established. Pairwise comparisons based on MNP genotypes were conducted to determine genetic differences, followed by a sequential phylogenetic analysis. Effective amplification products were obtained from all 940 MNP loci in the 98 cotton samples, with amplification product lengths ranging from 163 to 274 bp and an average of 270 bp. A total of 940 polymorphic loci were detected in the 98 samples, with an average discriminative power (DP) of 0.46. When comparing genetic differences between any two varieties, an average of 410.26 MNP loci showed differences, accounting for an average difference of 44.84%. The NJ phylogenetic tree revealed that the 98 cotton samples could be divided into three groups based on MNP markers, roughly corresponding to their distribution in the Yellow River basin, the Yangtze River basin, and the Xinjiang region. The 940 MNP markers developed in this study can accurately classify cotton varieties, and the DNA fingerprints of the 98 cotton varieties constructed using these markers provide technical support for variety identification, variety rights protection, and germplasm innovation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genotype-independent transformation technique development and application in maize YANG Ya-Wen, ZHU Dong-Jie, PAN Hong, ZHANG Yun-Tao, XIA Meng-Yin, HAN Bao-Zhu, JIN Min-Liang, LI Meng-Jiao, DONG Lu-Peng, YANG Ning, ZHOU Ying, XU Jie-Ting, YAN Jian-Bing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2674-2683.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43014 Abstract （1419）   HTML （67）    PDF（pc） （7901KB）（844）       Knowledge map    Save The genetic transformation of maize inbred lines via Agrobacterium tumefaciens is highly genotype-dependent. The morphogenetic genes Baby boom (Bbm) and Wuschel2 (Wus2) significantly enhance transformation efficiency and expand the range of amenable inbred lines. However, achieving transgenic seedlings remain challenging for many maize inbred lines, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found that mixing the target vector with Bbm and Wus2 in a 10:1 ratio facilitates the generation of somatic embryos in most inbred lines. Transient transfection efficiency and the timing of selection are critical factors influencing the formation of somatic embryos and subsequent seedling development. By optimizing infection conditions and delaying selection, we established an efficient and rapid genetic transformation system that is not restricted by genotype. Using this system, we conducted genetic transformation on 131 inbred lines, resulting in successful transgenic plants in 104 of these lines. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of row spacing configuration and density regulation on dry matter production and yield in cotton XIN Ming-Hua, MI Ya-Di, WANG Guo-Ping, LI Xiao-Fei, LI Ya-Bing, DONG He-Lin, HAN Ying-Chun, FENG Lu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 221-232.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.34189 Abstract （1041）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （1748KB）（811）       Knowledge map    Save Row spacing configuration and plant density are critical factors influencing cotton yield and fiber quality. In Xinjiang, cotton is primarily planted using a wide-narrow row spacing system, though equal row spacing is also used. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the effectiveness of these two methods. To clarify this, a two-year field experiment was conducted using the cotton variety Zhongmian 88. A split-plot design was employed, with row spacing configurations (equal row spacing and wide-narrow row spacing) as the main plot and planting densities 12×104 plants hm-2 (D1), 16×104 plants hm-2 (D2), and 18×104 plants hm-2 (D3) as the sub-plots. The study aimed to compare the effects of row spacing configuration and plant density on cotton population growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution, as well as yield and fiber quality. The results showed that the growth rate of leaf area index (LAI), the peak LAI, and the proportion of reproductive organ biomass at the boll opening stage were higher in both equal rows spacing and wide-narrow row spacing at intermediate density (16×104 plants hm-2) compared to the other treatment combinations, with no significant differences between the two configurations. Additionally, no significant differences were found among treatments for cotton growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and boll growth rate (BGR). Over the two years, seed cotton yields were similar for equal row spacing and wide-narrow row spacing at medium density, with no significant differences in fiber quality. A comprehensive analysis over both years concluded that under medium density, both row spacing configurations can achieve optimal yield and fiber quality. This study provides a scientific basis for selecting row spacing configurations and planting densities for cotton cultivation in Xinjiang. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of the CLE gene family in Gossypium hirsutum and functional analysis of the drought resistance of GhCLE13 RONG Yu-Xuan, HUI Liu-Yang, WANG Pei-Qi, SUN Si-Min, ZHANG Xian-Long, YUAN Dao-Jun, YANG Xi-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 2925-2939.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44029 Abstract （1033）   HTML （179）    PDF（pc） （8243KB）（802）       Knowledge map    Save The CLAVATA3/Embryo surrounding region-related (CLE) peptide family is the largest family of small peptide hormones in plants. It is widely present in various plant species and participates in multiple important life activities of plants. In this study, the CLE gene family was identified at the genome-wide level in Gossypium hirsutum, and their gene structures, cis-acting elements in the promoter, protein physicochemical properties, and phylogenetic analysis of GhCLE gene family members were analyzed. The expression profiles of GhCLE gene family members in various tissues were constructed using RNA-seq data. Finally, the drought resistance function of the screened GhCLE genes was validated by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology. The results showed that a total of 40 GhCLE genes were identified in the whole genome of Gossypium hirsutum. The structures of GhCLE genes were relatively simple, with 32 GhCLE genes having no introns, and their protein sequences all contained a 12 aa CLE domain. The GhCLE gene promoter region contains a variety of cis-acting elements related to light response, stress response, hormone response, and development. The gene expression profile showed that the GhCLE gene was expressed in multiple tissues of Gossypium hirsutum, with GhCLE13-D-2 being specifically expressed in root tissue and induced by drought. The function of the GhCLE13-D-2 gene in improving cotton drought resistance was validated through VIGS technology and the measurement and comparison of MDA content. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the in-depth study of small peptides, such as CLE, in plant drought resistance and cotton germplasm innovation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic analysis of key target traits in the early-maturing wheat cultivar Yangmai 37 LYU Guo-Feng, FAN Jin-Ping, WU Su-Lan, ZHANG Xiao, ZHAO Ren-Hui, LI Man, WANG Ling, GAO De-Rong, BIE Tong-De, LIU Jian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1538-1547.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41063 Abstract （490）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （498KB）（800）       Knowledge map    Save Hybridization between winter and spring wheat varieties is an important approach to broaden the genetic base of wheat cultivars. Yangmai 37, an early-maturing spring wheat cultivar, was developed from a cross between the spring wheat Zhenmai 9 and the semi-winter wheat Han 6172. To investigate the genetic composition of Yangmai 37 and the selection of functional genes during its breeding process, we compared key breeding traits—including growth period, yield components, disease resistance, and quality-related traits—as well as the haplotypes of 64 functional genes associated with these traits between Yangmai 37 and its two parents. The results showed that Yangmai 37 matured four days earlier than Zhenmai 9. Its plant height was similar to Zhenmai 9, while its spike density (spikes m-2) and thousand-grain weight (TGW) were intermediate between its parents. However, its grain number per spike (grains spike-1) was higher than both parents. In terms of disease resistance, Yangmai 37 exhibited moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB), similar to Zhenmai 9, but was susceptible to powdery mildew (PM) and wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), like Han 6172. The protein content of Yangmai 37 was comparable to Zhenmai 9, but its dough stability time was significantly lower. Genetic contribution analysis revealed that 62.5% of Yangmai 37’s genetic makeup originated from Zhenmai 9, while 37.5% came from Han 6172. Yangmai 37 inherited the same haplotypes for vernalization, photoperiod, and flowering genes as its female parent. It also carried the dwarf gene Rht-B1b from Zhenmai 9 and inherited high grain weight haplotypes at TaGS-D1 and TaSus2-2B from its female parent, as well as TaSus1-7A from its male parent. Additionally, Yangmai 37 retained the QTL QFhs.crc-2D, associated with FHB resistance, from Zhenmai 9 but lost the Pm21 gene for PM resistance and QYm.nau-2D, a QTL for WYMV resistance, from its female parent. For pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) resistance, Yangmai 37 harbored the same Sdr-B1a and Vp-1Bc haplotypes as Zhenmai 9. However, Yangmai 37 lacked the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) combination 1Dx5+1Dy10, which is associated with superior gluten strength in Zhenmai 9. Instead, it inherited the 1RS·1BL translocation, known to negatively impact gluten quality, from its male parent. The selection of flowering-related genes and PHS resistance haplotypes contributed to the unequal distribution of parental alleles in Yangmai 37. Meanwhile, the loss of Pm21, QYm.nau-2D, and 1Dx5+1Dy10, along with the introduction of the 1RS·1BL translocation, were key factors influencing the differences in disease resistance and quality traits between Yangmai 37 and its female parent, Zhenmai 9. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of screening method for salt tolerance at germination stage and identification of salt-tolerant germplasms in soybean LIU Xin-Yue, GUO Xiao-Yang, WANG Xin-Ru, XIN Da-Wei, GUAN Rong-Xia, QIU Li-Juan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (8): 2122-2130.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44006 Abstract （1150）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （4658KB）（787）       Knowledge map    Save Salinity tolerance is prioritized for soybean because salt can affect soybean germination and growth. Screening for salt-tolerant soybean germplasms is of great significance for the breeding salt-tolerant soybean varieties and the utilization of saline lands for production. In this study, eight representative soybean germplasms were used as the experimental materials, soybean seeds were planted in vermiculite and treated with 150 mmol L-1 NaCl or water as the control. The germination rate and radicle length of soybean were measured after 2 days and 3 days treatment, aiming to establish the identification index and evaluation method of soybean salt tolerance at germination stage. In comparison to control, the germination rate and radicle length of soybean decreased under salt stress. No significant difference was observed in the germination rate and relative radicle length (RRL) between germplasms after 2 days salt treatment. Significant difference was observed in RRL after 3 days salt stress. Therefore, RRL was selected as the evaluation indicator to distinguish salt tolerance of 48 soybean germplasms. The 48 germplasms were divided into 5 levels by using RRL after 3 days salt treatment. Level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4, and level 5 was high tolerant, tolerant, medium sensitive, sensitive, and most sensitive, respectively. Five high salt-tolerant germplasms and 12 salt-tolerant germplasms were identified at germination stage. These germplasms were screened for salt tolerance at both emergence and seedling stages Three soybeans were identified for salt tolerance from germination stage to seeding stage, namely Zhonghuang 685, Heinong 94, and Dongsheng 104. In conclusion, a screening method for salt tolerance at germination stage under controlled condition was established, which laid a foundation for the identification and utilization of salt tolerant germplasms. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of nitrate transporter protein 1/peptide transporter protein family 6.4 gene ( ScNPF6.4) and functional analysis of its regulation of tillering in sugarcane LI Xu-Juan, LI Chun-Jia, TIAN Chun-Yan, KONG Chun-Yan, XU Chao-Hua, LIU Xin-Long Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (8): 2131-2142.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44002 Abstract （676）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （3121KB）（776）       Knowledge map    Save Sugarcane is an important sugar and energy crop, and tillering is one of the important traits affecting its yield. Nitrate transporter 1 (NRT1) / peptide transporter (PTR) family (NPF) protein plays an important role in plant vegetative growth and development, mining and exploitation of NPF genes in sugarcane could lay an important foundation for genetic regulation of tillering in sugarcane. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of the NPF6.4 gene (ScNPF6.4) was obtained from sugarcane variety ROC22 by combining pre-transcriptomic data with RT-PCR. Subsequently, the sequence structure, physicochemical properties and phylogeny were analyzed. The tissue-specific expression of the gene in sugarcane at seedlings stage, the expression in axillary bud germination, and the expression pattern in responsive to hormone treatments were analyzed. Finally, the gene was genetically transformed into rice to verify the over-expression for functional verification. The results showed that the cDNA of ScNPF6.4 contained an open reading frame of 1806 bp encoding 601 amino acids, which belonged to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) protein with a molecular weight of 63.9 kD and a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.23, and included 12 transmembrane helical regions. The protein was hydrophobic in nature and had no signal peptide, whereas it belonged to a class of stable non-secretory proteins. In addition, phylogenetic analysis illustrated that it belonged to the NPF family and 6.4 subfamily of proteins. Likewise, subcellular localization indicated that the protein was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The tissue-specific analysis revealed that the relative expression level of ScNPF6.4 was the highest in roots and lower in leaf and stem bases of sugarcane seedling. Moreover, ScNPF6.4 was up-regulated at the axillary bud sprouting stage of different sugarcane varieties, and appropriate concentrations of exogenous plant hormones such as 6-BA, ABA, GA3, IBA, ethylene, and SLs could induce the up-regulated its expression in sugarcane at seedling stage, while ectopic over-expression of ScNPF6.4 increased the tillering number and induced early heading in rice. Thus, it could be inferred that ScNPF6.4 could regulate the germination of sugarcane tiller buds, and its expression was up-regulated by exogenous phytohormones, whereas the over-expression of this gene could increase the tillering numbers and induce early heading in rice. This study provides an important genetic resource for the breeding of sugarcane to improve tillering ability, which is beneficial for the early and rapid growth and high cane yield formation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional study of OgXa13 in Oryza meyeriana ZHANG Zheng-Kang, SU Yan-Hong, RUAN Sun-Mei, ZHANG Min, ZHANG Pan, ZHANG Hui, ZENG Qian-Chun, LUO Qiong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 334-346.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.32006 Abstract （658）   HTML （36）    PDF（pc） （9061KB）（776）       Knowledge map    Save Bacterial blight is one of the most devastating bacterial diseases in rice production. The identification and utilization of resistance genes in rice breeding is the most economical and effective method for controlling this disease. Oryza meyeriana represents a valuable genetic resource due to its high resistance, and even immunity, to bacterial blight. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA and an 8908 bp genomic sequence of OgXa13, a homolog of OsXa13, from Oryza meyeriana using transcriptome and genome sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed that the gene structure of OgXa13 consists of five exons and four introns, mirroring the structure of rice OsXa13, and its core promoter sequence is identical to that of the rice susceptibility gene OsXa13. A total of 21 amino acid differences were observed between OgXa13 and OsXa13, with four key substitutions located in the MtN3.1 domain. Overexpression of OgXa13 and its introduction into TP309 plants via genetic transformation significantly enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. It is hypothesized that the amino acid sequence differences contribute to the distinct functions of the OgXa13 and OsXa13 proteins, suggesting that OgXa13 could be utilized as a dominant resistance gene in rice breeding. Furthermore, knockout of the OsXa13 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 in Nipponbare T1 homozygous lines also significantly enhanced resistance to bacterial blight, demonstrating that editing the susceptibility gene OsXa13 through CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective strategy for improving resistance. This study provides a valuable genetic resource and new insights for breeding rice with enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening candidate resistance genes to ear rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides in maize by combined GWAS and transcriptome analysis YE Liang, ZHU Ye-Lin, PEI Lin-Jing, ZHANG Si-Ying, ZUO Xue-Qian, LI Zheng-Zhen, LIU Fang, TAN Jing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (9): 2279-2296.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33049 Abstract （1258）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （15220KB）（770）       Knowledge map    Save Maize, as the largest grain crop in China, holds great significance for food security and agricultural stability, making it crucial to achieve high and stable yields. Ear rot, a fungal disease, poses a serious threat to global corn production, resulting in significant yield reduction and quality deterioration. This study focused on the dominant pathogen Fusarium verticillioides and aimed to identify resistance in 241 maize inbred lines from diverse sources through two years of artificial inoculation in the field. Additionally, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 20,586 high-quality SNP markers to identify SNP loci significantly associated with ear rot resistance. Based on this research, one maize inbred line with high resistance and one with high susceptibility to F. verticillioides-induced ear rot were selected. The young kernels of these lines were subjected to RNA transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) at three different infection stages, and differentially expressied genes (DEGs) and enrichment analysis were conducted. The results of GWAS and RNA-seq were combined to identify candidate resistant genes. The main findings were as followed: (1) Four inbred lines resistant to F. verticillioides-induced ear rot were selected based on two years of field resistance identification. Maize germplasm with tropical consanguinity exhibited higher resistance. (2) A total of 26 SNP loci associated with ear rot resistance were detected through two years of GWAS analysis, with 18 loci located within previously identified QTL regions. (3) RNA-seq analysis revealed differential response genes between resistant and susceptible lines upon F. verticillioides infection. The resistant line exhibited a greater number of DEGs and up-regulated genes. In the co-enriched GO entries and KEGG pathways specific to the DEGs of resistant and susceptible lines, the proportion of DEGs enriched in the resistant line was significantly higher. Moreover, some entries and pathways related to plant defense against pathogens were specifically enriched in the resistant line. (4) Sixteen genes, detected by both GWAS and RNA-seq, were identified as candidate genes by screening those co-located with transcriptome DEGs within a range of 100 kb upstream and downstream of significant association loci. Based on protein function and relevant literature reports, six candidate genes related to ear rot resistance were predicted. In summary, this study identified four maize lines resistant to F. verticillioides-induced ear rot. Maize germplasm from tropical and subtropical regions holds promise for stress-tolerant variety breeding. The preliminary analysis of DEGs and related resistance mechanisms of maize in response to F. verticillioides infection was conducted. Furthermore, six candidate genes associated with ear rot resistance were identified through the integration of GWAS and RNA-seq. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the cloning and validation of maize ear rot resistance genes, as well as the breeding of resistant varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcription factor GhWRKY41 enhances cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae by promoting SA synthesis XIAO Sheng-Hua, DONG Xian-Man, PENG Xin, LI An-Zi, BI Zhao-Fu, LIAO Ming-Jing, HUANG Li-Hao, GUAN Qian-Qian, HU Qin, ZHU Long-Fu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (10): 2447-2457.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44009 Abstract （936）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （7490KB）（753）       Knowledge map    Save Cotton is an important commercial crop, and its yield and quality are severely affected by Verticillium dahliae. Identifying cotton resistance genes to Verticillium dahliae and exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms is of great significance for accelerating the breeding process of cotton resistant to Verticillium wilt. In a previous study, the WRKY gene GhWRKY41 was identified as being induced by Verticillium dahliae in multiple resistant cotton varieties, enhancing cotton resistance through the activation of phenylpropanoid metabolism. This study further analyzed the expression patterns of GhWRKY41 under different hormone treatments, validated its disease resistance function in the upland cotton variety ‘Jin668’ using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay, and measured endogenous hormone content. The results demonstrated that GhWRKY41 was significantly up-regulated by SA, Me-JA, and H2O2. Silencing GhWRKY41 weakened cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae, while overexpression of GhWRKY41 led to a marked increase in SA content, and its RNAi lines showed a decrease in SA content. RT-qPCR results revealed that the expression levels of the SA biosynthesis gene GhSID2 and the SA signal transduction genes GhNPR1, GhPR1, and GhPR5 were significantly up-regulated in GhWRKY41-overexpression plants but decreased in GhWRKY41-RNAi plants. ChIP-qPCR and luciferase reporter gene assays showed that GhWRKY41 binds to and activates the expression of GhSID2, GhPR1, and GhPR5. Additionally, external spraying of SA significantly enhanced cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae. In summary, GhWRKY41 enhances cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae by promoting SA synthesis. This study elucidates the biological function of GhWRKY41 in cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae and provides a theoretical basis for developing cotton varieties with improved resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Salt tolerance evaluation and transcriptome analysis of maize mutant caspl2b2 ZHANG Jin-Hui, XIAO Zi-Yi, LI Xu-Hua, ZHANG Ming, JIA Chun-Lan, PAN Zhen-Yuan, QIU Fa-Zhan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 3144-3154.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43017 Abstract （802）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （9065KB）（740）       Knowledge map    Save Salt stress-sensitive mutants are crucial genetic materials for studying the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in crops. In this study, the maize inbred line LY8405 and the mutant caspl2b2 were used to investigate phenotype, physiological, and biochemical indices at the seedling stage under normal growth and salt stress conditions. The results showed that, compared to LY8405, the survival rate of caspl2b2 significantly decreased under salt stress, and the growth of aboveground parts was notably inhibited. The content of Na+ ions and malondialdehyde (MDA) in aboveground parts significantly increased, while transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration also increased significantly. Conversely, the net photosynthetic rate significantly decreased. To uncover the molecular basis of the phenotypic differences under salt stress, transcriptome analysis was performed on leaf tissues of LY8405 and caspl2b2 under normal growth and salt stress conditions. The results revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly concentrated in glutathione transferase activity, glutathione metabolism, REDOX enzyme activity, and cell homeostasis, with glutathione metabolism being the most significant. This study not only provides important germplasm resources for the genetic basis analysis of crop salt tolerance, but also lays a foundation for the identification of salt tolerance genes and the analysis of genetic regulatory networks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of green manure incorporation and nitrogen reduction on N 2O emissions and wheat yield in oasis irrigated areas ZHANG Dong-Ling, YU Ai-Zhong, LYU Han-Qiang, YANG Xue-Hui, WANG Yu-Long, WANG Peng-Fei, SHANG Yong-Pan, YIN Bo, LIU Ya-Long, WANG Feng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 1005-1021.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41065 Abstract （520）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （1576KB）（735）       Knowledge map    Save In the oasis irrigated regions of Northwest China, long-term use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers has resulted in significant problems, such as gaseous nitrogen losses and a decline in soil fertility. It is essential to study the effects of varying green manure incorporation rates and nitrogen application levels on crop yield and soil N2O emissions. From 2019 to 2021, a field experiment was conducted in the Shiyang River Basin of the Hexi Corridor. After the harvest of spring wheat, hairy vetch was replanted, with four green manure incorporation levels established during its flowering stage: 7500 kg hm-2 (G1), 15,000 kg hm-2 (G2), 22,500 kg hm-2 (G3), and 30,000 kg hm-2 (G4). In the following year, prior to spring wheat sowing, two nitrogen reduction levels were implemented: a 15% reduction (N153) and a 30% reduction (N126), with a traditional nitrogen application without green manure (G0N180) as the control. The results showed that, compared to G0N180, the combination of green manure incorporation and nitrogen reduction significantly increased wheat grain yield while reducing N2O emissions and emission intensity. The yield of G4N153 treatment was the highest, ranging from 9135.33 to 9250.42 kg hm-2. Within the same level of green manure incorporation, a 30% nitrogen reduction significantly lowered N2O emissions compared to a 15% reduction. Similarly, for the same nitrogen level, G3 and G4 significantly reduced N2O emissions compared to G1 and G2. The study also found, the reduction in N2O emissions primarily occurred before the wheat jointing stage, which was attributed to a notable decrease in soil nitrate and ammonium content as well as the activities of nitrate and nitrite reductases during the wheat sowing and seedling stages under treatments combining green manure with nitrogen reduction treatments. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between soil available nitrogen content, enzyme activities during the wheat sowing and seedling stages, and N2O emissions (P < 0.01). Under a 15% nitrogen reduction, G4 increased soil available nitrogen content during the wheat's flowering and maturity stages compared to G1, G2, and G3, ensuring nitrogen uptake during the later stages of wheat growth. Overall, in the Hexi oasis irrigated region, the combination of green manure incorporation and reduced nitrogen application significantly enhanced wheat yield while reducing soil N2O emissions and emission intensity. Incorporating 30,000 kg hm-2 of green manure with a 15% reduction in nitrogen application provided the best results. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrative analysis of RNA-seq and PER-seq to elucidate regulatory network of ZmHDZ6 expression FANG Ying-Hao, ZHOU Bo, CHEN Ru-Mei, YANG Wen-Zhu, QIN Hui-Min Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 958-968.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43055 Abstract （791）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （972KB）（733）       Knowledge map    Save Maize is a crop with high water demand, and drought is a major factor limiting its productivity. Building on previous findings and related research, we identified that the ZmHDZ6 gene is strongly induced by drought, and transgenic plants overexpressing ZmHDZ6 exhibit enhanced drought resistance. To investigate the downstream regulatory mechanisms of the maize transcription factor ZmHDZ6, RNA-seq was performed on transgenic maize plants overexpressing ZmHDZ6, while PER-seq (protoplast transient expression-based RNA sequencing) was conducted using protoplasts from the B73 inbred line. An integrative analysis of these datasets revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by both methods showed consistent results in GO analysis, with their functions primarily associated with redox reactions. KEGG pathway analysis further demonstrated consistency in the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Notably, RNA-seq DEGs were additionally enriched in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism pathways, while PER-seq DEGs were enriched in ribosome biogenesis pathways. Based on these findings, we propose that ZmHDZ6 enhances drought resistance in maize by regulating genes involved in redox processes and benzoxazinoid metabolism. Furthermore, through an integrative analysis of DNA binding motifs of the HD-ZIP I family and the promoters of 129 common DEGs (Co-DEGs), combined with gene annotation and motif physical location information, we narrowed potential target genes down to 16, of which 8 are closely associated with stress responses in maize. This study provides a detailed analysis of the regulatory network of ZmHDZ6 expression, offering valuable insights into the drought resistance mechanisms mediated by ZmHDZ6 and a reference for further functional studies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and breeding application of resistance genetics to ear rot in maize Su Ai-Guo, Xiao Sen-Lin, Yi Hong-Mei, Duan Sai-Ru, Wang Shuai-Shuai, Zhang Ru-Yang, Xing Jin-Feng, Li Chun-Hui, Sun Xuan, Xu Rui-Bin, Xu Tian-Jun, Li Zhi-Yong, Zhang Yong, Wang Rong-Huan, Song Wei, Zhao Jiu-Ran Acta Agronomica Sinica    2026, 52 (1): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53053 Abstract （1035）   HTML （75）    PDF（pc） （3406KB）（723）       Knowledge map    Save Ear rot is a significant disease in maize production, with ramifications for both yield and quality. Furthermore, the toxin produced by the pathogen poses a threat to human and animal health. The most efficacious method of controlling ear rot is to breed and plant highly resistant varieties of maize. A significant number of researchers have conducted in-depth studies on the resistance candidate genes and molecular genetic mechanisms in response to dominant pathogens. QTL and significant associated SNP loci related to ear rot resistance have been reported on all 10 chromosomes of maize. However, due to the complexity of pathogen infection and the fact that resistance is quantitative trait locus-controlled trait influenced by multiple genes, there are few examples of such research being applied to disease-resistant breeding. The present paper introduces the main pathogens of corn ear rot, their geographical distribution, factors influencing disease incidence, and toxin hazards. The present paper constitutes a review of recent research progress in the identification of FER (fusarium ear rot, FER) and GER (gibberella ear rot, GER) resistance genes and their molecular genetic mechanisms. Moreover, it provides an outlook for disease-resistant breeding. Advances in multi-omics joint analysis and the application of new biological technologies are expected to promote the identification of major resistance genes and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms. Consequently, this may lead to the accelerated creation of resistance germplasm and breeding for resistance to ear rot in maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physicochemical properties of wheat starch and the molecular mechanisms of its synthesis KANG Guo-Zhang, WANG Yong-Hua, GUO Tian-Cai Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2665-2673.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.41020 Abstract （1497）   HTML （66）    PDF（pc） （681KB）（713）       Knowledge map    Save Starch is the most important component of wheat grain, determining grain weight and significantly influencing the quality of noodles and steamed buns, the primary cooking pasta products in China. Therefore, it is crucial to deeply explore the physicochemical properties of wheat starch and the molecular mechanisms underlying its synthesis. In common wheat, amylose and amylopectin constitute 17%-34% and 66%-83% of the total starch content, respectively. These two components exist in two particle shapes: A-type ( > 9.8 μm) and B-type ( < 9.8 μm). Their physicochemical properties (content, amylose/amylopectin ratio, swelling, gelatinization, etc.) significantly affect the processing quality of cooked pasta products such as noodles and steamed buns. The wheat genome contains 26 genes that encode subunits or isoenzymes of starch synthesis enzymes, with their expression levels being heavily regulated at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. This review examines the physicochemical properties of wheat starch, the relationships between these properties and the processing quality of noodles and steamed buns, the functional genes involved in starch synthesis, and their regulatory factors at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. Finally, future research directions for wheat starch are discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of drip irrigation on post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and grain-filling characteristics of winter wheat under subsoiling tillage ZHANG Yan-Yan, LI Ying, LIU Xu-Chen, HUANG Chao, LYU Jia-Ning, ZHOU Hai-Jia, MA Shou-Tian, QIN An-Zhen, GAO Zi-Le, WU Guang-Hui, CHEN Dan, JI Xia-Nan, LIU Zhan-Dong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (11): 3065-3079.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51036 Abstract （356）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （3781KB）（687）       Knowledge map    Save The development and widespread adoption of agricultural mechanization in the North China Plain have led to issues such as soil compaction and thickening of the plow layer, which in turn restrict crop growth. Subsoiling tillage is an effective method to break the plow pan, improve the soil environment within the tillage layer, and promote crop growth. However, in some regions, irrational irrigation practices have diminished the soil-improving benefits of subsoiling. To elucidate the positive effects of subsoiling on dry matter accumulation in winter wheat, this study employed border irrigation with a lower limit of 70% field capacity under both subsoiling (ST) and rotary tillage (RT). Under the subsoiling condition, three drip irrigation lower limits—70% (DI-H), 60% (DI-M), and 50% (DI-L) of field capacity—were set, with irrigation triggered when the soil moisture reached the respective threshold. Using ST as the control, the effects of different lower limits on post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and grain filling characteristics were evaluated to determine the optimal drip irrigation strategy under subsoiling. Results showed that compared with RT, ST significantly enhanced post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and grain filling, extending the durations of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation (Tdry) and grain filling (Tgrain) by 5.15 d and 0.87 d, respectively. ST also increased the rates of both processes, resulting in a 9.7% increase in final biomass. Among the subsoiling treatments, DI-H prolonged Tdry by 15.05 d compared with ST, but reduced the average post-anthesis dry matter accumulation rate (Bmean) by 0.10 t hm-2 d-1, leading to no significant difference in total dry matter accumulation. However, DI-H extended Tgrain by 2.56 d and increased grain weight by 22.1% (P < 0.05). The DI-M treatment extended Tdry by 8.45 d without significantly affecting Bmean, resulting in a 15.7% increase in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation (P < 0.05). In addition, DI-M extended Tgrain by 3.64 d, increased maximum grain filling rate (Gmax) by 0.18 mg grain-1 d-1, and improved grain weight by 20.9% (P < 0.05). In contrast, DI-L shortened both Tdry and Tgrain by 5.22 and 3.27 d, respectively, compared with ST, and reduced both Gmean and Bmean by 0.06 mg grain-1 d-1 and 0.05 t hm-2 d-1, ultimately lowering biomass and grain weight by 17.6% and 12.3% (P < 0.05), respectively. A comprehensive evaluation using the TOPSIS method indicated that DI-M had the highest overall score, suggesting that a lower irrigation threshold of 60% field capacity is the optimal drip irrigation regime for winter wheat under subsoiling. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for developing rational irrigation strategies under subsoiling conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on waterlogging tolerance mechanism and genetic improvement in rapeseed XIE Ling-Li, LI Yong-Ling, XU Ben-Bo, ZHANG Xue-Kun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 287-300.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44121 Abstract （1068）   HTML （51）    PDF（pc） （1970KB）（686）       Knowledge map    Save Waterlogging is one of the important abiotic stresses during agricultural production, mainly inhibiting plant growth by low oxygen stress, ion toxicity, et al. Rapeseed is very sensitive to waterlogging stress, and waterlogging stress during any growth period can delay growth and development, and further affects rapeseeds yield and quality. Rapeseed mainly responds and adapts to waterlogging stress through excessive ROS clearance, energy metabolism transformating, and endogenous hormones regulating. In order to accelerate the genetic improvement of waterlogging tolerance in rapeseed, this article reviews the changes in demand for waterlogging tolerance improvement in rapeseed, the effect of waterlogging stress on the growth, development, yield and quality of rapeseed, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rapeseed response to waterlogging stress, and the main technical approaches for waterlogging tolerance improvement. It will lay the foundation for in-depth research on waterlogging tolerance mechanisms and provide theoretical guidance for cultivating new waterlogging tolerance varieties in rapeseed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of organic material inputs on soil physicochemical properties and summer maize yield formation in coastal saline-alkali land ZHANG Gui-Qin, WANG Hong-Zhang, GUO Xin-Song, ZHU Fu-Jun, GAO Han, ZHANG Ji-Wang, ZHAO Bin, REN Bai-Zhao, LIU Peng, REN Hao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (9): 2323-2334.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43002 Abstract （1011）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （575KB）（683）       Knowledge map    Save This study investigates the regulatory effects of different organic material inputs on soil physicochemical properties, as well as maize growth and development, in coastal saline-alkali land. The objective is to provide a theoretical basis for summer maize production in such environments. The experiment was conducted during the summer maize growing seasons of 2021-2022 in coastal saline-alkali farmland located in Wudi county, Binzhou city, Shandong province. The organic materials used included humic acid (3000 kg hm-2, HA), biochar (15,000 kg hm-2, BC), and bio-organic fertilizer (15,000 kg hm-2, BO), while the control (CK) had no organic materials added. The study examined changes in soil bulk density, total porosity, field capacity, pH value, electrical conductivity, and total organic carbon content in the 0-40 cm soil layer. Additionally, the effects of different organic material inputs on aboveground dry matter accumulation and maize yield formation were assessed. The results demonstrated that the application of humic acid, biochar, and bio-organic fertilizer can improve the physicochemical properties of saline-alkali soil. All three organic material treatments significantly reduced the bulk density of the surface soil, increased total porosity and field capacity, and reduced the pH value of the 0-10 cm soil layer by 0.17, 0.08, and 0.20, respectively. After two years of continuous application, humic acid significantly decreased soil electrical conductivity in the 0-40 cm soil layer by an average of 32.74%. Furthermore, all three organic materials significantly increased the total organic carbon content in the 0-20 cm soil layer, with the biochar treatment exhibiting a significant increase of 57.99%. Both humic acid and bio-organic fertilizer treatments significantly increased aboveground biomass and yield of summer maize. After two consecutive years of application, the humic acid treatment showed a significant yield increase of 11.01%, indicating superior performance. In conclusion, comprehensive analysis showed that the application of humic acid can improve soil physical structure, reduce the pH of the 0-10 cm soil layer, increase organic carbon content, decrease soil electrical conductivity, promote aboveground biomass accumulation in summer maize, and enhance grain yield under the conditions of this study. Moreover, humic acid application demonstrated increased net yield compared to the control after two consecutive years. Therefore, humic acid can be employed as an organic material to improve soil physical and chemical properties in coastal saline-alkali land, while promoting the growth and development of summer maize. Although bio-organic fertilizer also enhances soil physical and chemical properties, further localized experiments are necessary to verify its long-term economic effects. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microbial community succession during in situ degradation of potato stems and leaves ZENG Yu, GUO Hua-Chun, YANG Yong-Tao, WANG Yu-Long, HE An-Le, WANG Qiong, BAI Lei, LI Jun, ZHANG Rui Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (11): 3038-3051.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.54054 Abstract （396）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （1404KB）（669）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the decomposition characteristics, nutrient release patterns, and dynamics of microbial community structure across different parts of potato straw, this study employed the nylon mesh bag method. Fresh stem, leaf, and whole-plant straw (not previously returned to the field) were used as controls, with three treatments: stem decomposition (S), leaf decomposition (L), and whole-plant decomposition (W). Samples were collected at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after soil incorporation to assess differences in decomposition behavior, nutrient release, and microbial community composition under each treatment. The results showed that cumulative decomposition rates for stem, leaf, and whole-plant straw followed a rapid-then-slow pattern, with leaves exhibiting the highest decomposition rate of 67.96% during the first 30 days, compared to 52.43% and 40.22% for whole-plant and stem, respectively. The cumulative nutrient release rates across treatments followed the order K > P > N. By day 120, nitrogen release was highest from leaves, while phosphorus release was highest from stems. In terms of microbial diversity, both bacterial and fungal α-diversity showed an initial increase followed by a decline, peaking at day 90. The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria (34.57%-62.44%) and Actinobacteriota (10.64%-33.79%), while fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota (87.35%-99.77%). Leaf and whole-plant treatments significantly increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota, whereas stem decomposition significantly enhanced the relative abundance of Firmicutes. At the genus level, dominant bacterial genera included unclassified_f__Rhizobiaceae (2.31%-13.57%), Devosia (2.29%-10.27%), and Gordonia (0.29%-11.07%), while dominant fungal genera included Gibellulopsis (10.56%-59.85%), unclassified_f__Plectosphaerellaceae (8.29%-44.16%), and Plectosphaerella (8.92%-44.88%). Correlation analysis revealed that bacterial genera such as Steroidobacter and Bacillus were strongly positively correlated with cumulative decomposition rates but negatively correlated with residual straw nutrients. In contrast, fungal genera such as Zopfiella and Arthrobotrys were positively correlated with both decomposition rates and nutrient release. In conclusion, leaf straw decomposed most efficiently within the first 30 days, while whole-plant and stem straw showed relatively effective decomposition between 60 and 120 days. All treatments enhanced microbial richness, diversity, and species abundance within 90 days. Compared to bacterial genera, fungal genera played a more prominent role in promoting straw decomposition and nutrient release. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of chemical regulators and other cultivation measures in lodging resistance and high-yield cultivation of wheat LI Hui-Min, XING Zhi-Peng, ZHANG Hai-Peng, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, LI Guang-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 847-862.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41066 Abstract （1075）   HTML （81）    PDF（pc） （3336KB）（663）       Knowledge map    Save Lodging has always been a key factor limiting the high and stable yield of wheat. Chemical anti-lodging regulator is an effective strategy to reduce lodging risk. Chemical anti-lodging regulators (CARs) spraying can control wheat growth, improve stem strength, and prevent lodging. However, the research and application of chemical control and lodging resistance in wheat high-yield cultivation have not been comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this paper collected and sorted out the wheat CARs registered in China, summarized the characteristics, efficacy and effects of different CARs on wheat stem structure and composition, root system, canopy structure, crop productivity and quality, and summarized the suitable application period of different CARs in realizing the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and lodging resistance with the goal of high yield and anti-lodging. In addition, the management measures of wheat lodging resistance (tillage mode, suitable density, nutrient level and water management), evaluation methods of wheat lodging resistance and the influence of CARs on key indicators were summarized. The research direction of CARs in wheat anti-lodging high-yield cultivation was prospected, aiming at providing precise control measures and theoretical support for promoting wheat high-yield and stable yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Map-based cloning and functional analysis of Dwarf and Tillering 1 ( DT1) gene in rice LI Chun-Mei, CHEN Jie, LANG Xing-Xuan, ZHUANG Hai-Min, ZHU Jing, DU Zi-Jun, FENG Hao-Tian, JIN Han, ZHU Guo-Lin, LIU Kai Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 347-357.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42030 Abstract （988）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （7462KB）（646）       Knowledge map    Save Tillering is a crucial trait that influences plant architecture and yield in rice. In this study, we identified a natural mutant with dwarf stature and high tillering, which we designated as dwarf and tillering 1 (dt1). The dt1 mutant exhibited significant reductions in panicle length, seed setting rate, grain length, grain width, thousand-grain weight, and the number and size of vascular bundle sheath cells compared to the wild type. Map-based cloning revealed that the dt1 phenotype was caused by an 8 bp insertion in the second exon of D17/HTD1 (LOC_Os04g46470), which encodes Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 7 (CCD7), a key enzyme in strigolactone biosynthesis. Thus, dt1 represents a new allele of D17/HTD1. Additionally, the dt1 mutant showed significantly reduced germination rate, root length, and root diameter, all of which were restored by the exogenous application of the strigolactone analog GR24. Transcriptomic analysis identified 579 up-regulated and 506 down-regulated genes in the dt1 mutant. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to auxin response, endogenous stimulus response, and hormone response, while the down-regulated genes were enriched in pathways involved in cellular carbohydrate metabolism and histone methylation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the up-regulated genes were associated with plant hormone signal transduction, whereas the down-regulated genes were linked to amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, as well as diterpenoid biosynthesis. These findings enhance our understanding of the regulatory roles of CCD7 and strigolactones in rice and hold significant theoretical implications for rice breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics