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Genetic relationship analysis and fingerprints construction of faba bean varieties in Qinghai province based on SSR markers ZHENG Dong, ZHOU Xian-Li, TENG Chang-Cai, HOU Wan-Wei, ZHANG Hong-Yan, LIU Yu-Jiao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 79-90.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44066 Abstract （343）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （2262KB）（3823）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the population structure and relationships among cultivated varieties, advanced lines, and backbone parents of faba bean in Qinghai province, forty-six pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism, stability, and repeatability were used to analyze the genetic diversity of thirty-six varieties (lines) and construct genetic fingerprints. The results revealed that 262 alleles were detected using the forty-six primer pairs through capillary electrophoresis. The number of polymorphic alleles (Na) per primer ranged from two to fifteen, with an average of 5.696 alleles. The average number of effective alleles per locus was 2.988, ranging from 1.180 to 9.257. The Shannon index ranged from 0.287 to 2.444, with an average of 1.210. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.141 to 0.883, with an average of 0.553, indicating rich genetic diversity among the faba bean varieties in Qinghai. Clustering analysis grouped the 36 materials into four subgroups: subgroup I (twenty-four materials), subgroup II (four materials), subgroup III (seven materials), and subgroup IV (one material). Population genetic structure and principal coordinate analyses divided the materials into two subgroups, with subgroup I containing seventeen materials and subgroup II containing nineteen materials. There was some overlap between the subgroups identified by clustering and those identified by population structure analysis, which clarified the genetic relationships and population structure of the main faba bean cultivars in Qinghai province. On this basis, four core primer pairs were selected to construct genetic fingerprints for the thirty-six materials, which were subsequently stored in a two-dimensional code. The fingerprinting of the main faba bean cultivars in Qinghai provides an effective tool for variety identification and offers technical support for parental selection and the protection of new varieties in future faba bean breeding programs in the region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in phytohormone regulation of square and boll shedding in cotton XIE Zhang-Shu, XIE Xue-Fang, TU Xiao-Ju, LIU Ai-Yu, DONG He-Zhong, ZHOU Zhong-Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 1-29.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44122 Abstract （666）   HTML （74）    PDF（pc） （4249KB）（1650）       Knowledge map    Save Cotton square and boll shedding is a common phenomenon, which can occur as an active adaptive response to adverse environmental stress or as a passive loss due to genetic characteristics, environmental conditions, cultivation practices, and various biotic and abiotic stresses. Square and boll shedding directly impacts cotton yield. However, most existing studies, both domestic and international, primarily focus on preliminary findings from the 1950s and 1960s concerning the influence of ethylene and abscisic acid on cotton shedding. Based on insights from other plant species, it appears that square and boll shedding is closely related to a decline in growth-promoting hormones—such as auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin—and an increase in growth-inhibiting hormones like ethylene and abscisic acid. These hormones not only regulate metabolic processes within the plant but also coordinate signaling pathways that play a pivotal role in the shedding process. In this paper, we review the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the formation and functioning of abscission zones, as well as the hormonal responses and regulatory mechanisms involved in the shedding of cotton squares and bolls, and in the shedding of other plant (reproductive) organs in recent years. Our findings reveal a lack of comprehensive research on cotton square and boll shedding, with most studies focusing on the limited effects of a few hormones on cotton reproductive growth, while failing to investigate the deeper mechanisms that lead to shedding. Therefore, future research should prioritize exploring the genetic basis of cotton square and boll shedding, identifying new gene resources for breeding varieties resistant to shedding, and enhancing our understanding of the relationship between shedding and hormone regulation in cotton as a model plant. This will provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for improving cotton yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Endosperm development of cereal crops and its role in seed dormancy and germination SONG Song-Quan, TANG Cui-Fang, CHENG Hong-Yan, WANG Cheng-Liang, YUAN Liang-Bing, ZUO Sheng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1133-1155.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42055 Abstract （649）   HTML （52）    PDF（pc） （5724KB）（1479）       Knowledge map    Save In angiosperms, double fertilization triggers the simultaneous development of two closely adjacent tissue, embryo and endosperm. The function of endosperm is not only to provide nutrients and serve as a mechanical barrier for the embryo, but also to act as a growth regulator for the embryo during seed development, dormancy and germination, thereby controlling the vitality, dormancy, and germination of the seeds. But so far, the development of endosperm and its regulatory mechanism are not clear enough. In the present paper, the recent progress achieved in the endosperm development and its regulatory mechanism, as well as the regulation of these events on seed dormancy and germination, was reviewed, including morphogenesis, differentiation of aleurone layer and starch endosperm, programmed cell death of starch endosperm, accumulation of storage proteins in endosperm during endosperm development, as well as the regulation of cell cycle regulatory factors, phytohormones, and epigenetic on endosperm development, and the role of endosperm in embryo development, seed dormancy and germination. Finally, the scientific issues that need to be further researched in this field are proposed, attempting to provide reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms of endosperm development and its regulation, and thereby improving the yield and quality of cereal crops. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of maize and soybean intercropping on soil physicochemical properties and microbial carbon metabolism in karst region QIAN Yu-Ping, SU Bing-Bing, GAO Ji-Xing, RUAN Fen-Hua, LI Ya-Wei, MAO Lin-Chun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 273-284.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43010 Abstract （428）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （1803KB）（1475）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to investigate the effects of corn and soybean belt intercropping on soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure diversity in a karst area. Three planting models were established: corn and soybean intercropping (MSI), corn monocropping (MM), and soybean monocropping (SM). The Biolog-ECO microplate method was used to explore the impacts of these different planting patterns on the metabolic activity, diversity, and soil properties of soil microbial carbon sources, as well as their underlying mechanisms. The results showed that compared to MM and SM, the MSI model significantly increased the soil microbial community richness index (McIntosh index) by 11.90% (P < 0.05) and 58.40% (P < 0.01), respectively, and the AWCD value by 24.50% and 80.10%, respectively. The relative absorbance of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and phenolic acids increased significantly by 34.50%, 63.70%, and 61.80% on average, respectively. The carbon source metabolic fingerprint revealed that the MSI model enhanced the utilization of p-carboxylic acid carbon sources by increasing the metabolic activity of itaconic acid, and improved the utilization of amino acid carbon sources by boosting the metabolic activity of L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, and glycyl-glutamic acid. Additionally, the MSI model increased the utilization of polymer carbon sources via enhanced metabolic activity of Tween 40, Tween 80, and liver sugar. Furthermore, soil SOC under MSI treatment was significantly higher by 8.50% and 72.84% compared to MM and SM, respectively, while NH4+-N and TN contents were significantly increased by 46.70% and 33.30% compared to SM treatment, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that the two extracted components explained 79.69% of the total variation in carbon source utilization. The overall carbon source metabolic capacity followed the order MSI > MM > SM, with the MSI soil microbial community demonstrating the strongest metabolic utilization of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and polymers. Redundancy analysis indicated that TN (53.50%) and SOC (30.90%) were the two most significant environmental factors influencing carbon source metabolic utilization. TN promoted the metabolic utilization of carboxylic acid and amino acid carbon sources, while SOC enhanced the utilization of amine and phenolic acid carbon sources. The preferential carbon metabolism observed in maize and soybean intercropping was primarily driven by the diversity of microbial community structure, and was further regulated by soil total nitrogen and organic matter content. These findings suggest that the interaction between microbial community structure and soil physicochemical properties may play a key role in the yield improvement and efficiency of soybean and corn intercropping systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional analysis of promoter of CsMIXTA associated with development of glandular trichome in industrial hemp ZHOU Zhi-Man, ZHANG Xiao-Yu, GAO Feng, DAI Zhi-Gang, XU Ying, CHENG Chao-Hua, YANG Ze-Mao, SU Jian-Guang, TANG Qing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2754-2763.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44001 Abstract （267）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （2949KB）（1187）       Knowledge map    Save CsMIXTA may play a crucial role in the morphology and development of glandular trichomes in cannabis female flowers. To investigate its regulatory mechanism, a 2199 bp promoter sequence of CsMIXTA was cloned. PlantCARE prediction identified multiple hormone response elements and stress response elements within this region. Based on this analysis, five 5′ end deletion fragments of the promoter with varying lengths were amplified. Six GUS gene expression vectors were constructed using the full-length promoter and the 5′ end deletion fragments, which were then transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and industrial hemp sugar leaves. GUS staining revealed that nucleotide positions -393 and -99 constituted the core region of the CsMIXTA promoter, containing the gibberellin response element TATC-box and the transcription initiation element TATA-box. The results also demonstrated that CsMIXTA is specifically expressed in glandular trichomes of industrial hemp. Promoter activity of the core region was confirmed by luciferase assay. Stress response analysis indicated that low temperature, abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellin (GA3) enhanced promoter activity. These findings provide a crucial basis for further studies on the regulation of CsMIXTA. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of canopy nitrogen concentration in maize based on UAV multi- spectral data and spatial nitrogen heterogeneity HAO Qi, CHEN Tian-Lu, WANG Fu-Gui, WANG Zhen, BAI Lan-Fang, WANG Yong-Qiang, WANG Zhi-Gang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 189-206.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43015 Abstract （542）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （9939KB）（1082）       Knowledge map    Save Remote sensing diagnosis of crop canopy nitrogen nutrition is crucial for guiding precise nitrogen application and improving crop nitrogen efficiency and yield. To address the issue of maize canopy depth significantly affecting the accuracy of UAV-based nitrogen concentration estimation, this study analyzed the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of maize canopy nitrogen concentration. This analysis was based on multi-spectral data and measured nitrogen concentration data from UAV across fields with different nitrogen fertilizer treatments in 2022 and 2023. Using the random forest algorithm, we identified the effective leaf layer for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration. We further constructed an estimation model for effective leaf nitrogen concentration by combining the random forest algorithm with multi-spectral vegetation indices, and then converted the effective leaf nitrogen concentration to the canopy scale to estimate the overall canopy nitrogen concentration. The results were as follows: (1) The nitrogen concentration of the maize canopy at the 9-leaf extension and large trumpet stages was highest in the upper leaves, followed by the middle and lower leaves. At the silk-spinning and milk-ripening stages, the nitrogen concentration was highest in the middle leaves, followed by the upper and lower leaves. (2) The effective leaf layers for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration at each growth stage were the lower layer, middle layer, middle layer, and middle layer, respectively. The random forest regression model demonstrated higher accuracy in estimating canopy nitrogen concentration compared to the support vector regression model. (3) Using the random forest algorithm, the average RMSE, NRMSE, and MAE for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration based on effective leaf nitrogen concentration were 0.10%, 4.41%, and 0.07%, respectively. In contrast, the average RMSE, NRMSE, and MAE for estimation based on direct vegetation indices were 0.19%, 9.00%, and 0.15%, respectively. In conclusion, the study identified the spatial differentiation of maize canopy nitrogen concentration. Considering effective leaf nitrogen concentration based on random forest and vegetation index estimation significantly improved the accuracy of canopy nitrogen concentration estimation. The canopy nitrogen concentration estimation framework, which accounts for the spatial heterogeneity of canopy nitrogen concentration, established in this study can provide theoretical support for real-time nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Breeding objectives and strategies for maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region CHEN Yong-Qiang, WANG Ya-Fei, XIE Hui-Ling, ZHANG Zhan-Hui, HEI Hong-Chao, PENG Qiang, YANG Xue-Li, HE Ge-Ming, TANG Ji-Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 2917-2924.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43026 Abstract （821）   HTML （177）    PDF（pc） （554KB）（974）       Knowledge map    Save The Huang-Huai-Hai region, the second largest maize-producing area in China, is situated in a transitional zone between the subtropical and north temperate climates. This region is characterized by a unique double cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize, which presents specific challenges for maize cultivation. The distinct ecological conditions and cropping system necessitate maize varieties with enhanced comprehensive resistance and adaptability. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current production status and the primary issues facing maize cultivation in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. It identifies key breeding objectives, including “high yield, suitability for mechanized harvesting, early maturity, tolerance to high planting density, resilience to environmental stresses, and resistance to major diseases and pests.” Based on these objectives, the paper proposes several breeding strategies: “reducing heterosis to increase planting density, improving kernel bulk density and single-ear seed yield, incorporating multiple resistance genes to enhance disease resistance, strengthening lodging resistance by increasing the number of brace roots, and promoting earlier anther dehiscence and pollen release to avoid high temperatures.” Additionally, the paper emphasizes the importance of identifying and utilizing superior genes, advancing the development of new core germplasm resources, and establishing modern molecular breeding systems, such as genome editing and genome-wide selection. It also advocates for the creation of an innovative collaboration model among research institutes, universities, and seed enterprises to accelerate germplasm innovation, improve maize breeding efficiency, and enhance the breeding and promotion of the entire industry chain. The ultimate goal is to develop superior new maize varieties that will effectively support agricultural production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of cold tolerance of japonica rice varieties at germination stage and construction of identification system HOU Tian-Yu, DU Xiao-Jing, ZHAO Zhi-Qiang, REYIM Anwar, YIDAYETULA Abula, BUHALIQIEMU Abulizi, YUAN Jie, ZHANG Yan-Hong, WANG Feng-Bin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 812-822.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42027 Abstract （269）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （6659KB）（935）       Knowledge map    Save To identify key indicators of cold tolerance during the germination stage of japonica rice and to explore cold-tolerant germplasm resources, 98 japonica rice germplasm lines were evaluated under controlled conditions in an artificial climate chamber. The relative values of morphological traits were used as indicators of cold tolerance. Principal component analysis revealed that germination rate, germination index, and shoot length could serve as reliable indicators for identifying cold-tolerant japonica rice varieties at the germination stage. Based on membership function analysis, the comprehensive evaluation D values for the different japonica rice varieties ranged from 0.290 to 0.798. The 98 varieties were classified into four cold tolerance groups: 16 cold-tolerant varieties in Category I, 35 varieties in Category II, and 47 varieties of intermediate tolerance. A significantly positive correlation was observed between the relative index values and the D values. Comprehensive evaluation identified the top 10 cold-tolerant varieties, with X13 (Xindao 42), X47 (TY 2), and X50 (Xincejing 1) classified as Class I. The cold-tolerant germplasm identified in this study can serve as valuable material for the breeding of cold-tolerant rice varieties and for research on the underlying mechanisms of cold tolerance. Additionally, these findings provide a theoretical reference for the study of cold tolerance in rice germplasm resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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QTL mapping of tiller angle in qingke ( Hordeum vulgare L.) YANG Jing-Fa, YU Xin-Lian, YAO You-Hua, YAO Xiao-Hua, WANG Lei, WU Kun-Lun, LI Xin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 260-272.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.31086 Abstract （438）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （2612KB）（931）       Knowledge map    Save Tiller angle (TA) is a crucial component of qingke (hulless barley) architecture, significantly influencing lodging resistance and grain yield. To investigate the genetic basis of TA, we constructed a high-density genetic linkage map using reduced- representation genome sequencing on recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from two parental lines: ‘Dazhangzi’ (characterized by a loose plant architecture) and ‘Kunlun 10’ (characterized by a compact plant architecture). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was performed based on phenotypic data collected from multiple environments. Additionally, residual hybrid lines (RHLs) derived from the RILs were used to expand the population and fine-map the major QTL, qTA7H-1. A total of nine QTLs associated with TA were identified across seven chromosomes in qingke, with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 6.41% to 33.57%. Two QTLs, qTA3H-1 and qTA7H-1, were consistently detected across various environmental conditions, showing average additive effects of 5.42° (increasing TA) and -3.87° (decreasing TA), respectively. Four RHLs were selected within the initial localization interval of qTA7H-1, and F8:9 near-isogenic lines (NILs) were developed through self-pollination. To further refine the mapping, fourteen pairs of molecular markers were designed and densely placed within the QTL’s confidence interval, targeting the extreme single lines of the RHLs. Ultimately, qTA7H-1 was fine-mapped to a 9.54 Mb physical interval between markers PC08 (32,252,397) and PA10 (41,790,765) using five types of recombinant individuals. Taken together, this study elucidates the genetic factors controlling TA, providing a foundation for genetic improvement and molecular breeding of qingke with optimized architecture. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of SHMT gene family in foxtail millet ( Setaria italica L.) GUO Bing, QIN Jia-Fan, LI Na, SONG Meng-Yao, WANG Li-Ming, LI Jun-Xia, MA Xiao-Qian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 586-5897.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44112 Abstract （435）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （4774KB）（922）       Knowledge map    Save Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is involved in carbon metabolism and photorespiration, and is widely present in crops, playing a critical role in growth, development, and stress resistance. However, the SHMT genes in foxtail millet are largely unexplored. In this study, we identified the members of the SiSHMT gene family at the whole-genome level and systematically analyzed their gene structures, evolutionary relationships, chromosomal localizations, interspecies collinearity, cis-acting elements, expression patterns, and dominant haplotypes. Our results revealed five SiSHMT members in foxtail millet, with molecular weights ranging from 51.70 to 64.37 kD, and similar spatial structures. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into three groups, with members distributed across different chromosomes. The analysis of cis-acting elements in the gene promoters indicated the presence of numerous photo-responsive elements, anaerobic response elements, hormone response elements, and other cis-acting elements. Interspecies collinearity analysis showed that SiSHMT3 and SiSHMT4 exhibited collinearity with their orthologous genes in monocot crops such as rice, wheat, sorghum, and maize, with SiSHMT3 displaying multiple collinear pairs with rice, wheat, and maize. The expression levels of SiSHMT family members varied across different developmental stages and tissues of foxtail millet. Notably, SiSHMT4 was highly expressed in developing panicles and was significantly induced by drought, salt, and ABA treatments. Haplotype analysis of SiSHMT4 revealed that Hap1 was the dominant haplotype, significantly outperforming other haplotypes in panicle length, width, and weight. These findings provide valuable gene resources for improving drought and salt tolerance in foxtail millet and lay a theoretical foundation for the breeding of high-yield, stress-resistant foxtail millet varieties in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and characterization of drought tolerance function of kinase gene IbHT1 in sweetpotato WANG Yu-Xin, CHEN Tian-Yu, ZHAI Hong, ZHANG Huan, GAO Shao-Pei, HE Shao-Zhen, ZHAO Ning, LIU Qing-Chang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 301-311.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44098 Abstract （445）   HTML （44）    PDF（pc） （6978KB）（921）       Knowledge map    Save HT1 (HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE 1) is a protein kinase known for its role in regulating stomatal movement in Arabidopsis. However, its function in sweetpotato has not been reported. In this study, the IbHT1 gene was cloned from the sweetpotato line Xushu 55-2. The full-length CDS of IbHT1 is 1140 bp, encoding a 379-amino acid protein that contains a conserved STKc_MAP3K_Like domain, with a predicted molecular weight of 43.07 kD and an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.83. The genomic sequence of IbHT1 spans 2796 bp, comprising 3 exons and 2 introns. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the IbHT1 protein is localized to the cell membrane, and yeast assays confirmed it lacks transactivation activity. Expression of IbHT1 was down-regulated in response to 20% PEG-6000 treatment. Overexpression of IbHT1 significantly reduced drought tolerance in sweetpotato, while RNA interference (RNAi) of IbHT1 markedly enhanced drought tolerance. Additionally, 10 proteins interacting with IbHT1 were identified through yeast library screening. These findings suggest that IbHT1 may regulate drought tolerance in sweetpotato by interacting with other proteins. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Auxin response reporter gene transformation of Brassica napus and dynamic signal analysis of GUS in different tissues ZHANG Qin, DAI Cheng, MA Chao-Zhi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 667-675.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44132 Abstract （406）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （7618KB）（756）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the dynamic distribution of auxin in various tissues of Brassica napus, a growth hormone-responsive expression vector with DR5::GUS as the reporter gene was constructed and transformed into B. napus. Transgenic lines stably expressing the GUS gene were obtained. GUS staining revealed that during the seedling stage, strong GUS signals were observed in the cotyledons and hypocotyl, while weaker signals were detected in the true leaves and roots, indicating higher auxin accumulation in the cotyledons. The DR5 promoter was also induced by the auxin analog NAA. At the bud stage, strong GUS signals were found in the anthers and sepals, with weaker signals in the stigma, suggesting that auxin may play a significant role in anther development. In seeds and siliques at various developmental stages after pollination, auxin levels exhibited an increase followed by a decrease, implying a role for auxin in seed development. In conclusion, this study visualized auxin distribution in B. napus using the DR5::GUS auxin reporter system, providing a valuable method for further elucidating the role of auxin in the growth and development of B. napus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of row spacing configuration and density regulation on dry matter production and yield in cotton XIN Ming-Hua, MI Ya-Di, WANG Guo-Ping, LI Xiao-Fei, LI Ya-Bing, DONG He-Lin, HAN Ying-Chun, FENG Lu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 221-232.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.34189 Abstract （566）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （1748KB）（753）       Knowledge map    Save Row spacing configuration and plant density are critical factors influencing cotton yield and fiber quality. In Xinjiang, cotton is primarily planted using a wide-narrow row spacing system, though equal row spacing is also used. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the effectiveness of these two methods. To clarify this, a two-year field experiment was conducted using the cotton variety Zhongmian 88. A split-plot design was employed, with row spacing configurations (equal row spacing and wide-narrow row spacing) as the main plot and planting densities 12×104 plants hm-2 (D1), 16×104 plants hm-2 (D2), and 18×104 plants hm-2 (D3) as the sub-plots. The study aimed to compare the effects of row spacing configuration and plant density on cotton population growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution, as well as yield and fiber quality. The results showed that the growth rate of leaf area index (LAI), the peak LAI, and the proportion of reproductive organ biomass at the boll opening stage were higher in both equal rows spacing and wide-narrow row spacing at intermediate density (16×104 plants hm-2) compared to the other treatment combinations, with no significant differences between the two configurations. Additionally, no significant differences were found among treatments for cotton growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and boll growth rate (BGR). Over the two years, seed cotton yields were similar for equal row spacing and wide-narrow row spacing at medium density, with no significant differences in fiber quality. A comprehensive analysis over both years concluded that under medium density, both row spacing configurations can achieve optimal yield and fiber quality. This study provides a scientific basis for selecting row spacing configurations and planting densities for cotton cultivation in Xinjiang. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of the CLE gene family in Gossypium hirsutum and functional analysis of the drought resistance of GhCLE13 RONG Yu-Xuan, HUI Liu-Yang, WANG Pei-Qi, SUN Si-Min, ZHANG Xian-Long, YUAN Dao-Jun, YANG Xi-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 2925-2939.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44029 Abstract （705）   HTML （168）    PDF（pc） （8243KB）（733）       Knowledge map    Save The CLAVATA3/Embryo surrounding region-related (CLE) peptide family is the largest family of small peptide hormones in plants. It is widely present in various plant species and participates in multiple important life activities of plants. In this study, the CLE gene family was identified at the genome-wide level in Gossypium hirsutum, and their gene structures, cis-acting elements in the promoter, protein physicochemical properties, and phylogenetic analysis of GhCLE gene family members were analyzed. The expression profiles of GhCLE gene family members in various tissues were constructed using RNA-seq data. Finally, the drought resistance function of the screened GhCLE genes was validated by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology. The results showed that a total of 40 GhCLE genes were identified in the whole genome of Gossypium hirsutum. The structures of GhCLE genes were relatively simple, with 32 GhCLE genes having no introns, and their protein sequences all contained a 12 aa CLE domain. The GhCLE gene promoter region contains a variety of cis-acting elements related to light response, stress response, hormone response, and development. The gene expression profile showed that the GhCLE gene was expressed in multiple tissues of Gossypium hirsutum, with GhCLE13-D-2 being specifically expressed in root tissue and induced by drought. The function of the GhCLE13-D-2 gene in improving cotton drought resistance was validated through VIGS technology and the measurement and comparison of MDA content. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the in-depth study of small peptides, such as CLE, in plant drought resistance and cotton germplasm innovation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genotype-independent transformation technique development and application in maize YANG Ya-Wen, ZHU Dong-Jie, PAN Hong, ZHANG Yun-Tao, XIA Meng-Yin, HAN Bao-Zhu, JIN Min-Liang, LI Meng-Jiao, DONG Lu-Peng, YANG Ning, ZHOU Ying, XU Jie-Ting, YAN Jian-Bing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2674-2683.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43014 Abstract （833）   HTML （51）    PDF（pc） （7901KB）（710）       Knowledge map    Save The genetic transformation of maize inbred lines via Agrobacterium tumefaciens is highly genotype-dependent. The morphogenetic genes Baby boom (Bbm) and Wuschel2 (Wus2) significantly enhance transformation efficiency and expand the range of amenable inbred lines. However, achieving transgenic seedlings remain challenging for many maize inbred lines, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found that mixing the target vector with Bbm and Wus2 in a 10:1 ratio facilitates the generation of somatic embryos in most inbred lines. Transient transfection efficiency and the timing of selection are critical factors influencing the formation of somatic embryos and subsequent seedling development. By optimizing infection conditions and delaying selection, we established an efficient and rapid genetic transformation system that is not restricted by genotype. Using this system, we conducted genetic transformation on 131 inbred lines, resulting in successful transgenic plants in 104 of these lines. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of green manure incorporation and nitrogen reduction on N 2O emissions and wheat yield in oasis irrigated areas ZHANG Dong-Ling, YU Ai-Zhong, LYU Han-Qiang, YANG Xue-Hui, WANG Yu-Long, WANG Peng-Fei, SHANG Yong-Pan, YIN Bo, LIU Ya-Long, WANG Feng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 1005-1021.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41065 Abstract （233）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （1576KB）（682）       Knowledge map    Save In the oasis irrigated regions of Northwest China, long-term use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers has resulted in significant problems, such as gaseous nitrogen losses and a decline in soil fertility. It is essential to study the effects of varying green manure incorporation rates and nitrogen application levels on crop yield and soil N2O emissions. From 2019 to 2021, a field experiment was conducted in the Shiyang River Basin of the Hexi Corridor. After the harvest of spring wheat, hairy vetch was replanted, with four green manure incorporation levels established during its flowering stage: 7500 kg hm-2 (G1), 15,000 kg hm-2 (G2), 22,500 kg hm-2 (G3), and 30,000 kg hm-2 (G4). In the following year, prior to spring wheat sowing, two nitrogen reduction levels were implemented: a 15% reduction (N153) and a 30% reduction (N126), with a traditional nitrogen application without green manure (G0N180) as the control. The results showed that, compared to G0N180, the combination of green manure incorporation and nitrogen reduction significantly increased wheat grain yield while reducing N2O emissions and emission intensity. The yield of G4N153 treatment was the highest, ranging from 9135.33 to 9250.42 kg hm-2. Within the same level of green manure incorporation, a 30% nitrogen reduction significantly lowered N2O emissions compared to a 15% reduction. Similarly, for the same nitrogen level, G3 and G4 significantly reduced N2O emissions compared to G1 and G2. The study also found, the reduction in N2O emissions primarily occurred before the wheat jointing stage, which was attributed to a notable decrease in soil nitrate and ammonium content as well as the activities of nitrate and nitrite reductases during the wheat sowing and seedling stages under treatments combining green manure with nitrogen reduction treatments. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between soil available nitrogen content, enzyme activities during the wheat sowing and seedling stages, and N2O emissions (P < 0.01). Under a 15% nitrogen reduction, G4 increased soil available nitrogen content during the wheat's flowering and maturity stages compared to G1, G2, and G3, ensuring nitrogen uptake during the later stages of wheat growth. Overall, in the Hexi oasis irrigated region, the combination of green manure incorporation and reduced nitrogen application significantly enhanced wheat yield while reducing soil N2O emissions and emission intensity. Incorporating 30,000 kg hm-2 of green manure with a 15% reduction in nitrogen application provided the best results. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Salt tolerance evaluation and transcriptome analysis of maize mutant caspl2b2 ZHANG Jin-Hui, XIAO Zi-Yi, LI Xu-Hua, ZHANG Ming, JIA Chun-Lan, PAN Zhen-Yuan, QIU Fa-Zhan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 3144-3154.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43017 Abstract （432）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （9065KB）（676）       Knowledge map    Save Salt stress-sensitive mutants are crucial genetic materials for studying the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in crops. In this study, the maize inbred line LY8405 and the mutant caspl2b2 were used to investigate phenotype, physiological, and biochemical indices at the seedling stage under normal growth and salt stress conditions. The results showed that, compared to LY8405, the survival rate of caspl2b2 significantly decreased under salt stress, and the growth of aboveground parts was notably inhibited. The content of Na+ ions and malondialdehyde (MDA) in aboveground parts significantly increased, while transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration also increased significantly. Conversely, the net photosynthetic rate significantly decreased. To uncover the molecular basis of the phenotypic differences under salt stress, transcriptome analysis was performed on leaf tissues of LY8405 and caspl2b2 under normal growth and salt stress conditions. The results revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly concentrated in glutathione transferase activity, glutathione metabolism, REDOX enzyme activity, and cell homeostasis, with glutathione metabolism being the most significant. This study not only provides important germplasm resources for the genetic basis analysis of crop salt tolerance, but also lays a foundation for the identification of salt tolerance genes and the analysis of genetic regulatory networks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional study of OgXa13 in Oryza meyeriana ZHANG Zheng-Kang, SU Yan-Hong, RUAN Sun-Mei, ZHANG Min, ZHANG Pan, ZHANG Hui, ZENG Qian-Chun, LUO Qiong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 334-346.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.32006 Abstract （268）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （9061KB）（676）       Knowledge map    Save Bacterial blight is one of the most devastating bacterial diseases in rice production. The identification and utilization of resistance genes in rice breeding is the most economical and effective method for controlling this disease. Oryza meyeriana represents a valuable genetic resource due to its high resistance, and even immunity, to bacterial blight. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA and an 8908 bp genomic sequence of OgXa13, a homolog of OsXa13, from Oryza meyeriana using transcriptome and genome sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed that the gene structure of OgXa13 consists of five exons and four introns, mirroring the structure of rice OsXa13, and its core promoter sequence is identical to that of the rice susceptibility gene OsXa13. A total of 21 amino acid differences were observed between OgXa13 and OsXa13, with four key substitutions located in the MtN3.1 domain. Overexpression of OgXa13 and its introduction into TP309 plants via genetic transformation significantly enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. It is hypothesized that the amino acid sequence differences contribute to the distinct functions of the OgXa13 and OsXa13 proteins, suggesting that OgXa13 could be utilized as a dominant resistance gene in rice breeding. Furthermore, knockout of the OsXa13 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 in Nipponbare T1 homozygous lines also significantly enhanced resistance to bacterial blight, demonstrating that editing the susceptibility gene OsXa13 through CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective strategy for improving resistance. This study provides a valuable genetic resource and new insights for breeding rice with enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrative analysis of RNA-seq and PER-seq to elucidate regulatory network of ZmHDZ6 expression FANG Ying-Hao, ZHOU Bo, CHEN Ru-Mei, YANG Wen-Zhu, QIN Hui-Min Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 958-968.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43055 Abstract （287）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （972KB）（659）       Knowledge map    Save Maize is a crop with high water demand, and drought is a major factor limiting its productivity. Building on previous findings and related research, we identified that the ZmHDZ6 gene is strongly induced by drought, and transgenic plants overexpressing ZmHDZ6 exhibit enhanced drought resistance. To investigate the downstream regulatory mechanisms of the maize transcription factor ZmHDZ6, RNA-seq was performed on transgenic maize plants overexpressing ZmHDZ6, while PER-seq (protoplast transient expression-based RNA sequencing) was conducted using protoplasts from the B73 inbred line. An integrative analysis of these datasets revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by both methods showed consistent results in GO analysis, with their functions primarily associated with redox reactions. KEGG pathway analysis further demonstrated consistency in the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Notably, RNA-seq DEGs were additionally enriched in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism pathways, while PER-seq DEGs were enriched in ribosome biogenesis pathways. Based on these findings, we propose that ZmHDZ6 enhances drought resistance in maize by regulating genes involved in redox processes and benzoxazinoid metabolism. Furthermore, through an integrative analysis of DNA binding motifs of the HD-ZIP I family and the promoters of 129 common DEGs (Co-DEGs), combined with gene annotation and motif physical location information, we narrowed potential target genes down to 16, of which 8 are closely associated with stress responses in maize. This study provides a detailed analysis of the regulatory network of ZmHDZ6 expression, offering valuable insights into the drought resistance mechanisms mediated by ZmHDZ6 and a reference for further functional studies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physicochemical properties of wheat starch and the molecular mechanisms of its synthesis KANG Guo-Zhang, WANG Yong-Hua, GUO Tian-Cai Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2665-2673.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.41020 Abstract （1004）   HTML （55）    PDF（pc） （681KB）（626）       Knowledge map    Save Starch is the most important component of wheat grain, determining grain weight and significantly influencing the quality of noodles and steamed buns, the primary cooking pasta products in China. Therefore, it is crucial to deeply explore the physicochemical properties of wheat starch and the molecular mechanisms underlying its synthesis. In common wheat, amylose and amylopectin constitute 17%-34% and 66%-83% of the total starch content, respectively. These two components exist in two particle shapes: A-type ( > 9.8 μm) and B-type ( < 9.8 μm). Their physicochemical properties (content, amylose/amylopectin ratio, swelling, gelatinization, etc.) significantly affect the processing quality of cooked pasta products such as noodles and steamed buns. The wheat genome contains 26 genes that encode subunits or isoenzymes of starch synthesis enzymes, with their expression levels being heavily regulated at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. This review examines the physicochemical properties of wheat starch, the relationships between these properties and the processing quality of noodles and steamed buns, the functional genes involved in starch synthesis, and their regulatory factors at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. Finally, future research directions for wheat starch are discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on waterlogging tolerance mechanism and genetic improvement in rapeseed XIE Ling-Li, LI Yong-Ling, XU Ben-Bo, ZHANG Xue-Kun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 287-300.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44121 Abstract （560）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （1970KB）（580）       Knowledge map    Save Waterlogging is one of the important abiotic stresses during agricultural production, mainly inhibiting plant growth by low oxygen stress, ion toxicity, et al. Rapeseed is very sensitive to waterlogging stress, and waterlogging stress during any growth period can delay growth and development, and further affects rapeseeds yield and quality. Rapeseed mainly responds and adapts to waterlogging stress through excessive ROS clearance, energy metabolism transformating, and endogenous hormones regulating. In order to accelerate the genetic improvement of waterlogging tolerance in rapeseed, this article reviews the changes in demand for waterlogging tolerance improvement in rapeseed, the effect of waterlogging stress on the growth, development, yield and quality of rapeseed, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rapeseed response to waterlogging stress, and the main technical approaches for waterlogging tolerance improvement. It will lay the foundation for in-depth research on waterlogging tolerance mechanisms and provide theoretical guidance for cultivating new waterlogging tolerance varieties in rapeseed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Map-based cloning and functional analysis of Dwarf and Tillering 1 ( DT1) gene in rice LI Chun-Mei, CHEN Jie, LANG Xing-Xuan, ZHUANG Hai-Min, ZHU Jing, DU Zi-Jun, FENG Hao-Tian, JIN Han, ZHU Guo-Lin, LIU Kai Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 347-357.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42030 Abstract （421）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （7462KB）（568）       Knowledge map    Save Tillering is a crucial trait that influences plant architecture and yield in rice. In this study, we identified a natural mutant with dwarf stature and high tillering, which we designated as dwarf and tillering 1 (dt1). The dt1 mutant exhibited significant reductions in panicle length, seed setting rate, grain length, grain width, thousand-grain weight, and the number and size of vascular bundle sheath cells compared to the wild type. Map-based cloning revealed that the dt1 phenotype was caused by an 8 bp insertion in the second exon of D17/HTD1 (LOC_Os04g46470), which encodes Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 7 (CCD7), a key enzyme in strigolactone biosynthesis. Thus, dt1 represents a new allele of D17/HTD1. Additionally, the dt1 mutant showed significantly reduced germination rate, root length, and root diameter, all of which were restored by the exogenous application of the strigolactone analog GR24. Transcriptomic analysis identified 579 up-regulated and 506 down-regulated genes in the dt1 mutant. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to auxin response, endogenous stimulus response, and hormone response, while the down-regulated genes were enriched in pathways involved in cellular carbohydrate metabolism and histone methylation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the up-regulated genes were associated with plant hormone signal transduction, whereas the down-regulated genes were linked to amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, as well as diterpenoid biosynthesis. These findings enhance our understanding of the regulatory roles of CCD7 and strigolactones in rice and hold significant theoretical implications for rice breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Compensation mechanism of green manure on grain yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat with reduced nitrogen supply WEI Jin-Gui, MAO Shou-Fa, JIANG Yu-Xin, FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 3129-3143.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.41026 Abstract （431）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （2266KB）（527）       Knowledge map    Save Long-term continuous cropping, excessive nitrogen input, and low nitrogen use efficiency are prevalent issues in wheat production in the Northwest Oasis irrigation area. This study examined the compensatory mechanism on grain yield and nitrogen utilization by reducing nitrogen input in wheat and multi-cropping of green manure after wheat harvest. The goal was to provide a theoretical basis for developing efficient wheat production technologies with reduced nitrogen input. This long-term field experiment, initiated in 2018, collected data from 2020 to 2022. The main plot included four green manures: multi-cropped common vetch mixed with hairy vetch (HCV), common vetch (CV), rapeseed (R), and fallow (F) after the previous wheat harvest. Subplots applied three nitrogen rates: the local conventional rate (N3, 180 kg hm-2), reduced by 20% (N2, 144 kg hm-2), and reduced by 40% (N1, 108 kg hm-2). Our results indicated that reducing conventional nitrogen by 20% and 40% significantly decreased both grain yield and nitrogen uptake. However, multi-cropped hairy vetch mixed with common vetch after wheat harvest could compensate for the yield and nitrogen uptake losses caused by a 40% nitrogen reduction. When combined with a 20% nitrogen reduction, grain yield and nitrogen uptake increased by 21.4% and 6.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). Additionally, this cropping pattern compensated for the decreased nitrogen use efficiency resulting from a 40% nitrogen reduction and, when combined with a 20% nitrogen reduction, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency by 13.4% (P < 0.05). The compensation mechanism was attributed to: (1) Under a 40% nitrogen reduction, multi-cropped hairy vetch mixed with common vetch compensated for nitrogen uptake rate, increased net nitrogen assimilation rate by 34.3% (P < 0.05), maintained nitrogen distribution in the ear, and enhanced the nitrogen transportation rate from the stem by 6.6% (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with fallow after wheat harvest and the conventional nitrogen application rate, multi-cropped hairy vetch mixed with common vetch under a 20% nitrogen reduction increased mean nitrogen uptake efficiency and net nitrogen assimilation rate by 7.2% and 34.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). It also improved nitrogen distribution in the ear from early filling to maturity stages by 6.7% (P < 0.05) and enhanced the contribution rate of nitrogen transportation from stem and leaf to ear by 17.8% and 8.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). Therefore, multi-cropped hairy vetch mixed with common vetch after wheat harvest is a viable measure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer input. When combined with a 20% nitrogen reduction, it can increase grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by improving nitrogen uptake rate, net nitrogen assimilation rate, and the contribution rate of nitrogen transportation from leaf and stem to ear, thereby promoting nitrogen distribution in the ear in arid oasis irrigated areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial distribution of cultivation suitable area for Panax notoginseng and its response to climate change WANG Lu, ZHAO Jiong-Chao, WANG Yi-Xuan, MI Yan-Hua, ZHANG Ning-Yi, ZHAO Ming-Yu, CHU Qing-Quan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2860-2869.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44005 Abstract （421）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （1468KB）（525）       Knowledge map    Save Understanding the dynamic spatiotemporal changes in suitable cultivation areas for Panax notoginseng in Yunnan province amid climate change is crucial for guiding its introduction, cultivation, and large-scale industrial development. Utilizing 131 geographical distribution data points of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan province and 15 environmental variables, we employed the MaxEnt model to analyze the primary factors influencing its distribution and to delineate the suitable cultivation areas and their variations from 1961 to 2020. Our analysis identified key factors, including mean daily temperature range (<10.0℃), the number of days with maximum temperature ≥ 33℃ (<5 days), aspect (north-facing slopes), annual accumulation temperature ≥ 10℃ (4708.0-5331.9 ℃ d), annual sunshine duration (1636.7-1963.3 h), and seasonal variation in precipitation (92%-96%). Suitable cultivation areas for Panax notoginseng were primarily concentrated in southeastern Yunnan Province, encompassing Wenshan, Honghe, Kunming, Yuxi, and Qujing, comprising approximately 4.8% of the entire province. Our findings indicate that climate change from 1961 to 2020 has led to an 18.1% expansion in suitable areas for Panax notoginseng cultivation across Yunnan province. Moreover, over the past six decades, there has been a noticeable northward expansion of the optimal boundary for Panax notoginseng, accompanied by an overall improvement in its suitability amid climate fluctuations. This study provides a theoretical framework and technical support for devising a rational industrial layoutfor Panax notoginseng in Yunnan province, thereby mitigating the potential risks posed by climate change to its production and facilitating the effective management and utilization of agricultural land resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveal molecular response to drought stress in indica rice Fuxiangzhan WANG Ying-Heng, CUI Li-Li, CAI Qiu-Hua, LIN Qiang, WU Fang-Xi, CHEN Fei-He, XIE Hong-Guang, ZHU Yong-Sheng, CHEN Li-Ping, XIE Hua-An, ZHANG Jian-Fu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 2998-3012.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.42023 Abstract （505）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （9180KB）（525）       Knowledge map    Save Drought is one of the most significant factors affecting agricultural production. In this study, the physiological indexes, hormone metabolites, and gene expression regulation network of drought response were analyzed for the high grain quality fragrant rice Fuxiangzhan. After drought stress, Fuxiangzhan exhibited higher drought survival rates and antioxidant enzyme activity compared to restorer lines Minghui63, Minghui86, and the drought-sensitive line Lijiangxintuanheigu, while showing lower membrane iron leakage and less peroxide accumulation. Five hormone metabolites (IAA, ICA, ABA, cZ, and SA) increased, whereas 11 hormone metabolites, including tZ, DHZ, GA1, and JA, decreased. A total of 6118 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 2615 up-regulated and 3503 down-regulated genes, which are involved in biological processes such as photosynthesis, energy metabolism, transcriptional regulation, REDOX, and ion binding, as well as molecular functions related to amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, hormones, and other anabolic metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction. KEGG pathways involving plant hormone signal transduction, zein biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and tryptophan metabolism were identified from hormone metabolites and transcriptome analysis. Differentially expressed gene regulatory networks of the four pathways were constructed. The expression levels of 28 drought response genes related to transcription factors, antioxidant enzymes, and osmotic regulation were all up-regulated after drought stress in Fuxiangzhan. Our conclusion is that the hormone levels in Fuxiangzhan change after drought stress. The expression of anti-stress genes, including transcription factors, antioxidant system genes, osmoregulation, and other drought tolerance genes, were up-regulated. These changes lead to alterations in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and other physiological indexes. These results are helpful for further exploration of drought-resistant genes and serve in rice drought resistance breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive evaluation of regional trial varieties of medium mature hybrid cotton in the Yellow River Basin based on GYT biplot LI Chao, FU Xiao-Qiong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 30-43.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44093 Abstract （405）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （6043KB）（523）       Knowledge map    Save The analysis and evaluation of the regional cotton trials for medium-maturing hybrid varieties in the Yellow River Basin provide a scientific basis for optimizing varietal distribution and improving trait characteristics. This study comprehensively evaluated the yield, quality, agronomic traits, and disease resistance of 30 tested varieties in the Yellow River Basin from 2022 to 2023 using the GYT biplot method. An in-depth analysis was conducted on key traits, including lint yield, boll weight, number of bolls per plant, pre-frost yield rate, lint percentage, first fruiting branch node, number of fruiting branches, growth period, plant height, seed index, fiber length, fiber strength, micronaire, fiber elongation, fiber uniformity, Fusarium wilt index, and Verticillium wilt index. The joint analysis of variance showed that genotype and environmental effects were highly significant, and most genotype × environment interaction effects were significant or highly significant over the two-year experiment. Notably, the sum of squares for interaction effects exceeded that for genotype effects. Among the tested varieties, ZMS 9B07 demonstrated wider adaptability and higher lint yield compared to the control variety ZMS 9711. Compared to the GT biplot, the GYT biplot method exhibited a higher proportion of explained variation, better model fit, and greater reliability. This method more intuitively displays the characteristics of the tested varieties, providing a valuable reference for the comprehensive evaluation of multiple crop traits in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association analysis for plant height in foxtail millet ( Setaria italica L .) germplasm resources in Shanxi, China YANG Shi-Jie, WANG Hua-Zhi, PAN Yi-Min, HUANG Rui, HOU Sen, QIN Hui-Bin, MU Zhi-Xin, WANG Hai-Gang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 2984-2997.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44070 Abstract （449）   HTML （45）    PDF（pc） （7061KB）（511）       Knowledge map    Save A suitable plant height can effectively enhance the nutrient utilization efficiency and lodging resistance of millet. This study utilized 313 local millet varieties from Shanxi as an association group. Plant height was investigated in five different environments, followed by whole-genome deep resequencing. After quality control of the data, 3,160,066 SNP markers uniformly distributed across the nine chromosomes of millet were obtained for genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of plant height. Eight QTL loci significantly associated with plant height were identified, with each locus explaining 7.13% to 12.08% of the phenotypic variation. Within the 25 kb upstream and downstream confidence intervals of these eight stable QTL loci, forty candidate genes were discovered. Integrating gene annotation information, six candidate genes were identified to be primarily involved in hormone synthesis, cell division regulation, signal transduction, and carbohydrate metabolism. Haplotype analysis revealed that the superior haplotype Hap2 of the candidate gene Millet_GLEAN_10031852 can effectively reduce plant height. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Phylogenetic and functional analysis of the BnaSLY1 genes in Brassica napus L. LI Jia-Xin, HUANG Ying-Ying, WU Lu-Mei, ZHAO Lun, YI Bin, MA Chao-Zhi, TU Jin-Xing, SHEN Jin-Xiong, FU Ting-Dong, WEN Jing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 44-57.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44079 Abstract （585）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （20877KB）（503）       Knowledge map    Save Gibberellins regulate plant epidermal cell growth, stem and leaf expansion, and plant architecture. In Arabidopsis, SLY1 encodes an F-box protein that modulates plant growth by targeting the negative regulator of GA signaling, the DELLA protein, for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. However, the function of BnaSLY1 in Brassica napus has not been previously revealed. In this study, we characterized the expression patterns and performed a phylogenetic analysis of BnaSLY1. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated mutants with different copy numbers of BnaSLY1. By integrating RNA-Seq analysis, we investigated the biological functions of BnaSLY1 and its impact on the growth and development of Brassica napus. Our results showed that there are two copies of SLY1 in Brassica napus, with similar expression patterns and constitutive expression. The protein is localized in the nucleus and is highly conserved among different varieties of rapeseed and cruciferous plants. Phenotypic analysis of mutants revealed that, compared to the control, single mutants bnaa01sly1 and bnaa06sly1 exhibited delayed flowering and significantly reduced plant height, while the double mutant bnasly1 showed a dark green leaf phenotype, increased leaf thickness, further delayed flowering, and further reduced plant height. RNA-Seq analysis between Westar and bnasly1 showed significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the auxin signaling pathway and wax biosynthesis pathway, with several flowering time-related genes showing significant expression changes. This study demonstrates that BnaSLY1 not only influences plant height and flowering time but also affects epidermal wax synthesis, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for exploring the crucial role of the GA signaling pathway in the growth and development of Brasscia napus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer substitution on dry matter accumulation, translocation, distribution, and yield of dryland winter wheat ZHANG Jun, HU Chuan, ZHOU Qi-Hui, REN Kai-Ming, DONG Shi-Yan, LIU Ao-Han, WU Jin-Zhi, HUANG Ming, LI You-Jun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 207-220.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41025 Abstract （433）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （971KB）（492）       Knowledge map    Save The effects of reducing chemical nitrogen and organic fertilizer substitution on dryland winter wheat yield formation and economic benefit were explored to provide a theoretical and technical basis for the implementation of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer substitution. A field experiment with four treatments: no nitrogen application (NN), farmer nitrogen application (FN), 20% reduction of N fertilizer based on FN (RN), and organic fertilizer substituting 20% nitrogen of RN (OSN)—was conducted at Mengjin and Luoning, Henan province, typical dryland wheat production system at the intersection of the Loess Plateau and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, from 2019 to 2023. The effects of different treatments on dry matter accumulation, translocation, distribution, applied nitrogen dry matter productivity, yield and its components, and economic benefit were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) Compared with FN, RN reduced dry matter accumulation of wheat at jointing, anthesis, and maturity stages, as well as pre-anthesis dry matter translocation and dry matter distribution in the stem, spike axis+glume, and grain at maturity, but had no significant effect on grain yield. (2) Compared with FN and RN, OSN increased applied nitrogen dry matter productivity at each growth stage, significantly enhancing dry matter accumulation at jointing, anthesis, and maturity stages. OSN also increased pre-anthesis dry matter translocation, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, and the contribution rate of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to grain. This led to increased dry matter distribution in all aboveground organs at maturity, resulting in a significant grain yield increase of 15.03% and 17.12%, and an economic benefit increase of 3.84% and 4.23%, respectively. (3) Grain yield was significantly positively correlated with pre-anthesis dry matter translocation, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, and the contribution rate of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to grain, and significantly negatively correlated with the contribution rate of pre-anthesis dry matter translocation to grain. In this research, based on nitrogen application amounts of 172 kg hm-2 (summer fallow-winter wheat) and 192 kg hm-2 (summer maize-winter wheat) during the wheat season under rain-fed conditions, the OSN treatment improved applied nitrogen dry matter productivity and increased dry matter accumulation at each growth stage. The synergistic increase in pre-anthesis dry matter translocation and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation allowed OSN to achieve the highest yield, making it an optimal fertilizer management practice for high-efficiency and sustainable production of rain-fed dryland winter wheat with a yield level of 5000 kg hm-2. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Metabolome and transcriptome analysis of flavonoids in peanut testa JIN Xin-Xin, SU Qiao, SONG Ya-Hui, YANG Yong-Qing, LI Yu-Rong, WANG Jin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 2950-2961.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44057 Abstract （595）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （7493KB）（483）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid components and anthocyanin biosynthesis in the color formation of peanut testa, we conducted a study using five peanut cultivars with different testa colors: pink, red, white, black, and speckled (red and white). The key metabolites and genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified using flavonoid metabolomics and transcriptomics. Our results revealed the identification of 329 flavonoid metabolites in peanut testa, with flavonols being the most abundant in both relative content and variety. We detected 19 types of anthocyanidins, including cyanidin, delphinidin, and petunidin. Most anthocyanidins were modified with glucoside, morbuside, rutin, galactoside, and other glycosides. Notably, the anthocyanin content in black testa was 22.60-66.72 times higher than that in other testa colors, with cyanidin-3-O-sambutin being the most prevalent in black testa. Different metabolites were significantly enriched in anthocyanin biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and isoflavone biosynthesis pathways in colored testa compared to white testa. The high expression levels of structural genes in the flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways promoted anthocyanin accumulation in colored testa. Anthocyanin reductase (ANR) and glycosyltransferase (UGT) emerged as candidate genes involved in testa pigmentation, with the competition and activity of UGT and ANR against substrate anthocyanin determining the color pattern of peanut testa. These findings elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid substances in peanut testa color, providing valuable references for the breeding of special peanut varieties and the utilization of their nutritional value based on color differences. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of chemical regulators and other cultivation measures in lodging resistance and high-yield cultivation of wheat LI Hui-Min, XING Zhi-Peng, ZHANG Hai-Peng, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, LI Guang-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 847-862.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41066 Abstract （565）   HTML （68）    PDF（pc） （3336KB）（479）       Knowledge map    Save Lodging has always been a key factor limiting the high and stable yield of wheat. Chemical anti-lodging regulator is an effective strategy to reduce lodging risk. Chemical anti-lodging regulators (CARs) spraying can control wheat growth, improve stem strength, and prevent lodging. However, the research and application of chemical control and lodging resistance in wheat high-yield cultivation have not been comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this paper collected and sorted out the wheat CARs registered in China, summarized the characteristics, efficacy and effects of different CARs on wheat stem structure and composition, root system, canopy structure, crop productivity and quality, and summarized the suitable application period of different CARs in realizing the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and lodging resistance with the goal of high yield and anti-lodging. In addition, the management measures of wheat lodging resistance (tillage mode, suitable density, nutrient level and water management), evaluation methods of wheat lodging resistance and the influence of CARs on key indicators were summarized. The research direction of CARs in wheat anti-lodging high-yield cultivation was prospected, aiming at providing precise control measures and theoretical support for promoting wheat high-yield and stable yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional analysis of OsERF104 transcription factor in rice PAN Ju-Zhong, WEI Ping, ZHU De-Ping, SHAO Sheng-Xue, CHEN Shan-Shan, WEI Ya-Qian, GAO Wei-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 900-913.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42040 Abstract （607）   HTML （58）    PDF（pc） （13140KB）（464）       Knowledge map    Save Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF), a subfamily of the APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) family, plays critical roles in regulating diverse biological processes, including plant growth and development, hormone signaling, and responses to abiotic stresses. Investigating the functions of the ERF family in rice (Oryza sativa L.) provides valuable genetic resources for rice breeding. In this study, the OsERF104 gene (LOC_Os08g36920) was cloned. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the full-length coding sequence of OsERF104 is 849 bp, encoding a protein of 283 amino acids. OsERF104 contains a conserved domain characteristic of the AP2/ERF family and shares the highest sequence similarity with the AtERF96 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is known to be involved in salt tolerance. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that the OsERF104 protein is localized in the nucleus, indicating that it functions as a nuclear transcription factor. Cis-acting element analysis of the OsERF104 promoter identified elements associated with hormone responses, abiotic stress, and light responses. To examine the role of OsERF104 under abiotic stress, its expression pattern was analyzed using RT-qPCR. OsERF104 was expressed in various rice tissues, with the highest expression observed in the leaf sheath. Its expression was downregulated by ABA and GA but upregulated by JA, PEG, and NaCl treatments. Transcriptional activation assays showed that the full-length and C-terminal fragments of OsERF104 exhibit transcriptional activity, while the N-terminal fragment and the AP2 domain alone do not. Transgenic rice lines of overexpressing or knocking out OsERF104 were generated via genetic transformation. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that OsERF104-overexpressing rice exhibited enhanced sensitivity to ABA and increased tolerance to salt stress during the seedling stage compared with the wild-type ZH11. In contrast, oserf104 mutant rice displayed the opposite phenotypes. In conclusion, OsERF104 positively regulates salt tolerance in rice. This study provides a strong foundation for further exploration of the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of OsERF104 in rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association analysis and prediction of candidate genes for plant height and internode number in Chinese sorghum XU Jian-Xia, DING Yan-Qing, CAO Ning, CHENG Bin, GAO Xu, LI Wen-Zhen, ZHANG Li-Yi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 568-585.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44051 Abstract （576）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （1308KB）（446）       Knowledge map    Save An appropriate reduction in plant height is essential for improving nutrient utilization efficiency and lodging resistance, both of which significantly contribute to achieving high and stable yields. This study investigated 242 Chinese sorghum accessions to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying plant height. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using 2,015,850 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to analyze plant height, internode number, and internode length across seven environments. The results showed that the phenotypic variation coefficients for plant height, internode number, and internode length ranged from 13.47% to 30.06%, with absolute skewness and kurtosis values less than 1 under all conditions. Using two association models (Blink and FarmCPU), the GWAS identified 118 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) significantly associated with the three traits across 10 chromosomes. Specifically, 60, 37, and 32 QTNs were significantly associated with plant height, internode number, and internode length, respectively. Eight QTNs were co-located for both plant height and internode number, while three QTNs were co-located for internode length. Through sequence analysis and functional annotation of candidate genes, 14 genes related to plant height and internode number were identified within or near the confidence intervals of 12 QTNs. These genes were homologous to those involved in sugar metabolism, hormone synthesis and signaling, and cell division in rice and maize. Selective sweep analysis revealed strong selection pressure on the candidate gene Sobic.001G510400 on chromosome 1 in Chinese sorghum populations, resulting in the formation of Hap1, which is dominant in northern dwarf sorghum, and Hap2, which is dominant in southern tall sorghum. Significant expression differences of this gene were observed between the northern accession 871255 (Hap1) and the southern accession Hongyingzi (Hap2). These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of plant height in Chinese sorghum varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer on yield and grain quality of spring maize LI Xiang-Yu, JI Xin-Jie, WANG Xue-Lian, LONG An-Ran, WANG Zheng-Yu, YANG Zi-Hui, GONG Xiang-Wei, JIANG Ying, QI Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 696-712.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43031 Abstract （437）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （2011KB）（440）       Knowledge map    Save To elucidate the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on spring maize grain yield and quality under different straw returning methods, this study analyzed the pasting and thermal characteristics of maize starch and explored the optimal N fertilizer rate under varying straw returning practices. The goal was to provide a scientific basis for improving cultivation practices to enhance maize quality. This research utilized a long-term field experiment initiated in 2015 at the Shenyang Agricultural University Experimental Base in Cainiu town, Tieling county, Liaoning province. The study addressed issues of unstable spring maize yields and the challenge of balancing yield and quality in Northeast China. From 2021 to 2022, the effects of two straw returning methods—rotary tillage with straw returning (RTS) and plow tillage with straw returning (PTS)—and five N application levels (0, 112, 187, 262, and 337 kg hm-2) were investigated. The results showed that, compared to RTS, PTS increased grain yield by 6.09% and enhanced total starch content as well as amylose content and the amylose/amylopectin ratio, while effectively reducing fat content and promoting the pasting and retrogradation properties of maize starch. Additionally, PTS increased the enthalpy of pasting (?H) by 14.09%, which optimized the relative crystallinity and microstructure of starch. In comparison to tillage methods, N application had a more significant effect on crude protein, crude fat, and sugar content in maize grains, with the maximum values observed at an N rate of 262 kg hm-2. Under N fertilizer treatment, the contents of crude protein, crude fat, sucrose, soluble sugar, amylose, and the amylose/amylopectin ratio increased by 17.99%-31.20%, 3.19%-14.91%, 32.88%-45.41%, 13.93%-23.73%, 6.80%-21.02%, and 10.26%-33.77%, respectively, compared to no N application. However, excessive N application (337 kg hm-2) reduced maize starch and crude fat content, decreased total starch and amylopectin levels, and led to lower peak and final viscosities, as well as a decrease in breakdown value, which could negatively affect starch pasting characteristics during processing. N application increased the peak time and pasting temperature of maize starch by 1.42% and 6.79%, respectively, enhancing viscosity, taste, and cooking stability. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive association between total starch content and viscosity parameters (including peak, trough, and final viscosity), while crude protein content was negatively correlated with these indexes. Furthermore, the interaction between different tillage methods and N fertilizer rates significantly improved maize yield and enhanced sucrose content, starch enthalpy, and gelatinization characteristics, demonstrating that the synergistic effects of these factors can more effectively enhance maize grain quality. In conclusion, the combined application of 262 kg hm-2 N fertilizer with plow tillage and straw returning (PTS) can significantly increase maize yield, promote starch accumulation in maize grains, and improve the thermal and pasting characteristics of maize, thereby achieving overall improvements in maize quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of manure replacement of chemical fertilizer nitrogen on yield, nitrogen accumulation, and quality of foxtail millet WANG Yuan, XU Jia-Yin, DONG Er-Wei, WANG Jin-Song, LIU Qiu-Xia, HUANG Xiao-Lei, JIAO Xiao-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 149-160.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44085 Abstract （423）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （1109KB）（438）       Knowledge map    Save The partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with manure is increasingly recognized as a promising strategy for achieving sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different manure substitution ratios on grain yield and its components, plant nitrogen accumulation, grain appearance quality, carotenoid content, and pasting properties. A two-year field experiment (2020-2021) was conducted with six treatments: no fertilizer application (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), 25% substitution of chemical nitrogen with manure (25% M), 50% substitution (50% M), 75% substitution (75% M), and 100% substitution (100% M). Results indicated that plant nitrogen accumulation was highest with 25% M and decreased as the proportion of manure substitution increased, which subsequently affected grain yield and quality. In 2020, 25% M increased plant nitrogen accumulation by 9.6% compared to NPK. In 2021, 25% M produced the highest values for plant nitrogen accumulation, aboveground biomass, grain yield, and grain number per ear, with increases of 6.1%, 12.0%, 15.4%, and 12.0%, respectively, compared to NPK. Grain appearance quality, pasting properties, and carotenoid content were significantly influenced by the 50% M treatment. Compared to NPK, 50% M increased the a* parameter (indicating red or green coloration) by 6%, CCI (indicating orange coloration) by 6%, and final viscosity by 7.8%. Additionally, amylopectin, total starch, lutein, zeaxanthin, and yellow pigment contents increased by 7.4%, 4.3%, 20.68%, 17.4%, and 2.8%, respectively, under 50% M compared to NPK. However, 100% M significantly reduced plant nitrogen accumulation, biomass, grain number per ear, and grain yield relative to NPK, and had no positive effects on lutein and zeaxanthin contents. Pearson correlation analyses revealed that plant nitrogen accumulation was negatively related to grain weight, amylose content, and setback viscosity in 2020 and 2021. A negative correlation was also observed between plant nitrogen accumulation and total starch content, protein content, peak viscosity, and yellow pigment content in 2021, while a positive correlation was found between plant nitrogen accumulation and trough viscosity. In conclusion, under a total nitrogen application rate of 120 kg hm-2, substituting 25%-50% of chemical nitrogen with manure enhanced plant nitrogen accumulation, which in turn improved yield, grain appearance quality, pasting properties, and carotenoid content in foxtail millet grains. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of low-temperature stress on glucose and water status in rice germ and its relationship with seedling emergence ZHENG Guang-Jie, YE Chang, XU Chun-Mei, CHEN Song, CHU Guang, CHEN Li-Peng, ZHANG Xiu-Fu, WANG Dan-Ying Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 3055-3068.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.42014 Abstract （431）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （5236KB）（436）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate varietal differences in rice germ survival and seedling emergence under low-temperature stress and to analyze the mechanisms of low-temperature tolerance during seedling emergence, germinated seeds of four rice varieties with different cold tolerance were used as experimental material and exposed to low temperature and ambient temperature (control) conditions. Carbohydrate and moisture content of seed and germ, seed α-amylase activity, sucrose synthase, antioxidant enzyme activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of germ during seedling emergence were analyzed over time, along with their correlation with germ survival. The study found that the glucose content and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, POD, and CAT) in the germ of the cold-sensitive varieties Zhongjia 8 (S1) and Zhongjiazao 17 (S2) decreased significantly after 4 days of cold treatment, while H2O2 and MDA contents increased gradually, leading to phenotypical stagnation of germ growth and symptoms of death under low-temperature stress. In contrast, the glucose content in the germ of cold-tolerant varieties Nipponbare (T1) and Yunliangyoujiu 48 (T2) remained relatively high, and the enzyme activity of SOD, POD, and CAT, as well as H2O2 and MDA contents, remained stable after 8 days of cold treatment, allowing the germ to maintain upright growth. Analysis revealed that cold inhibited seed α-amylase activity but promoted germ sucrose synthase activity. Cold also delayed root development in cold-tolerant varieties T1 and T2 but inhibited root development in cold-sensitive varieties S1 and S2. Additionally, the root vigor of cold-sensitive varieties was significantly lower than that of cold-tolerant varieties, and the water content of seeds and germs in cold-sensitive varieties S1 and S2 decreased continuously, while that of cold-tolerant varieties T1 and T2 remained stable. Correlation analysis demonstrated that germ survival rate was significantly positively correlated with germ and seed glucose content, germ water content, CAT activity, root length, volume, and root vigor, but significantly negatively correlated with seed starch and germ sucrose content. Moreover, increasing water supply to S1 and S2 exogenously significantly improved their survival rate under low temperature. In conclusion, low-temperature stress not only inhibited seed α-amylase activity but also suppressed root growth and development, reducing the ability to transport water to seeds and germs. This, led to a decrease in the ability to degrade seed starch and germ sucrose during the seedling emergence process, resulting in inadequate glucose supply to germs, an imbalance in germ antioxidant metabolism, and reduced survival rate. However, exogenous increase in water supply could improve germ survival rate to some extent under low temperature. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and comprehensive evaluation of salt-alkali tolerance throughout the growth period of 155 faba bean germplasms FAN Hui-Ling, BAI Sheng-Wen, LU Yan, PENG Xiao-Xing, ZHOU Xian-Li, ZHANG Hong-Yan, TENG Chang-Cai, WU Xue-Xia, LIU Yu-Jiao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 3035-3045.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44067 Abstract （383）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （9034KB）（425）       Knowledge map    Save Soil salinization has become one of the critical abiotic stresses affecting the growth of faba bean. Identifying salt-alkali tolerant germplasm in faba bean lays the foundation for exploring salt-alkali tolerant genes and selecting and breeding salt-alkali tolerant varieties, which is of great significance for the utilization of salinized land. In this study, 155 faba bean germplasm resources from domestic and international collections were subjected to stress treatment with a matrix + mixed salt-alkali (9 g L-1, NaCl+Na2CO3+Na2SO4, pH 10.5) throughout their entire growth period. Seven indicators were measured, including the seedling rate, salt damage index (SDI), plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, and nitrogen content. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, membership function analysis, and systematic cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate and classify the salt-alkali tolerance of various germplasms. A predictive regression equation for salt-alkali tolerance was established using stepwise regression analysis. The results showed as follows: (1) Three faba bean germplasms with salt-alkali tolerance (20 ≤ salt damage index < 40) were identified, constituting 1.94% of the total, while eight germplasms displayed moderate salt-alkali tolerance (40 ≤ salt damage index < 60), comprising 5.16% of the tested germplasms. No highly salt-alkali tolerant (salt damage index < 20) faba bean germplasms were detected. (2) The salt damage index was negatively correlated with plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, and nitrogen content (P < 0.01). (3) Five indicators—fresh weight, plant height, salt damage index, chlorophyll content, and seedling rate—can be used as evaluation criteria for assessing salt-alkali tolerance throughout the entire growth period of faba beans. (4) The 155 faba bean germplasms were divided into two major groups, with the salt-alkali tolerant germplasm group exhibiting higher seedling rates, biomass, nitrogen content, and chlorophyll content. These research findings provide reliable materials for studying the mechanisms of salt-alkali tolerance in faba beans, exploring salt-alkali tolerant genes, and selecting and breeding salt-alkali tolerant varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of expression patterns of laccase gene family members in Brassica napus and their association with stem fracture resistance XU Lin-Shan, GAO Geng-Dong, WANG Yu, WANG Jia-Xing, YANG Ji-Zhao, WU Ya-Rui, ZHANG Xiao-Han, CHANG Ying, LI Zhen, XIE Xiong-Ze, GONG De-Ping, WANG Jing, GE Xian-Hong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 134-148.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44035 Abstract （423）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （16594KB）（422）       Knowledge map    Save Laccase is a family of copper-containing polyphenol oxidases primarily involved in lignin synthesis and resistance to various stresses in plants. In this study, members of the laccase gene family (BnaLACs) in Brassica napus were identified, and their physical and chemical properties were measured, including the number of amino acids, molecular weight, isoelectric point, instability index, and aliphatic index. The chromosome positions, evolutionary relationships, gene structures, and tissue expression patterns of these genes were subsequently predicted and analyzed. The results showed that the Brassica napus genome contains 53 BnaLAC family members, which are generally alkaline and stable proteins. Most BnaLACs are located in the vacuole membrane and outside the cell. Gene structure analysis revealed that BnaLACs have conserved structures. Tissue expression pattern analysis indicated that BnaLACs are expressed in all tissues except anthers, with higher expression levels in roots, seeds, silique walls, and stems. The expression pattern of BnaLAC4s in stems was specifically analyzed, and it was found that BnaA05G0074200ZS is significantly correlated with lodging resistance in Brassica napus. Haplotype analysis showed significant differences in lodging resistance and lignin content between different BnaA05G0074200ZS haplotype lines. The results of this study provide a foundation for further analysis of the functions of the laccase gene family in Brassica napus and the mechanisms underlying stem lodging resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of osalr3 mutant to exogenous organic acids and plant growth regulators under aluminum stress SU Chang, MAN Fu-Yuan, WANG Jing-Bo, FENG Jing, JIANG Si-Xu, ZHAO Ming-Hui Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 676-686.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42031 Abstract （355）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （1450KB）（422）       Knowledge map    Save Soil acidification and aluminum (Al) toxicity have become significant challenges affecting rice growth and yield. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate Al-tolerance-related genes and elucidate their molecular mechanisms. In a previous Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), the gene OsAlR3, associated with Al tolerance, was identified. OsAlR3 was shown to regulate Al tolerance in rice through phenotypic and physiological mechanisms. While organic acids and plant growth regulators are known to be involved in Al resistance, the specific role of OsAlR3 in these processes remains unclear. This study examined the responses of wild-type (WT) and osalr3 knockout mutants to exogenous organic acids (citric acid (CA), oxalic acid (OA), and malic acid (MA)) and plant growth regulators (brassinolide (BR) and auxin (IAA)). Compared to WT, the osalr3 mutant exhibited significantly reduced total root length, inter-root pH, and organic acid content, while above-ground and below-ground Al3+ content, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O2?), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly increased under Al stress. The osalr3 mutant showed heightened sensitivity to Al stress compared to WT. Exogenous application of organic acids and BR increased total root length, CA, OA, and MA content, and decreased above-ground and below-ground Al3+ content, MDA, O2?, H2O2 content, and SOD activity, thereby reducing the Al toxicity in osalr3 mutants. In contrast, although auxin application increased total root length and reduced above-ground Al3+ content in the mutant, it significantly increased below-ground Al3+ content, along with MDA, O2?, and H2O2 levels, which were markedly different from those of WT. In summary, exogenous application of organic acids (CA, OA, and MA) and BR positively influenced OsAlR3 function, while IAA application negatively regulated OsAlR3 function under Al stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Drought resistance identification and SNP association analysis of wheat germplasm introduced by ICARDA at seedling stage LI Yun-Xiang, ZHANG Si-Tian, HOU Wan-Wei, ZHANG Xiao-Juan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2742-2753.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.41007 Abstract （276）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （5712KB）（420）       Knowledge map    Save A total of 159 wheat samples imported from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (ICARDA) were used as the research subjects. To simulate drought conditions during the seedling stage, 20% PEG-6000 was applied, while a normal nutrient solution served as the control. The effects of drought on seven physiological traits related to the seedling stage (malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase activity, relative conductivity, peroxidase activity, soluble sugar content, proline content, and chlorophyll content) were analyzed. Correlation analysis of drought resistance-related physiological traits in the 159 wheat samples was conducted using a 55K SNP chip. The results indicated that, following drought treatment, the levels of proline and soluble sugars increased, whereas other traits did not show consistent trends. Under normal conditions, malondialdehyde content was significantly positively correlated with peroxidase activity and highly significantly negatively correlated with proline content; peroxidase activity was highly significantly negatively correlated with soluble sugar content. Under drought stress, soluble sugar content was significantly positively correlated with malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity, while chlorophyll content was highly significantly positively correlated with soluble sugar content and significantly negatively correlated with proline content. Association analysis identified 311 drought resistance-related markers (P ≤ 0.001) across 24,151 SNP loci, distributed on all 21 wheat chromosomes, with contribution rates of 7.13%-21.11%. Eight stable loci were detected under both treatments, located on chromosomes 1B, 2B, and 6A, with contribution rates of 7.85%-14.58%. Additionally, a multiple effector locus associated with both superoxide dismutase activity and soluble sugar content was found on chromosome 3D, with a contribution rate of 7.95%-8.69%. Four significant loci associated with the drought resistance coefficient of relative conductivity, peroxidase activity, chlorophyll content, and traits such as relative conductivity, peroxidase activity, proline content, and superoxide dismutase activity under drought treatment were detected on chromosomes 2D, 3A, and 4A, with a contribution rate of 7.61%-14.74%. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics