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Research progress in phytohormone regulation of square and boll shedding in cotton XIE Zhang-Shu, XIE Xue-Fang, TU Xiao-Ju, LIU Ai-Yu, DONG He-Zhong, ZHOU Zhong-Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 1-29.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44122 Abstract （1398）   HTML （87）    PDF（pc） （4249KB）（9287）       Knowledge map    Save Cotton square and boll shedding is a common phenomenon, which can occur as an active adaptive response to adverse environmental stress or as a passive loss due to genetic characteristics, environmental conditions, cultivation practices, and various biotic and abiotic stresses. Square and boll shedding directly impacts cotton yield. However, most existing studies, both domestic and international, primarily focus on preliminary findings from the 1950s and 1960s concerning the influence of ethylene and abscisic acid on cotton shedding. Based on insights from other plant species, it appears that square and boll shedding is closely related to a decline in growth-promoting hormones—such as auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin—and an increase in growth-inhibiting hormones like ethylene and abscisic acid. These hormones not only regulate metabolic processes within the plant but also coordinate signaling pathways that play a pivotal role in the shedding process. In this paper, we review the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the formation and functioning of abscission zones, as well as the hormonal responses and regulatory mechanisms involved in the shedding of cotton squares and bolls, and in the shedding of other plant (reproductive) organs in recent years. Our findings reveal a lack of comprehensive research on cotton square and boll shedding, with most studies focusing on the limited effects of a few hormones on cotton reproductive growth, while failing to investigate the deeper mechanisms that lead to shedding. Therefore, future research should prioritize exploring the genetic basis of cotton square and boll shedding, identifying new gene resources for breeding varieties resistant to shedding, and enhancing our understanding of the relationship between shedding and hormone regulation in cotton as a model plant. This will provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for improving cotton yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of seed dormancy and germination regulation SONG Song-Quan, TANG Cui-Fang, LEI Hua-Ping, JIANG Xiao-Cheng, WANG Wei-Qing, CHENG Hong-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (1): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34012 Abstract （4688）   HTML （289）    PDF（pc） （3074KB）（5223）       Knowledge map    Save Dormancy enables plant seeds to time germination until environmental conditions become favorable for seedling survival and growth. The dormancy characteristics of seeds are of important ecological adaptive significance and notable agricultural value. Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) are the key factors for seed dormancy and germination. Mature seeds in dormancy state contain high levels of ABA and low levels of GA. ABA induces and maintains seed dormancy, while GA antagonizes ABA and promotes seed germination. DELAY OF GERMINATION-1 (DOG1) is a major regulator of seed dormancy and had a synergistic effect with ABA to delay germination. DOG1 enhances ABA signal transduction by combining with PP2C ABA hypersensitive germination (AHG1/AHG3), and inhibits the action of AHG1 to increase ABA sensitivity and impose seed dormancy. Imprinted genes are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms before and after fertilization, and are closely related to the establishment and release of seed dormancy. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the regulation of seed dormancy. In the present paper, we reviewed the effects of phytohormones ABA and GA on seed dormancy and germination, the action mechanism regulating seed dormancy by DOG1, and the epigenetic regulation of seed dormancy and germination. In addition, we also propose some scientific issues that need to be further investigated in this field to provide some information for understanding the molecular mechanism of seed dormancy and germination, breeding in anti-preharvest sprouting in crop plants, and promoting the germination of dormant seeds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physiological mechanisms in response to waterlogging during seedling stage of Brassica napus L. ZHOU Xiang-Yu, XU Jin-Song, XIE Ling-Li, XU Ben-Bo, ZHANG Xue-Kun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 1015-1029.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34116 Abstract （1528）   HTML （45）    PDF（pc） （8172KB）（4901）       Knowledge map    Save The Yangtze River basin is the main producing area of rapeseeds in China, which is wet and rainy all the year round, and the rapeseed-rice rotation system is implemented in the producing area, resulting in frequent waterlogging. To explore the effects of waterlogging at seedling stage on phenotypic traits, physiological characteristics, photosynthesis, relative gene transcriptional levels, and the regulation of exogenous hormone inhibitors on rapeseed damage under waterlogging, a pot experiment was conducted, and the strong waterlogging tolerant line YZ12, medium waterlogging tolerant line YZ45, and weak waterlogging tolerant line YZ59 were used as the experimental materials. The results indicated that flooding stress severely inhibited the growth of rapeseed, and root activity could be used as an indicator to measure the impact of flooding stress on rapeseed growth. The observation of root cell ultrastructure showed that flooding stress led to plasmolysis and organelle fragmentation of rape root cells. The organelle of strong and medium waterlogging resistant rape was less damaged, and it could maintain a more normal cell morphology under flooding stress. The relative transcriptional levels of cytoskeletal genes Bnamicrotubule1.A3, Bnatubulin-α2.C3, Bnatubulin-β7.C6, and Bnalamin-like.A2 in rape roots were significantly decreased under flooding stress, which were 0.2-0.5 times that of the control (CK) samples. The relative expressional levels of BnaPDH.C9, BnaLDH.A1, and BnaADH.A7 associated to anaerobic respiration were significantly increased, which was 3-6 times higher than that of CK, and higher expression levels were observed in medium and strong waterlogging tolerant rapeseed seedlings than in weak waterlogging tolerant line YZ59. During waterlogging, the activities of POD and SOD increased first and then decreased, while the activity of CAT and the content of MDA increased. Among them, the enzyme activities of YZ12 line such as POD, SOD, CAT were relatively high, and the increase of MDA was small. The photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content of rapeseed leaves were seriously affected by flooding stress. The chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of rapeseed decreased significantly, and the intercellular CO2 concentration increased significantly, and the change range of the weak waterlogging tolerant line YZ59 was larger than that of the other two lines. Under flooding stress, ET and ABA contents of rapeseed increased significantly. Among the three lines, YZ12 had higher ET content, while YZ59 had higher ABA content. The relative transcriptional levels of ET related genes BnaACO1.C8, BnaERF73.C6 were significantly up-regulated in the strong waterlogging tolerant line YZ12, while the relative transcriptional level of ABA-related gene BnaZEP.A7 was up-regulated in the weak waterlogging tolerant line YZ59. Exogenous application of hormone inhibitors could improve the damage of flooding stress to rapeseed, but the effects of different exogenous hormone inhibitors varied significantly. In conclusion, there were differences in physiological metabolism, photosynthesis, hormone, and gene transcriptional levels in response to flooding stress at seedling stage in B. napus with different waterlogging tolerance. B. napus responsed to flooding stress by regulating the relative transcription levels of genes related to cytoskeleton, anaerobic respiration, hormone metabolism, causing changes in antioxidant enzyme activity, hormone levels, photosynthetic efficiency, root ultrastructure and root vitality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic relationship analysis and fingerprints construction of faba bean varieties in Qinghai province based on SSR markers ZHENG Dong, ZHOU Xian-Li, TENG Chang-Cai, HOU Wan-Wei, ZHANG Hong-Yan, LIU Yu-Jiao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 79-90.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44066 Abstract （755）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （2262KB）（4012）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the population structure and relationships among cultivated varieties, advanced lines, and backbone parents of faba bean in Qinghai province, forty-six pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism, stability, and repeatability were used to analyze the genetic diversity of thirty-six varieties (lines) and construct genetic fingerprints. The results revealed that 262 alleles were detected using the forty-six primer pairs through capillary electrophoresis. The number of polymorphic alleles (Na) per primer ranged from two to fifteen, with an average of 5.696 alleles. The average number of effective alleles per locus was 2.988, ranging from 1.180 to 9.257. The Shannon index ranged from 0.287 to 2.444, with an average of 1.210. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.141 to 0.883, with an average of 0.553, indicating rich genetic diversity among the faba bean varieties in Qinghai. Clustering analysis grouped the 36 materials into four subgroups: subgroup I (twenty-four materials), subgroup II (four materials), subgroup III (seven materials), and subgroup IV (one material). Population genetic structure and principal coordinate analyses divided the materials into two subgroups, with subgroup I containing seventeen materials and subgroup II containing nineteen materials. There was some overlap between the subgroups identified by clustering and those identified by population structure analysis, which clarified the genetic relationships and population structure of the main faba bean cultivars in Qinghai province. On this basis, four core primer pairs were selected to construct genetic fingerprints for the thirty-six materials, which were subsequently stored in a two-dimensional code. The fingerprinting of the main faba bean cultivars in Qinghai provides an effective tool for variety identification and offers technical support for parental selection and the protection of new varieties in future faba bean breeding programs in the region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning of TabHLH112-2B gene and development of its functional marker associated with the number of spikelet per spike in wheat FAN Zi-Pei, LI Long, SHI Yu-Gang, SUN Dai-Zhen, LI Chao-Nan, JING Rui-Lian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (2): 403-413.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31016 Abstract （920）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （4989KB）（3752）       Knowledge map    Save The bHLH (basic Helix-Loop-Helix) transcription factor plays an important role in plant growth and development. In this study, wheat gene TabHLH112-2B was cloned, which consists of seven exons and six introns, encoding 444 amino acids, and has a typical HLH conserved domain at 315-364 amino acids. The tissue expression pattern analysis showed that TabHLH112-2B was expressed in all tissues at seedling stage, jointing stage, heading stage, and flowering stages. Among them, the relative expression levels in leaves and roots were higher. The cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of TabHLH112-2B contained a variety of cis-acting elements related to plant hormone responses, stress responses, and meristem development. The qRT-PCR exhibited that the relative expression level of TabHLH112-2B was responsive to plant hormones (such as ABA, IAA, MeJA) and abiotic stresses (such as drought, salt, low and high temperatures). Two SNPs were detected in its promoter region by genomic sequence polymorphism, which were classified into two haplotypes. A molecular marker was developed based on SNP-682, and association analysis showed that the marker was significantly correlated with the number of spikelet per spike in various environments such as drought and high temperature. Hap-2B-2 was a favorable haplotype with more spikelets per spike. These results of this study provide the valuable genetic resources and technical support for molecular marker-assisted breeding of wheat varieties with high yield and wide adaptability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of AhGA3ox gene family in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) LI Hai-Fen, LU Qing, LIU Hao, WEN Shi-Jie, WANG Run-Feng, HUANG Lu, CHEN Xiao-Ping, HONG Yan-Bin, LIANG Xuan-Qiang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 932-943.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34122 Abstract （882）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （7691KB）（3709）       Knowledge map    Save Gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase (GA3ox) is one of the key enzymes involved in gibberellin biosynthesis, which can regulate plant growth and development by affecting gibberellin formation. There were no systematic studies in peanut genome. In this study, AhGA3ox family genes were identified from the genome database of cultivated peanut species by bioinformatics, and the distribution, structure, evolutionary characteristics, physical and chemical properties, promoter cis-acting elements were also analyzed. The relative expression pattern of AhGA3oxs in different peanut tissues was analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the relative expression level of in shell of two peanut lines with different pod size were also analyzed. The results showed that 7 AhGA3oxs were distributed on 7 chromosomes of peanut, all of which were composed of 1 intron and 2 exons. All the AhGA3ox proteins contained 1 DIOX_N domain and 1 2OG-FeII_Oxy domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they were closely related to GA3ox proteins of soybean,. The AhGA3oxs showed obvious tissue expression specificity in root, stem, leaf, flower and peg. The expression levels of AhGA3oxs were not only different in different development stages of the peanut shell, but also different at the same development stage of the two lines. Interestingly, the relative expression levels in large pod lines were significantly higher than those in small pod lines at most development stages. Therefore, we predict that the gene expression of AhGA3ox gene family may promote the formation of large pod. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcriptome analysis of tobacco in response to cadmium stress ZHANG Hui, ZHANG Xin-Yu, YUAN Xu, CHEN Wei-Da, YANG Ting Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 944-956.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34141 Abstract （1179）   HTML （48）    PDF（pc） （8588KB）（3691）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of industrialization process in society, the problem of cadmium (Cd) pollution in soil is increasing. However, Nicotiana tabacum has a strong Cd enrichment capacity in leaves, which seriously affects its economic value. To investigate the mechanism by which tobacco responds to Cd stress, tobacco leaves were harvested from the culture solution with Cd concentrations of 0 μmol L-1 and 500 μmol L-1 for subsequent transcriptome sequencing. In this study, a total of 76.94 Gb clean data was obtained, with Q30 base percentage exceeding 95.43%. The results showed that 7735 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened under Cd stress conditions, including 4833 up-regulated genes and 2902 down-regulated genes. The reliability of transcriptome data was verified by qRT-PCR analysis to detect the expression patterns of candidate gene. Gene ontology (GO) annotation as well as Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed on differentially expressed transcripts. GO functional enrichment revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly distributed in metabolic processes, response to stimulus, cellular anatomical entity, catalytic activity, and transcription regulator activity. Meanwhile, KEGG analysis showed that the up-regulated differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in biosynthesis of amino acids, carbon metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and citrate cycle. Down-regulated differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in photosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, metabolic pathways, and plant hormone signal transduction. Further analysis of plant hormone signal transduction pathways revealed that there were eight plant hormone pathways involved in response to cadmium stress in tobacco, and the relative expression patterns of different hormone gene member were also different. Experimental results from plant hormone application on tobacco leaves demonstrated that the regulation of gibberellins, brassinosteroids, and jasmonic acid pathways played roles in tobacco’s response to cadmium stress. The experimental results of Arabidopsis hormone signal mutant showed that plants respond to cadmium stress by regulating ethylene, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, and jasmonic acid pathways. In conclusion, this study not only explores the regulatory network of tobacco resistance to Cd stress, but also lays a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of crop resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome wide identification and expression analysis of TaPOD family in wheat JU Ji-Hao, MA Chao, WANG Tian-Ning, WU Yi, DONG Zhong, FANG Mei-E, CHEN Yu-Shu, ZHANG Jun, FU Guo-Zhan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 779-792.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31045 Abstract （1055）   HTML （76）    PDF（pc） （7749KB）（3438）       Knowledge map    Save Peroxidase (POD) family members play the important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responding to stress. In order to systematically explore the functions and expression patterns of the TaPOD gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), in this study, we identified the members of the TaPOD gene family in wheat using bioinformatics methods, predicted their physical and chemical properties, promoter homeopathic elements, and evolutionary characteristics, and analyzed their expression patterns in different tissues, exogenous hormones, and stress conditions through wheat transcriptome and RT-qPCR. The results showed that 659 members of the TaPOD gene family were identified from wheat, and their protein sequence lengths were 206-518 amino acids; Phylogenetic analysis showed that the members of wheat TaPOD family were divided into I-VII groups with different numbers of each group. Sequence alignment demonstrated that the members of wheat TaPOD family had five conservative motifs, with significant differences in gene structure, indicating diversification in functions. Chromosome localization revealed uneven distribution of its quantity on 21 chromosomes of wheat, with the highest number on chromosome 2B. The intraspecific collinearity analysis, showed that there were 396 repetitive events in wheat TaPOD genes, with high homology and very conservative evolutionary process. It was amplified mainly through fragment replication and tandem replication, and the Ka/Ks ratio showed that only four pairs of family members were subjected to positive natural selection pressure. The analysis of cis-regulatory element showed that there were 23 binding elements related to growth, development, and stress resistance in the upstream 2 kb region. Analysis of gene expression patterns showed that most TaPOD genes were highly expressed in wheat roots, and the relative expression level was closely related to hormone induction and abiotic stress. The above results provide a preliminary theoretical basis for further understanding the functions of TaPOD genes in regulating wheat growth, development, and stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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QTL mapping and GWAS analysis of coleoptile length in bread wheat HAO Qian-Lin, YANG Ting-Zhi, LYU Xin-Ru, QIN Hui-Min, WANG Ya-Lin, JIA Chen-Fei, XIA Xian-Chun, MA Wu-Jun, XU Deng-An Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 590-602.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31034 Abstract （1497）   HTML （48）    PDF（pc） （2089KB）（2808）       Knowledge map    Save Under drought conditions, the emergence rate of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can be improved by proper deep sowing. The maximum sowing depth of wheat is determined by the length of the coleoptile, so it is very important to cultivate wheat varieties with long coleoptile. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 275 lines derived from the cross of Doumai and Shi 4185, and 186 natural population materials were used as the experimental materials. Genotyping results of 90K SNP chip were used to identify QTL for wheat coleoptile length in three different environments. The results showed that two stable QTL sites were identified by inclusive composite interval mapping in the RIL population. The two QTL located on Chromosome 4BS (30.17-40.59 Mb) and 6BL (700.08-703.53 Mb), respectively, and explained 26.29%-28.46% and 4.16%- 4.36% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. A total of 36 stable QTL were identified in the genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the mixed linear model. They were located on Chromosome 1A (3), 1B (3), 1D (2), 2A (1), 3A (2), 3B (2), 4B (11), 5A (1), 5B (3), 6B (4), 7A (2), and 7B (2), respectively. Seven significant association loci were repeatedly detected in the three environments, three of which overlapped or were adjacent to reported loci, and the other four loci were presumed to be new loci. They were located on Chromosomes 1A (499.03 Mb), 3A (73.06 Mb), 4B (648.74-648.87 Mb), and 7A (36.31 Mb), respectively. Five candidate genes (TraesCS1A03G0748300, Rht1, TraesCS4B03G0110000, TraesCS4B03G0112200, and TraesCS7A03G0146600) were predicted. A major QTL locus on Chromosome 4BS (30.17-40.59 Mb) was identified in both RIL and natural populations, and the candidate gene Rht1 at this locus had been shown to reduce the length of wheat coleoptile. The results of this study lay a foundation for the identification of genes controlling the length of coleoptile in wheat and the maker-assisted selection breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relative expression profiles of genes response to salt stress and constructions of gene co-expression networks in Brassica napus L. YANG Chuang, WANG Ling, QUAN Cheng-Tao, YU Liang-Qian, DAI Cheng, GUO Liang, FU Ting-Dong, MA Chao-Zhi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (1): 237-250.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34076 Abstract （1529）   HTML （50）    PDF（pc） （9515KB）（2707）       Knowledge map    Save Brassica napus L. is an important oil crop. Salt stress is one of the major environmental conditions affecting the growth and development of B. napus, which may lead to yield reduction, quality deterioration, and even the death of B. napus. In this study, the B. napus semi-winter cultivar ZS11 was used as the experimental material to perform transcriptome sequencing on the leaf and root tissues with salt stress treatment (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h). The measured 90 RNA-seq data provided the high-resolution time dynamic transcriptional expression spectrum of rapeseed tissues responding to salt stress was obtained. Correlation analysis showed that the samples exhibited significant clustering differences in early response and late response before and after 1 h salt stress treatment. Using DESeq2 for differential gene analysis, we identified 20,462 and 29,334 differential genes for the response of root and leaf tissues, respectively, indicating that the overall response of leaf tissue in rapeseed was more severe than the root. Furthermore, WGCNA was used to construct gene co-expression networks for the salt stress response in root and leaf tissues, respectively, and tan and yellow modules were significantly related to the early response to salt stress, and green and red modules were significantly related to the late response to salt stress. GO enrichment analysis was then performed, and 41 and 26 core transcription factors responding to salt stress at the early and late stages, respectively, were selected from these networks. Functional annotation showed that the known Arabidopsis homologous genes involved in salt stress responses at different stages existed in all four modules, and core genes, such as BnWRKY46 and BnWRKY57, had abundant SNPs variation and haplotypes in 505 salt stress-treated rape population variation data, suggesting that these core transcription factors might be key candidate genes for rape salt stress response. This study provides a reliable data reference and candidate gene resources for improving salt tolerance in B. napus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of cyclanilide enhanced the defoliation efficiency of thidiazuron in cotton by regulating endogenous hormones under low temperature stress SUN Shang-Wen, SHU Hong-Mei, YANG Chang-Qin, ZHANG Guo-Wei, WANG Xiao-Jing, MENG Ya-Li, WANG You-Hua, LIU Rui-Xian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (1): 187-198.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34046 Abstract （868）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （1611KB）（2291）       Knowledge map    Save The technology of cotton leaf removal is an important prerequisite for realizing the mechanical harvesting of cotton, but low temperature affect the efficiency of TDZ-induced leaf abscission, which cannot meet the requirements of mechanized harvesting. In our laboratory, we found that cyclanilide (CYC) could improve the defoliation efficiency of TDZ at low temperature, but the mechanism of CYC promoting chemical defoliation (TDZ) under low temperature is unknown. Therefore, the content of plant hormones and the relative expression level of related genes in the abscission zone of cotton leaves were analyzed using Zhongmian 425 as the experimental material, setting two temperature levels (25℃ and 15℃) and three treatments [water (CK), single TDZ (T), and the compound of TDZ+CYC (TC)]. At 240 h after treatment under low temperature (15℃), the abscission rate of cotton leaves treated by T was only 53.0%, while the start time of cotton leaves abscission treated by TC was 24 h ahead of that treated by T and the abscission rate of cotton leaves treated by TC increased to 79.6%. At low temperature, compared with T, the relative expression level of auxin (IAA) transport genes (LAX2, PIN1), IAA response genes (IAA9, ARF3) and the content of IAA in the abscission zone of cotton leaves treated with TC were reduced significantly; the relative expression level of ethylene (ET) synthesis genes (ACS, ACO), and the content of ET synthesis precursor ACC were increased, the relative expression level of ET downstream signal gene(ERF1B) was up-regulated significantly in the abscission zone treated with TC. The jasmonate acid (JA) synthesis-related gene (AOC4) was up-regulated, and the content of JA was increased in abscission zone treated by TC. The inhibition of the IAA transport and signal transduction and the promotion of ET and JA synthesis and ET signal transduction caused by TC treatment in the abscission zones of cotton leaves could be the key reason that CYC could promote cotton leaves abscission effect of TDZ at low temperature. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of TIFY gene family in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) QI Jia-Min, XU Chun-Miao, XIAO Bin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (9): 2297-2309.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34193 Abstract （1230）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （1311KB）（2040）       Knowledge map    Save The TIFY family is a gene family of transcription factor unique to plants. It contains conserved TIFY domains (TIF [F/Y]XG), which plays an important role in regulating plant development, responding to abiotic stress, and plant hormones. In this study, a total of 26 members of the StTIFY family at the genome-wide level in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were identified. Based on phylogenetic characteristics and protein structure, StTIFY was divided into 4 subfamilies, and the JAZ subfamily was divided into 5 subgroups. Tandem duplication and segmental duplication events played a major role in the expansion of the StTIFY gene family. Collinearity analysis showed that there were 21, 5, and 6 orthologous gene pairs between StTIFYs and TIFYs of dicotyledonous plants, which were tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Arabidopsis, and cabbage (Brassica oleracea). There were only 1 and 2 orthologous gene pairs between StTIFYs and TIFYs of monocotyledonous rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays), respectively, which had evolved under purification selection. RNA-seq data analysis showed that TIFY gene and two genes in ZML subfamily were highly expressed in 13 tissues, while the other members exhibited tissue-specificity. Furthermore, we analyzed the response of the StTIFY gene to abiotic stresses and hormone treatments, and found that 19 genes responded to abiotic stress (drought/salt/heat), among which 3 genes and 2 genes simultaneously responded to 3 and 2 abiotic stresses, respectively. Five genes were differentially expressed under BAP, ABA, IAA, and GA3 treatments. The relative expression levels of four candidate genes in drought-tolerant and water-sensitive cultivars under drought stress were further detected using qPCR. The results showed that these four genes were significantly differentially expressed in the two cultivars during flower-falling period. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the characteristics of the StTIFY gene family, as well as in-depth analysis of the functions of StTIFY family members response to hormone signals and resistance to abiotic stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spectral characteristics of winter wheat canopy and estimation of aboveground biomass under elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration HUANG Hong-Sheng, ZHANG Xin-Yue, JU Hui, HAN Xue Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 991-1003.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31041 Abstract （804）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （871KB）（1838）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on the canopy spectral characteristics of winter wheat during the whole growth period and to establish quantitative relationships between above-ground biomass (AGB) and spectral parameters based on the screened sensitive bands. For this purpose, during the winter wheat growing season of 2021-2022, two treatment levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration (ACO2, (420±20) μL L-1) and elevated CO2 concentration (ECO2, (550±20) μL L-1) were set based on the Free Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment System (Mini-FACE), and the changes of spectral features were analyzed under elevated CO2 concentration. AGB sensitive bands were screened and the estimation models of AGB were constructed based on the successive projections algorithm (SPA), stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration significantly increased AGB in winter wheat at jointing and anthesis stages. The red-edge reflectance, near red edge reflectance, and red-edge area increased at jointing stage and decreased at anthesis and maturity stages. The positions of the blue-edge, yellow-edge, and red-edge were shifted at different growth stages. The sensitive spectral bands of AGB are mainly distributed in the red-edge and near red-edge bands, and the elevated CO2 concentration narrows the range of the sensitive bands of AGB, but does not affect the estimation of AGB. The SMLR and PLSR models of AGB both achieved high estimation accuracy (R2 > 0.8), where the characteristic parameters such as R799', Dy, SDy, and PRI in the SMLR model were significantly correlated with AGB, with an R2 of 0.866. The PLSR model (R2 > 0.9) outperformed the SMLR model in terms of estimation accuracy and stability. This study can provide the theoretical basis and technical methods for the remote sensing monitoring of winter wheat growth and development under elevated CO2 concentration in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning, expression, and function of HcKAN4 gene of kenaf in flavonoid synthesis WU Fa-Xuan, LI Qin, YANG Xin, LI Xin-Gen, XU Jian-Tang, TAO Ai-Fen, FANG Ping-Ping, QI Jian-Min, ZHANG Li-Wu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 645-655.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34084 Abstract （820）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （4598KB）（1830）       Knowledge map    Save MYB-like transcription factor KAN4 (KANADI4) plays an important role in flavonoid synthesis and fiber development in kenaf. In this study, the variety “Fuhong 952” was used as the experimental material to clone and analyze the relative expression pattern of HcKAN4 genes, and to investigate the effect of TRV-VIGS-induced silencing of HCKAN4 gene on the expression of key enzyme genes in flavonoid synthesis pathway in kenaf, the variety ‘Fuhong 952’ was used as the experimental material. Gene cloning showed that the total length of ORF of HcKAN4 gene was 966 bp, encoding 322 amino acids and containing a conserved domain of MYB. Phylogenetic tree revealed that it was closely related to KAN4s of Arabidopsis and Hibiscus. The relative expression pattern indicated that the gene was expressed in different plant tissues, and the transcription level increased with plant growth in kenaf. VIGS-induced gene silencing revealed that the transcription level of 6 HcKAN4 individuals was significantly down-regulated, indicating gene silencing successfully. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that the relative level of flavonoid synthesis-related genes, HcCHS, HcF3'5'H, HcANS, and HcANR, were significantly down-regulated, which were 0.51, 0.14, 0.23, and 0.11 times of those in the control group, respectively, suggesting that the relative expression level of HcKAN4 gene can regulate the biosynthesis of flavonoid in kenaf. These results provide a basis for clarifying the regulation of flavonoid synthesis by MYB transcription factor and give research ideas for improving fiber quality in kenaf. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Endosperm development of cereal crops and its role in seed dormancy and germination SONG Song-Quan, TANG Cui-Fang, CHENG Hong-Yan, WANG Cheng-Liang, YUAN Liang-Bing, ZUO Sheng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1133-1155.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42055 Abstract （1939）   HTML （70）    PDF（pc） （5724KB）（1752）       Knowledge map    Save In angiosperms, double fertilization triggers the simultaneous development of two closely adjacent tissue, embryo and endosperm. The function of endosperm is not only to provide nutrients and serve as a mechanical barrier for the embryo, but also to act as a growth regulator for the embryo during seed development, dormancy and germination, thereby controlling the vitality, dormancy, and germination of the seeds. But so far, the development of endosperm and its regulatory mechanism are not clear enough. In the present paper, the recent progress achieved in the endosperm development and its regulatory mechanism, as well as the regulation of these events on seed dormancy and germination, was reviewed, including morphogenesis, differentiation of aleurone layer and starch endosperm, programmed cell death of starch endosperm, accumulation of storage proteins in endosperm during endosperm development, as well as the regulation of cell cycle regulatory factors, phytohormones, and epigenetic on endosperm development, and the role of endosperm in embryo development, seed dormancy and germination. Finally, the scientific issues that need to be further researched in this field are proposed, attempting to provide reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms of endosperm development and its regulation, and thereby improving the yield and quality of cereal crops. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic analysis and two pairs of genes mapping in soybean mutant NT301 with disease-like rugose leaf WANG Ya-Qi, XU Hai-Feng, LI Shu-Guang, FU Meng-Meng, YU Xi-Wen, ZHAO Zhi-Xin, YANG Jia-Yin, ZHAO Tuan-Jie Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 808-819.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34106 Abstract （874）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （4623KB）（1705）       Knowledge map    Save Research on lesion mimic mutant, mining resistance genes, and developing superior disease-resistant new soybean varieties by molecular design breeding methods can contribute to the alleviating the environmental pollution caused by chemical pesticides and drug resistance to disease. In this study, the disease-like rugose leaf mutant NT301 obtained by 60Coγ mutagenesis as the male parent was crossed with W82, KF1, and KF35, respectively, to construct F2 and F2:3 segregating populations. Using SSR and SNP markers, target gene 1 (rl1) was narrowed to 937 kb on chromosome 18 with 66 genes and target gene 2 (rl2) was narrowed to 130 kb on chromosome 8 with 15 genes. The gene expression patterns of the wild type and NT301 were compared using gene chip technology, and the KEGG pathways of the differentially expressed genes were assessed. Moreover, semi quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR methods were used to analyze the relative expression levels of candidate genes on chromosome 8. The results showed that the relative expression level of Glyma.08G332500 in NT301 was four times higher than the wild type. In contrast, the expression levels of other genes showed no more than double difference. Therefore, we suggest that Glyma.08G332500 may be a candidate gene for NT301. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Function and application of calcium in plant growth and development WANG Yu, GAO Geng-Dong, GE Meng-Meng, CHANG Ying, TAN Jing, GE Xian-Hong, WANG Jing, WANG Bo, ZHOU Guang-Sheng, FU Ting-Dong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 793-807.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34145 Abstract （3448）   HTML （163）    PDF（pc） （4101KB）（1659）       Knowledge map    Save Calcium is one of the essential elements in crops. It is widely present in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds, and is of great significance for the growth and development of crops. Calcium is a difficult element to redistribute, and its absorption and transport are subject to transpiration. Therefore, crops often experience physiological calcium deficiency, which weakens their stress resistance and reduces both yield and quality. Calcium in crops has dual functions. It not only participates in the formation of cell walls and membranes but also plays a role in responding to various environmental stimuli and internal growth and development signals as an intracellular second messenger. The absorption and transportation of calcium in cells are essential for maintaining intracellular calcium homeostasis and ensuring calcium signal transduction. In recent years, the function and application of calcium in crops have been extensively studied. In this study, we describe the distribution, absorption, transportation, and demand of calcium in crops, introduce the symptoms and causes of calcium deficiency in crops, review the nutritional structure functions of calcium, the second messenger function and the mechanism of calcium signal generation, transmission, and decoding, and summarize the role of calcium in crop growth and development, including its effects on yield, quality, and stress resistance. Meanwhile, the future research direction is proposed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overexpression of soybean isopropyl malate dehydrogenase gene GmIPMDH promotes flowering and growth LIU Wei, WANG Yu-Bin, LI Wei, ZHANG Li-Feng, XU Ran, WANG Cai-Jie, ZHANG Yan-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 613-622.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34093 Abstract （825）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （5914KB）（1644）       Knowledge map    Save Isopropyl malate synthase (IPMS) and isopropyl malate dehydrogenase (IPMDH) are important rate-limiting enzymes in leucine biosynthesis. However, their functions in plant growth and development have rarely been reported. In this study, we cloned and performed sequence analysis of GmIPMDH, a homologous gene of Arabidopsis AtIPMDH2 in soybean. GmIPMDH contained a conserved domain of Iso_dh, and the promoter of GmIPMDH contained a large number of light and hormonal responsive elements. The qRT-PCR showed that the relative expression level of GmIPMDH in soybean leaves gradually increased with the growth and development of plants. We then performed a function analysis of GmIPMDH by ectopic expression in tobacco and overexpression in soybean. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the overexpression of GmIPMDH significantly promoted flowering of tobacco and soybean. Meanwhile, plant height and nodes number were also increased significantly. Transcriptome analysis displayed that the expression of several flowering-related genes and gibberellin synthesis-related genes were changed in soybean GmIPMDH-overexpression plants. Therefore, we speculated that GmIPMDH may be involved in the gibberellin-mediated flowering and plant type architecture regulation. This study elucidates the role of GmIPMDH in the regulation of flowering time and provides a molecular basis for further research on the mechanism of GmIPMDH regulating soybean flowering and plant growth. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of maize and soybean intercropping on soil physicochemical properties and microbial carbon metabolism in karst region QIAN Yu-Ping, SU Bing-Bing, GAO Ji-Xing, RUAN Fen-Hua, LI Ya-Wei, MAO Lin-Chun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 273-284.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43010 Abstract （987）   HTML （20）    PDF（pc） （1803KB）（1603）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to investigate the effects of corn and soybean belt intercropping on soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure diversity in a karst area. Three planting models were established: corn and soybean intercropping (MSI), corn monocropping (MM), and soybean monocropping (SM). The Biolog-ECO microplate method was used to explore the impacts of these different planting patterns on the metabolic activity, diversity, and soil properties of soil microbial carbon sources, as well as their underlying mechanisms. The results showed that compared to MM and SM, the MSI model significantly increased the soil microbial community richness index (McIntosh index) by 11.90% (P < 0.05) and 58.40% (P < 0.01), respectively, and the AWCD value by 24.50% and 80.10%, respectively. The relative absorbance of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and phenolic acids increased significantly by 34.50%, 63.70%, and 61.80% on average, respectively. The carbon source metabolic fingerprint revealed that the MSI model enhanced the utilization of p-carboxylic acid carbon sources by increasing the metabolic activity of itaconic acid, and improved the utilization of amino acid carbon sources by boosting the metabolic activity of L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, and glycyl-glutamic acid. Additionally, the MSI model increased the utilization of polymer carbon sources via enhanced metabolic activity of Tween 40, Tween 80, and liver sugar. Furthermore, soil SOC under MSI treatment was significantly higher by 8.50% and 72.84% compared to MM and SM, respectively, while NH4+-N and TN contents were significantly increased by 46.70% and 33.30% compared to SM treatment, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that the two extracted components explained 79.69% of the total variation in carbon source utilization. The overall carbon source metabolic capacity followed the order MSI > MM > SM, with the MSI soil microbial community demonstrating the strongest metabolic utilization of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and polymers. Redundancy analysis indicated that TN (53.50%) and SOC (30.90%) were the two most significant environmental factors influencing carbon source metabolic utilization. TN promoted the metabolic utilization of carboxylic acid and amino acid carbon sources, while SOC enhanced the utilization of amine and phenolic acid carbon sources. The preferential carbon metabolism observed in maize and soybean intercropping was primarily driven by the diversity of microbial community structure, and was further regulated by soil total nitrogen and organic matter content. These findings suggest that the interaction between microbial community structure and soil physicochemical properties may play a key role in the yield improvement and efficiency of soybean and corn intercropping systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of editing efficiency of different CRISPR-Cas12f systems HUANG Ling-Zhi, FU Xiao, QI Xian-Tao, LIU Chang-Lin, XIE Chuan-Xiao, WU Peng-Hao, REN Jiao-Jiao, ZHU Jin-Jie Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (10): 2425-2434.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43012 Abstract （1071）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （9242KB）（1478）       Knowledge map    Save CRISPR/Cas12f proteins belonging to the Type V-F family are reported to be only 1/4 to 1/3 the size of Cas9 protein molecules, providing a significant advantage in viral vector delivery. However, the CRISPR/Cas12f system for gene editing in plants has been reported to have lower editing activity, limiting its broader application in plant research. In this study, we compared the editing activities of OsCas12f, SpCas12f, and UnCas12f in three different systems: in vitro digestion, yeast, and transient expression in maize protoplasts. The results showed that the editing activities of OsCas12f and SpCas12f proteins were comparable in terms of in vitro digestion of Cas12f/sgRNA complexes, while no substrate digestion activity was detected for UnCas12f. In the yeast mutant eGFP expression restoration assay, OsCas12f exhibited an editing efficiency of over 95% at the two tested loci, which was comparable to Cas12i.3. On the other hand, SpCas12f achieved editing efficiencies of 1.63% and 3.20% at the two sites, respectively, representing the next highest effect. However, UnCas12f showed minimal editing activity. Furthermore, by transiently expressing maize protoplasts, we compared the editing efficiencies of OsCas12f and SpCas12f at endogenous maize loci. It was found that OsCas12f successfully mediated targeted editing at two loci with editing efficiencies of 2.72% and 1.97%, respectively, while SpCas12f only mediated targeted editing at one locus with an editing efficiency of 1.09%. Deletion of bases was the predominant type of mutation introduced by Cas12f proteins at the target loci, with deletion lengths ranging from -9 to -17 base pairs. These comprehensive results indicate that OsCas12f can serve as a versatile tool for developing plant microgene editors and related technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer nitrogen on yield, quality, and nitrogen efficiency of waxy maize LOU Fei, ZUO Yi-Ping, LI Meng, DAI Xin-Meng, WANG Jian, HAN Jin-Ling, WU Shu, LI Xiang-Ling, DUAN Hui-Jun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 1053-1064.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33038 Abstract （1237）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （557KB）（1466）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer substitution of some chemical fertilizers on ear yield, quality, and nitrogen utilization of fresh waxy maize, and to explore the optimum organic fertilizer substitution ratio for chemical fertilizer in waxy maize production, which can provide the theoretical basis for the high-quality cultivation of fresh waxy maize in Hebei Plain. The field trials were conducted in 2020 and 2021 using the waxy maize variety Sidanuo 41 as the experimental material. A randomized zonal experimental design was used to set up 6 treatments: no nitrogen application (T1), quantitative fertilizer nitrogen (T2), organic fertilizer substituting 20% chemical fertilizer nitrogen (T3), organic fertilizer substituting 40% chemical fertilizer nitrogen (T4), organic fertilizer substituting 60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen (T5), and organic fertilizer substituting 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen (T6). The results showed that substituting of T3, T4, T5 treatments with commercial organic fertilizer increased fresh ears yield of waxy maize, increased by 3.08%, 13.61%, and 3.20%, respectively. Compared with T2 treatment, nitrogen use efficiency treatment with T3-T6 were decreased, the partial productivity and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer of T3-T5 treatments were significantly increased. The appearance and tasting quality scores of waxy maize under the substituting of commercial organic fertilizer were higher than T2 treatment, and the total score of T4 treatment was the highest, mainly because the substituting some chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer increased the total starch and pullulan content of grain, reduced the content of grain protein and soluble sugar, and improved grain texture characteristics, increased grain hardness, elasticity and chewiness, and decreased cohesion. In conclusion, under the condition of a total nitrogen application rate of 180 kg hm-2, the substituting 40% chemical fertilizer nitrogen (T4) with organic fertilizer can improve the yield and quality of fresh ears of waxy maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association study of yield traits and special combining ability in maize hybrid population MA Juan, CAO Yan-Yong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (2): 363-372.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33022 Abstract （1174）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （462KB）（1367）       Knowledge map    Save Increasing yield is the long-term goal of maize breeding. It is important to analyze the genetic basis of yield-related traits and combining ability for breeding new maize varieties with high yield. In this study, 123 maize inbred lines and eight tester lines were selected as the experimental parents, and 540 hybrids were obtained according to NCII (North Carolina design II). The F1 hybrids were investigated at the Xinxiang and Zhoukou experimental fields for eight yield and component traits, including kernel weight per ear, ear weight, 100-kernel weight, and kernel number per row. Parental genotypes were detected using maize 5.5K liquid breeding chip, and the genotypes of F1 hybrids were inferred. The additive and dominant models of BLINK (Bayesian information and links-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway) were used to conduct genome-wide association study of the F1 hybrid phenotypes and special combining ability (SCA). The results showed that 10 and 31 significant association loci were detected by additive and dominant models for F1 hybrids, respectively. Eight SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) were significantly associated with SCA using the dominant model. There were seven co-detected loci among different traits and models, and one of them was co-detected between ear weight and SCA. A total of 26 candidate genes were identified by scanning the major-effect and co-detected SNPs. Among them, transcription factors MYBR85, NLP9, PHD3, auxin up-regulated small RNA (SAUR11 and SAUR12), and FCS-like zinc finger protein gene FLZ16 may be important candidate genes for controlling yield traits and SCA of F1 hybrid. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on oil content screen with genomic selection and near infrared ray in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) LU Qing, LIU Hao, LI Hai-Fen, WANG Run-Feng, HUANG Lu, LIANG Xuan-Qiang, CHEN Xiao-Ping, HONG Yan-Bin, LIU Hai-Yan, LI Shao-Xiong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 969-980.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34115 Abstract （1026）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （856KB）（1342）       Knowledge map    Save Oil content is a crucial trait for the yield of oil per unit area in peanut. This trait is controlled by multiple minor genes, and its avaliable tightly linked markers are very limited, resulting in low breeding accuracy in traditional molecular marker assisted selection. Genomic selection (GS), as a new breeding method, could achieve early prediction of quantitative traits. Near infrared ray (NIR) technology can non-destructively detect seed quality traits, such as oil content. By combining the advantages of the two breeding technologies, we have established a breeding technology that combined GS and NIR for breeding peanut oil content, and explored the factors that affected the accuracy of GS for peanut oil content. This study lays a theoretical foundation for peanut molecular breeding. Here, a total of 216 recombinant inbred lines were used as a training population. The F2 (139), F3 (464), and F4 (505) were used to construct the breeding populations. Genotyping was carried out using the self-developed “PeanutGBTS40K” liquid chip. The breeding application of oil content was conducted using a GS and NIR jointed breeding technology, and evaluated its breeding effects. The results showed that after genotyping the training population, a total of 30,355 high-quality SNPs were obtained, and used for 11 GS models selection analyses. The rrBLUP model showed the highest accuracy, followed by randomforest and svmrbf. The GS prediction accuracy of F2, F3, and F4 was 0.116, 0.128, and 0.119, respectively, using recombinant inbred lines as the training population. Accordingly, the prediction accuracy was 0.116, 0.131, and 0.160, respectively, using a superimposed training population. Compared with the GS, the GS-NIR can improve oil content by 1.8%, 2.7%, and 3.4% for each generation. Compared with the NIR, there was no significant difference (0.1%, 0.06%, and 0.07%). Compared with the GS, the NIR can significantly improve oil content by 1.7%, 2.6%, and 3.3% for each generation. Through the combined technologies, compared to F2, the oil content of F3 and F4 increased by 1.2% and 1.0%, respectively. Finally, a total of 16 improved lines were obtained in F4, of which 10 lines had oil content ≥ 55.0%. Among them, two lines (SF4_201 and SF4_379) had a theoretical yield increase of 7.0% and 11.1%, respectively, compared to the control variety. This study suggested that oil content could be effectively improved through GS combined with NIR in peanut. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Breeding objectives and strategies for maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region CHEN Yong-Qiang, WANG Ya-Fei, XIE Hui-Ling, ZHANG Zhan-Hui, HEI Hong-Chao, PENG Qiang, YANG Xue-Li, HE Ge-Ming, TANG Ji-Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 2917-2924.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43026 Abstract （1380）   HTML （201）    PDF（pc） （554KB）（1339）       Knowledge map    Save The Huang-Huai-Hai region, the second largest maize-producing area in China, is situated in a transitional zone between the subtropical and north temperate climates. This region is characterized by a unique double cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize, which presents specific challenges for maize cultivation. The distinct ecological conditions and cropping system necessitate maize varieties with enhanced comprehensive resistance and adaptability. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current production status and the primary issues facing maize cultivation in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. It identifies key breeding objectives, including “high yield, suitability for mechanized harvesting, early maturity, tolerance to high planting density, resilience to environmental stresses, and resistance to major diseases and pests.” Based on these objectives, the paper proposes several breeding strategies: “reducing heterosis to increase planting density, improving kernel bulk density and single-ear seed yield, incorporating multiple resistance genes to enhance disease resistance, strengthening lodging resistance by increasing the number of brace roots, and promoting earlier anther dehiscence and pollen release to avoid high temperatures.” Additionally, the paper emphasizes the importance of identifying and utilizing superior genes, advancing the development of new core germplasm resources, and establishing modern molecular breeding systems, such as genome editing and genome-wide selection. It also advocates for the creation of an innovative collaboration model among research institutes, universities, and seed enterprises to accelerate germplasm innovation, improve maize breeding efficiency, and enhance the breeding and promotion of the entire industry chain. The ultimate goal is to develop superior new maize varieties that will effectively support agricultural production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different sowing space on photosynthetic characteristics after anthesis and grain yield of wheat ZHANG Zhen, ZHAO Jun-Ye, SHI Yu, ZHANG Yong-Li, YU Zhen-Wen Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 981-990.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31042 Abstract （938）   HTML （36）    PDF（pc） （544KB）（1333）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the influence of different sowing width on wheat grain yield and its physiological causes, in the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 winter wheat growing seasons, two sowing treatments were set under field test conditions at Shijiawangzi Wheat Test Station, Xiaomeng Town, Yanzhou District, Jining City, Shandong Province. Treatment 1 was 8 cm (B1); Treatment 2 is broadcast at 3 cm (B2). The effects of different sowing plots on photosynthetic characteristics, canopy light interception characteristics, dry matter accumulation and transport, and grain yield of wheat were studied. The results showed that the leaf area index and photosynthetically active radiation interception rate of B1 treatment were significantly higher than those of B2 treatment, and the photosynthetically active radiation transmittance of B1 treatment was significantly lower than that of B2 treatment. The relative chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of flag leaves under B1 treatment were significantly higher than B2 treatment, and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration was significantly lower than B2 treatment. Dry matter accumulation at anthesis and maturity, dry matter distribution in seeds after anthesis and dry matter accumulation at maturity were significantly higher under B1 treatment than B2 treatment. The number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight of B1 treatment were significantly higher than those of B2 treatment. Compared with B2 treatment, the two-year average grain yield and light energy utilization rate of B1 treatment increased by 6.12% and 7.71%, respectively. In summary, B1 treatment with a sowing width of 8 cm can shape a reasonable canopy structure, improve the photosynthetic performance of leaves after anthesis, and facilitate the production of photosynthetic substances of plants after anthesis, thus obtaining the highest grain yield and light energy utilization rate, which is the optimal treatment under the conditions of this experiment. This research provides a theoretical basis for wide-sowing technology of wheat with water-saving, high-yield and high-efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of salinity stress on grain-filling characteristics and yield of rice WEI Huan-He, ZHANG Xiang, ZHU Wang, GENG Xiao-Yu, MA Wei-Yi, ZUO Bo-Yuan, MENG Tian-Yao, GAO Ping-Lei, CHEN Ying-Long, XU Ke, DAI Qi-Gen Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 734-746.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.32021 Abstract （1419）   HTML （63）    PDF（pc） （452KB）（1323）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effect of salinity stress on grain-filling and yield of rice, the conventional japonica rice Nanjing 9108 and Huaidao 5 which were widely planted in saline alkali soil of Jiangsu province were used as the experimental materials. The treatments including the control (CK, 0 salt concentration), medium-salinity (medium-salinity, MS, 0.15% salt concentration), and high salt (high salinity, 0.3% salt concentration) were set. The results showed that, compared with the CK: (1) MS and HS both significantly reduced rice grain yield by 26.3% and 57.7% (average of the two cultivars), respectively. The number of panicles, spikelets per panicle, filled-grain percentage, and 1000-grain weight were all significantly decreased under salinity stress. (2) Salinity stress significantly reduced rice panicle length, the number of superior and inferior grains per panicle, filled-grain percentage, and 1000-grain weight. The decreases in filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight of superior grains per panicle under salinity stress were lower than those of inferior grains. (3) Salinity stress significantly reduced the dry matter weight of plants at heading and maturity stages, and the dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, while increased the harvest index. The net photosynthetic rate and SPAD value at 15 and 30 days after heading of rice leaves under salinity stress were significantly lower than CK. (4) Salinity stress reduced the maximum and mean grain-filling rates of grains during grain-filling period, while the time to achieve the maximum grain-filling rate and effective grain-filling duration of grains increased. Salinity stress increased the days at the first, middle, and late stages during grain-filling period for superior and inferior grains, while the mean grain-filling rate and grain filling amount significantly decreased at the first, middle, and late stages during grain-filling period. The decrease in grain filling amount of superior grains at the first, middle, and late stages during grain-filling period was lower than that of inferior grains. (5) Salinity stress significantly decreased activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthases (SSS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), and starch branching enzymes (SBE), and the decrease was greater in inferior grains than superior grains. In conclusion, the grain-filling days for superior and inferior grains increased under salinity stress, but the decrease in grain filling rate and activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis was greater, resulting in a significant deterioration in grain filling traits and a significant decrease in grain weight and yield. The inhibitory effects of salinity stress on grain-filling rate and grain filling amount of inferior grains were higher than those of superior grains. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and comprehensive evaluation of agronomic and quality traits of spring soybean varieties in northern China NIE Bo-Tao, LIU De-Quan, CHEN Jian, CUI Zheng-Guo, HOU Yun-Long, CHEN Liang, QIU Hong-Mei, WANG Yue-Qiang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (9): 2248-2266.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44004 Abstract （1188）   HTML （38）    PDF（pc） （1436KB）（1321）       Knowledge map    Save Soybean germplasm resources are the key to the improvement of soybean variety. Variation analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, principal components analysis, piecewise linear regression analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted on the main agronomic and quality traits of 334 spring soybean germplasm resources in northern China. The results of cluster analysis showed that 334 soybean germplasm resources could be divided into 4 groups, among which group III mainly include cross breeding soybean varieties in Jilin region, with the high average yield per unit, strong lodging resistance, and better comprehensive performance in this region. Principal components analysis showed that the five principal components represented yield factor, quality factor, plant height factor, branching and flowering factor, and flowering to maturity time factor, with the cumulative contribution rate of 79.76%. The soybean variety with the best overall performance was No. 36 using DTOPSIS method. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that the number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, oil content, the number of nodes on main stem, and the number of seeds per plant had significant effect on yield; oil content, the number of pods per plant, the effective branch number, plant height, and flowering time had significant effect on protein content. Protein content, 100-seed weight, flowering time, flowering to maturity time, the number of pods per plant, and yield had significant effect on oil content. Based on piecewise linear regression analysis, combined with correlation analysis, and multiple regression equations, the optimum plant types for high-yield soybeans were established as follows: the number of nodes on main stem was increasing as much as possible. Five nodes height on the bottom was 8.00-14.70 cm. The number of pods per plant was more than 132.83. The effective branch number was about 6. The flowering time was about 57.16 days. The time from flowering to maturity was greater than 61.29 days, and the whole growth period was controlled before the frost period. Lodging is non-lodging or slight lodging. The number of seeds per plant was about 250.43. Protein content was about 38.87%, oil content was greater than 19.27%, 100-seed weight was 19.45-22.55 g. The optimum plant type of high-yield and high-oil soybeans was approximately 113.50-114.45 cm in plant height. Five nodes height on the bottom was 12.15-14.70 cm. The number of nodes on main stem shall not exceed 25.15 segments. The number of pods per plant was 132.83-142.65. The effective branch number was 0-3.00. Lodging was non-lodging or slight lodging. The flowering time was about 57.16 days. The time from flowering to maturity was 61.29-69.00 days, the number of seeds per plant was approximately 249.63, and 100-seed weight was 19.25-22.55 g. The optimum plant types for high-yield and high-protein soybeans were: the plant height was about 113.50-114.45 cm. Five nodes on the bottom were about 8.00-10.55 cm. The number of nodes on main stem was about 19.42. The number of pods per plant was 132.83-138.96, the branch number was about 4.72. Lodging can be mid-lodging. The flowering time was about 63.00 days. The time from flowering to maturity was about 68.52 days. The number of seeds per plant was 227.54-250.43, 100-seed weight was less than 19.20 g. This study revealed that northern spring soybean germplasm resources had a wide genetic background and rich genetic potential, which was the high-quality soybean breeding resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of candidate genes implicated in low-nitrogen-stress tolerance based on RNA-Seq in sorghum WANG Rui, ZHANG Fu-Yao, ZHAN Peng-Jie, CHU Jian-Qiang, JIN Min-Shan, ZHAO Wei-Jun, CHENG Qing-Jun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 669-685.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34055 Abstract （1417）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （1360KB）（1312）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this study is to explore gene differential expression between different sorghum materials under low nitrogen stress conditions and to provide the references for probing into the breeding of low-nitrogen-tolerant sorghum varieties and the molecular mechanism of low-nitrogen-stress tolerance in sorghum. Two low-nitrogen-tolerant sorghum varieties (BSX44 and BTx378) were selected as experimental materials, and both of them were subjected to normal-growth treatment and low-nitrogen-stress treatment respectively before the gene expression of sorghum was detected at seedling stage, heading stage and flowering stage via RNA-Seq technology. The biological functions and metabolic pathways of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by bioinformatics to screen genes that may be involved in the low-nitrogen regulation, and to understand the possible molecular pathways for nitrogen efficient materials in the process of nitrogen absorption and utilization. The results showed that: For BTx378 and BSX44, under normal-growth and low-nitrogen-stress treatments, 937 and 787 DEGs were detected at the seedling stage, 1305 and 935 at the heading stage, and 1402 and 963 at the flowering stage, for BTx378 and BSX44 respectively. Then the converged DEGs at the three stages were identified, and it was found that 246 genes were differentially expressed in the two low-nitrogen-tolerant sorghum varieties at the seedling stage, 371 at the heading stage, and 306 at the flowering stage. Furthermore, a total of 28 genes were consistently detected as DEGs at all three stages in the two low-nitrogen tolerant varieties, among which 5 genes were up-regulated and 23 genes were down-regulated. The KEGG analysis of the 28 common DEGs showed that they were mainly enriched in nitrogen metabolism, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. This suggested that regulation of the genes in these pathways mainly affects the low nitrogen stress tolerance in sorghum. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association analysis and candidate genes predication of leaf characteristics traits in soybean ( Glycine max L.) WANG Qiong, ZHU Yu-Xiang, ZHOU Mi-Mi, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Hong-Mei, CEHN Xin, CEHN Hua-Tao, CUI Xiao-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 623-632.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34091 Abstract （1224）   HTML （52）    PDF（pc） （7775KB）（1310）       Knowledge map    Save Leaf shape and vertical distribution of soybean affect canopy structure, photosynthetic efficiency, and yield. The existence of different leaf shapes and sizes on the same plant, which is known as heterophylly, has been observed in many flowering plant species. Yet, the genetic characteristics and genetic basis of heterophylly in soybean remain unknown. In this study, leaf characteristics such as leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, and heterophylly index were investigated in 283 soybean germplasm resources for two consecutive years in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. A total of 181 related loci were detected by genome-wide association study (GWAS), among which 18 loci could be repeatedly detected in two environments or among multiple traits. Using the loci associated with leaf characteristics, we integrated the GWAS approach with the expression profiling data and gene-based association and functional annotation of orthologs in Arabidopsis to identify candidate genes involved in leaf development in soybean. The known soybean leaf shape regulatory gene Ln (Glyma.20G116200) was found upstream of locus Chr20:36152820. In addition, two candidate genes (Glyma.19G192700 and Glyma.19G194100) were identified near the related locus Chr19:45155943 on chromosome 19, homologous genes of growth-regulating factor 4 (GRF4), and LITTLE ZIPPER 3 (ZPR3), respectively. These results lay a solid foundation for expanding our understanding of the genetic mechanism of heterophylly in soybean. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association analysis of three breeding traits with SSR markers and exploration of elite alleles in sugarcane TIAN Chun-Yan, BIAN Xin, LANG Rong-Bin, YU Hua-Xian, TAO Lian-An, AN Ru-Dong, DONG Li-Hua, ZHANG Yu, JING Yan-Fen Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (2): 310-324.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.34066 Abstract （942）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （368KB）（1295）       Knowledge map    Save Cane yield and sucrose content are the two main breeding objectives in sugarcane, and plant height, stem diameter, and brix are major constituent factors of cane yield and sucrose. Identification of associated molecular markers and exploring elite alleles with yield and sucrose traits could provide a theoretical basis and reference for marker assisted breeding of sugarcane. In this study, 62 sugarcane germplasm entries were used as the experimental materials. Three breeding traits, including plant height, stem diameter, and brix were investigated under four planting environments at maturity stage. ANOVA, genetic variation analysis and association analysis between the identified from related markers for further allele effect analysis. The result of ANOVA revealed that genotype, planting environment and their interaction had significant effect on plant height, stem diameter and brix in sugarcane. The broad-sense heritability of the three traits ranged from 0.68 to 0.76, indicating that they had stable genetic characteristics and their phenotype was mainly determined by its genotype. The frequency of these three traits showed typical quantitative traits with normal distribution characteristics. The coefficients of variation of the three traits ranged from 6.73% to 19.89%, suggesting a rich variation in phenotypes. A total of 204 alleles were found with a mean of 5.5135 per marker. The average gene diversity coefficient was 0.6779, and the average PIC value was 0.6252. The 89.19% of total markers were highly polymorphic with PIC>0.5. Population structure analysis revealed that the tested group could be divided into three subgroups. A total of 20 markers were detected associated with plant height, stem diameter, and brix traits based on MLM method, which explained 5.04%-27.98% of phenotypic variation. Seven of them detected in two or more planting environments were considered as elite markers, 8 alleles with positive effect were identified and considered as the elite alleles, and 10 typical materials were found carrying these elite alleles by allele effect analysis. These results provide a great significance for candidate gene mining of yield and sucrose content traits and parents selection of hybrid combinations in sugarcane breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional analysis of promoter of CsMIXTA associated with development of glandular trichome in industrial hemp ZHOU Zhi-Man, ZHANG Xiao-Yu, GAO Feng, DAI Zhi-Gang, XU Ying, CHENG Chao-Hua, YANG Ze-Mao, SU Jian-Guang, TANG Qing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2754-2763.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44001 Abstract （644）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （2949KB）（1272）       Knowledge map    Save CsMIXTA may play a crucial role in the morphology and development of glandular trichomes in cannabis female flowers. To investigate its regulatory mechanism, a 2199 bp promoter sequence of CsMIXTA was cloned. PlantCARE prediction identified multiple hormone response elements and stress response elements within this region. Based on this analysis, five 5′ end deletion fragments of the promoter with varying lengths were amplified. Six GUS gene expression vectors were constructed using the full-length promoter and the 5′ end deletion fragments, which were then transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and industrial hemp sugar leaves. GUS staining revealed that nucleotide positions -393 and -99 constituted the core region of the CsMIXTA promoter, containing the gibberellin response element TATC-box and the transcription initiation element TATA-box. The results also demonstrated that CsMIXTA is specifically expressed in glandular trichomes of industrial hemp. Promoter activity of the core region was confirmed by luciferase assay. Stress response analysis indicated that low temperature, abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellin (GA3) enhanced promoter activity. These findings provide a crucial basis for further studies on the regulation of CsMIXTA. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and rice straw return on wheat yield and N 2O emission and recommended fertilization under rice-wheat rotation pattern LU Ru-Hua, WANG Wen-Xuan, CAO Qiang, TIAN Yong-Chao, ZHU Yan, CAO Wei-Xing, LIU Xiao-Jun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (5): 1300-1311.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31035 Abstract （933）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （608KB）（1261）       Knowledge map    Save The optimization of agricultural practices such as nitrogen and straw input may be an effective option for maintaining environmental sustainability. However, previous studies on the effects of nitrogen and straw inputs on wheat growth and N2O emission reduction were limited. Therefore, the present study was based on the literature published from 2000 to 2022 about wheat yield and N2O emissions under different nitrogen and straw inputs amendment in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, a random forest (RF) model of wheat yield and N2O emission was constructed. And the influence of nitrogen and straw inputs on wheat yield and N2O emissions was quantified. Based on the developed model, wheat yield and N2O emission simulations at the experimental site were carried out in combination with scenario settings, and the carbon emission intensity (CEE) and net ecosystem economic benefits (NEEB) were evaluated. The results were as follow: On the regional scale, an RF model was established for the response of wheat yield and N2O emission to the application of nitrogen fertilizer and straw returning. The verification results were R2 of 0.66 and 0.65, and RMSE of 0.70 and 1.11, respectively. Quantifying the importance of independent variables showed that nitrogen application rate and soil organic matter were essential for yield and N2O models. For nitrogen fertilizer and straw management under different targets, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer required to achieve the highest yield was 208-212 kg hm-2, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer required to achieve the minimum CEE was 113-130 kg hm-2, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer required to achieve the highest NEEB was 202-205 kg hm-2, of which the highest ecological benefit of 13,669.18 CHY could be obtained by applying 202 kg hm-2 nitrogen fertilizer under the straw input of 6.75 t hm-2. Our results indicate that optimizing nitrogen fertilizer and straw inputs has the potential to reduce crop carbon emission intensity and maximize net ecological and environmental benefits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of canopy nitrogen concentration in maize based on UAV multi- spectral data and spatial nitrogen heterogeneity HAO Qi, CHEN Tian-Lu, WANG Fu-Gui, WANG Zhen, BAI Lan-Fang, WANG Yong-Qiang, WANG Zhi-Gang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 189-206.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43015 Abstract （1387）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （9939KB）（1258）       Knowledge map    Save Remote sensing diagnosis of crop canopy nitrogen nutrition is crucial for guiding precise nitrogen application and improving crop nitrogen efficiency and yield. To address the issue of maize canopy depth significantly affecting the accuracy of UAV-based nitrogen concentration estimation, this study analyzed the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of maize canopy nitrogen concentration. This analysis was based on multi-spectral data and measured nitrogen concentration data from UAV across fields with different nitrogen fertilizer treatments in 2022 and 2023. Using the random forest algorithm, we identified the effective leaf layer for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration. We further constructed an estimation model for effective leaf nitrogen concentration by combining the random forest algorithm with multi-spectral vegetation indices, and then converted the effective leaf nitrogen concentration to the canopy scale to estimate the overall canopy nitrogen concentration. The results were as follows: (1) The nitrogen concentration of the maize canopy at the 9-leaf extension and large trumpet stages was highest in the upper leaves, followed by the middle and lower leaves. At the silk-spinning and milk-ripening stages, the nitrogen concentration was highest in the middle leaves, followed by the upper and lower leaves. (2) The effective leaf layers for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration at each growth stage were the lower layer, middle layer, middle layer, and middle layer, respectively. The random forest regression model demonstrated higher accuracy in estimating canopy nitrogen concentration compared to the support vector regression model. (3) Using the random forest algorithm, the average RMSE, NRMSE, and MAE for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration based on effective leaf nitrogen concentration were 0.10%, 4.41%, and 0.07%, respectively. In contrast, the average RMSE, NRMSE, and MAE for estimation based on direct vegetation indices were 0.19%, 9.00%, and 0.15%, respectively. In conclusion, the study identified the spatial differentiation of maize canopy nitrogen concentration. Considering effective leaf nitrogen concentration based on random forest and vegetation index estimation significantly improved the accuracy of canopy nitrogen concentration estimation. The canopy nitrogen concentration estimation framework, which accounts for the spatial heterogeneity of canopy nitrogen concentration, established in this study can provide theoretical support for real-time nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quality differences between noodle rice grown in early and late seasons XIAO Zheng-Wu, HU Li-Qin, LI Xing, XIE Jia-Xin, LIAO Cheng-Jing, KANG Yu-Ling, Hu Yu-Ping, ZHANG Ke-Qian, FANG Sheng-Liang, CAO Fang-Bo, CHEN Jia-Na, HUANG Min Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (2): 451-463.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.32014 Abstract （1043）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （556KB）（1240）       Knowledge map    Save In order to identify the influence of climatic conditions of different rice-growing seasons on cooking quality of the rice noodles, a field experiment was conducted in Liuyang, Hunan Province from 2020 to 2022. Five noodle rice cultivars (Guanglu’ai 4, Zhongjiazao 17, Xiangzaoxian 24, Zhongzao 39, and Zhuliangyou 729), were grown in the early and late seasons to compare the cooking quality of rice noodles and the grain quality of noodle rice. The results showed that the mean temperature and solar radiation at grain-filling stage were 18.7% and 12.7% lower in the late season than in the early season, respectively. The cooking loss rate of rice noodles was reduced by 7.4% in the late season compared to the early season. There were not significant differences in cooked break rate and water absorption rate between early and late seasons. The peak viscosity, through viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, consistency viscosity, and pasting temperature were lower by 25.8%, 22.9%, 34.3%, 19.7%, 14.2%, and 2.0%, whereas the setback viscosity and peaking time were higher by 11.8% and 2.3% in the late season compared to the early season, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the mean temperature at grain-filling stage was positively correlated with peak viscosity, through viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, consistency viscosity, and pasting temperature, and negatively correlated with setback viscosity. The mean radiation at grain-filling stage was positively correlated with peak viscosity, through viscosity, final viscosity, and negatively correlated with setback viscosity. The cooking loss rate of rice noodles was positively correlated with the final viscosity, pasting temperature, and peaking time. Therefore, the cooking quality of rice noodles can be improved by growing noodle rice in the late season. The final viscosity and pasting temperature in the paste properties of noodle rice were the critical factors affecting the cooking loss rate of rice noodles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcriptomics profile of transgenic OsPHR2 wheat under different phosphorus stress LI Yan, FANG Yu-Hui, WANG Yong-Xia, PENG Chao-Jun, HUA Xia, QI Xue-Li, HU Lin, XU Wei-Gang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (2): 340-353.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31020 Abstract （1159）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （1779KB）（1227）       Knowledge map    Save The PHR gene is the core transcription factor in the phosphorus signaling regulatory system, responsible for initiating the adaptive response of downstream parts to phosphorus starvation. At the early stage, the transgenic OsPHR2 wheat pure lines with high phosphorus efficiency were obtained, but the molecular mechanism of OsPHR2 improving the phosphorus absorption and utilization efficiency of wheat is still unclear. In order to reveal the molecular mechanism of OsPHR2 improving the phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency in wheat, transgenic OsPHR2 wheat pure line with high phosphorus efficiency earlier as the experimental material in this study. Transgenic OsPHR2 wheat and the control were treated with low phosphorus stress when they grew to 4 leaves and 1 heart in hydroponics experiment. Transgenic OsPHR2 wheat and control under low phosphorus stress for 0, 6, 24, and 72 h were used for transcriptomes analysis by RNA-seq. The differentially expression genes (DEGs) in roots and leaves of transgenic wheat and control were analyzed. There were 22 common DEGs in the roots of transgenic wheat and control under low phosphorus stress for 0, 6, 24, and 72 h, and there were nine common DEGs in the leaves under four treatments. The functional and pathway enrichments of differentially expressed genes in roots and leaves were also performed by GO and KEGG analysis. The result showed that the number of DEGs in the root of transgenic wheat and control was the highest under low phosphorus stress for 0 h, followed by 6 h. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that DEGs were mainly clustered into biological processes such as glucose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and molecular functions such as nutrient storage activity, ATPase activity, etc. The number of DEGs in the leaves of transgenic wheat and the control was the highest under low phosphorus stress for 72 h. DEGs were mainly clustered into biological processes such as glucose metabolism, organic acid biosynthesis, as well as molecular functions related to glycosyltransferase activity and cellulose synthase activity. Compared with the control, the key enzyme genes of the defense system such as heme peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase in the root of the transgenic line OsT5-28, as well as the trisphosphate transporter family genes in the leaf were up-regulated before and after low phosphorus stresses. The response of transgenic OsPHR2 wheat to low phosphorus stress was different from that of the control. Transgenic wheat had stronger phosphorus absorption and utilization ability than the control under low phosphorus stress, mainly because OsPHR2 regulated the relative expression level of related genes in wheat. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and functional identification of chlorogenic acid regulatory factors in potato ZHOU Hong-Yuan, YANG Hui-Qin, LUO Wei, SHI Zhen-Ming, MA Ling Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (7): 1740-1749.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34185 Abstract （931）   HTML （43）    PDF（pc） （8499KB）（1220）       Knowledge map    Save Potato is the third largest food crop in the world. Chlorogenic acid is the most important phenolic compound in potato, and also one of the material basis of potato insect resistance and disease resistance. However, excessive chlorogenic acid can affect the taste of tuber, therefore, breeding varieties with high chlorogenic acid content in the ground part and low chlorogenic acid content in tuber flesh can well meet the needs of potato disease resistance and quality taste. In order to clarify the molecular regulation mechanism of chlorogenic acid in potato, we used the promoter sequence of StHQT, a key enzyme for chlorogenic acid synthesis, as bait to screen the yeast single hybridization library, and identified the transcription factor StAHL of an AT-hook gene family. Further, the bioinformatic characteristics, the relative expression patterns, and subcellular localization of protein products of StAHL were systematically analyzed, and the transcriptional activity between StAHL and StHQT promoters was verified by yeast single hybridization and double luciferase report experiments. The results showed that StAHL gene expression was not tissue specific, but relatively high in roots and flowers. StAHL protein products contained two conserved domains, AT-Hook and DUF296, and were localized in the nucleus. StAHL proteins acted directly on StHQT promoter sequences and inhibited transcriptional activity. This suggests that StAHL may inhibit the accumulation of chlorogenic acid in potato by inhibiting StHQT expression. The results laid a foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in potato, and provided a molecular target for the breeding practices in potato. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial distribution of cultivation suitable area for Panax notoginseng and its response to climate change WANG Lu, ZHAO Jiong-Chao, WANG Yi-Xuan, MI Yan-Hua, ZHANG Ning-Yi, ZHAO Ming-Yu, CHU Qing-Quan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2860-2869.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44005 Abstract （935）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （1468KB）（1215）       Knowledge map    Save Understanding the dynamic spatiotemporal changes in suitable cultivation areas for Panax notoginseng in Yunnan province amid climate change is crucial for guiding its introduction, cultivation, and large-scale industrial development. Utilizing 131 geographical distribution data points of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan province and 15 environmental variables, we employed the MaxEnt model to analyze the primary factors influencing its distribution and to delineate the suitable cultivation areas and their variations from 1961 to 2020. Our analysis identified key factors, including mean daily temperature range (<10.0℃), the number of days with maximum temperature ≥ 33℃ (<5 days), aspect (north-facing slopes), annual accumulation temperature ≥ 10℃ (4708.0-5331.9 ℃ d), annual sunshine duration (1636.7-1963.3 h), and seasonal variation in precipitation (92%-96%). Suitable cultivation areas for Panax notoginseng were primarily concentrated in southeastern Yunnan Province, encompassing Wenshan, Honghe, Kunming, Yuxi, and Qujing, comprising approximately 4.8% of the entire province. Our findings indicate that climate change from 1961 to 2020 has led to an 18.1% expansion in suitable areas for Panax notoginseng cultivation across Yunnan province. Moreover, over the past six decades, there has been a noticeable northward expansion of the optimal boundary for Panax notoginseng, accompanied by an overall improvement in its suitability amid climate fluctuations. This study provides a theoretical framework and technical support for devising a rational industrial layoutfor Panax notoginseng in Yunnan province, thereby mitigating the potential risks posed by climate change to its production and facilitating the effective management and utilization of agricultural land resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the intensification of agroecosystem functions through legume-based crop rotation LIU Chun-Yan, ZHANG Li-Ying, ZHOU Jie, XU Yi, YANG Ya-Dong, ZENG Zhao-Hai, ZANG Hua-Dong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (8): 1885-1895.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34195 Abstract （2091）   HTML （112）    PDF（pc） （4936KB）（1172）       Knowledge map    Save Although intensive agriculture plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security, the conflict between its environmental costs and sustainable development is becoming increasingly prominent. Legume inclusion into agroecosystem is vital for improving soil health, enhancing agroecosystem stability, and achieving resource utilization efficiency. This paper provides a systematic summary of the main effects of the legume-based rotation on crop production and soil function as follows: 1) Legume enhance soil nitrogen (N) content through biological N fixation, high-quality rhizosphere exudates input, and straw incorporation, resulting in positive legacy effects. This, in turn, benefits the subsequent crop yields, particularly in agroecosystems with low soil fertility. 2) Although the biological N fixation of legumes poses the risk of increasing CO2 emissions, it can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by reducing N fertilization in the rotation. 3) The low C/N ratio and high N content of legume straw promote soil microbial activity and microbial residue accumulation, thereby improving soil carbon sequestration efficiency. However, the limited amount of straw for legumes restricts C sequestration. 4) Legumes can improve water and fertilizer utilization efficiency of subsequent crops, and optimizing the root depth between legume and subsequent crop can enhance the overall efficiency of water and fertilizer usage in the rotation. In conclusion, the inclusion of legumes in crop rotation can achieve a reduction in N fertilizer usage and an increase in yield. However, the effects of soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission reduction are influenced by various factors such as crop type, fertilizer input, soil, and climate conditions. Exploring the coupling mechanisms between the effects of legumes on subsequent crop yield and belowground ecological functions is of great significance. Developing field management technologies for legume-based crop rotation and designing new ecological and efficient cropping systems suitable for various regions in China will facilitate the construction and implementation of legume-based rotations, contributing to agricultural green development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and characterization of drought tolerance function of kinase gene IbHT1 in sweetpotato WANG Yu-Xin, CHEN Tian-Yu, ZHAI Hong, ZHANG Huan, GAO Shao-Pei, HE Shao-Zhen, ZHAO Ning, LIU Qing-Chang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 301-311.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44098 Abstract （1119）   HTML （50）    PDF（pc） （6978KB）（1121）       Knowledge map    Save HT1 (HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE 1) is a protein kinase known for its role in regulating stomatal movement in Arabidopsis. However, its function in sweetpotato has not been reported. In this study, the IbHT1 gene was cloned from the sweetpotato line Xushu 55-2. The full-length CDS of IbHT1 is 1140 bp, encoding a 379-amino acid protein that contains a conserved STKc_MAP3K_Like domain, with a predicted molecular weight of 43.07 kD and an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.83. The genomic sequence of IbHT1 spans 2796 bp, comprising 3 exons and 2 introns. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the IbHT1 protein is localized to the cell membrane, and yeast assays confirmed it lacks transactivation activity. Expression of IbHT1 was down-regulated in response to 20% PEG-6000 treatment. Overexpression of IbHT1 significantly reduced drought tolerance in sweetpotato, while RNA interference (RNAi) of IbHT1 markedly enhanced drought tolerance. Additionally, 10 proteins interacting with IbHT1 were identified through yeast library screening. These findings suggest that IbHT1 may regulate drought tolerance in sweetpotato by interacting with other proteins. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of SHMT gene family in foxtail millet ( Setaria italica L.) GUO Bing, QIN Jia-Fan, LI Na, SONG Meng-Yao, WANG Li-Ming, LI Jun-Xia, MA Xiao-Qian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 586-5897.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44112 Abstract （1015）   HTML （54）    PDF（pc） （4774KB）（1119）       Knowledge map    Save Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is involved in carbon metabolism and photorespiration, and is widely present in crops, playing a critical role in growth, development, and stress resistance. However, the SHMT genes in foxtail millet are largely unexplored. In this study, we identified the members of the SiSHMT gene family at the whole-genome level and systematically analyzed their gene structures, evolutionary relationships, chromosomal localizations, interspecies collinearity, cis-acting elements, expression patterns, and dominant haplotypes. Our results revealed five SiSHMT members in foxtail millet, with molecular weights ranging from 51.70 to 64.37 kD, and similar spatial structures. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into three groups, with members distributed across different chromosomes. The analysis of cis-acting elements in the gene promoters indicated the presence of numerous photo-responsive elements, anaerobic response elements, hormone response elements, and other cis-acting elements. Interspecies collinearity analysis showed that SiSHMT3 and SiSHMT4 exhibited collinearity with their orthologous genes in monocot crops such as rice, wheat, sorghum, and maize, with SiSHMT3 displaying multiple collinear pairs with rice, wheat, and maize. The expression levels of SiSHMT family members varied across different developmental stages and tissues of foxtail millet. Notably, SiSHMT4 was highly expressed in developing panicles and was significantly induced by drought, salt, and ABA treatments. Haplotype analysis of SiSHMT4 revealed that Hap1 was the dominant haplotype, significantly outperforming other haplotypes in panicle length, width, and weight. These findings provide valuable gene resources for improving drought and salt tolerance in foxtail millet and lay a theoretical foundation for the breeding of high-yield, stress-resistant foxtail millet varieties in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics