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Research progress of seed dormancy and germination regulation SONG Song-Quan, TANG Cui-Fang, LEI Hua-Ping, JIANG Xiao-Cheng, WANG Wei-Qing, CHENG Hong-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (1): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34012 Abstract （2652）   HTML （231）    PDF（pc） （3074KB）（4673）       Knowledge map    Save Dormancy enables plant seeds to time germination until environmental conditions become favorable for seedling survival and growth. The dormancy characteristics of seeds are of important ecological adaptive significance and notable agricultural value. Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) are the key factors for seed dormancy and germination. Mature seeds in dormancy state contain high levels of ABA and low levels of GA. ABA induces and maintains seed dormancy, while GA antagonizes ABA and promotes seed germination. DELAY OF GERMINATION-1 (DOG1) is a major regulator of seed dormancy and had a synergistic effect with ABA to delay germination. DOG1 enhances ABA signal transduction by combining with PP2C ABA hypersensitive germination (AHG1/AHG3), and inhibits the action of AHG1 to increase ABA sensitivity and impose seed dormancy. Imprinted genes are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms before and after fertilization, and are closely related to the establishment and release of seed dormancy. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the regulation of seed dormancy. In the present paper, we reviewed the effects of phytohormones ABA and GA on seed dormancy and germination, the action mechanism regulating seed dormancy by DOG1, and the epigenetic regulation of seed dormancy and germination. In addition, we also propose some scientific issues that need to be further investigated in this field to provide some information for understanding the molecular mechanism of seed dormancy and germination, breeding in anti-preharvest sprouting in crop plants, and promoting the germination of dormant seeds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physiological mechanisms in response to waterlogging during seedling stage of Brassica napus L. ZHOU Xiang-Yu, XU Jin-Song, XIE Ling-Li, XU Ben-Bo, ZHANG Xue-Kun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 1015-1029.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34116 Abstract （606）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （8172KB）（4552）       Knowledge map    Save The Yangtze River basin is the main producing area of rapeseeds in China, which is wet and rainy all the year round, and the rapeseed-rice rotation system is implemented in the producing area, resulting in frequent waterlogging. To explore the effects of waterlogging at seedling stage on phenotypic traits, physiological characteristics, photosynthesis, relative gene transcriptional levels, and the regulation of exogenous hormone inhibitors on rapeseed damage under waterlogging, a pot experiment was conducted, and the strong waterlogging tolerant line YZ12, medium waterlogging tolerant line YZ45, and weak waterlogging tolerant line YZ59 were used as the experimental materials. The results indicated that flooding stress severely inhibited the growth of rapeseed, and root activity could be used as an indicator to measure the impact of flooding stress on rapeseed growth. The observation of root cell ultrastructure showed that flooding stress led to plasmolysis and organelle fragmentation of rape root cells. The organelle of strong and medium waterlogging resistant rape was less damaged, and it could maintain a more normal cell morphology under flooding stress. The relative transcriptional levels of cytoskeletal genes Bnamicrotubule1.A3, Bnatubulin-α2.C3, Bnatubulin-β7.C6, and Bnalamin-like.A2 in rape roots were significantly decreased under flooding stress, which were 0.2-0.5 times that of the control (CK) samples. The relative expressional levels of BnaPDH.C9, BnaLDH.A1, and BnaADH.A7 associated to anaerobic respiration were significantly increased, which was 3-6 times higher than that of CK, and higher expression levels were observed in medium and strong waterlogging tolerant rapeseed seedlings than in weak waterlogging tolerant line YZ59. During waterlogging, the activities of POD and SOD increased first and then decreased, while the activity of CAT and the content of MDA increased. Among them, the enzyme activities of YZ12 line such as POD, SOD, CAT were relatively high, and the increase of MDA was small. The photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content of rapeseed leaves were seriously affected by flooding stress. The chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of rapeseed decreased significantly, and the intercellular CO2 concentration increased significantly, and the change range of the weak waterlogging tolerant line YZ59 was larger than that of the other two lines. Under flooding stress, ET and ABA contents of rapeseed increased significantly. Among the three lines, YZ12 had higher ET content, while YZ59 had higher ABA content. The relative transcriptional levels of ET related genes BnaACO1.C8, BnaERF73.C6 were significantly up-regulated in the strong waterlogging tolerant line YZ12, while the relative transcriptional level of ABA-related gene BnaZEP.A7 was up-regulated in the weak waterlogging tolerant line YZ59. Exogenous application of hormone inhibitors could improve the damage of flooding stress to rapeseed, but the effects of different exogenous hormone inhibitors varied significantly. In conclusion, there were differences in physiological metabolism, photosynthesis, hormone, and gene transcriptional levels in response to flooding stress at seedling stage in B. napus with different waterlogging tolerance. B. napus responsed to flooding stress by regulating the relative transcription levels of genes related to cytoskeleton, anaerobic respiration, hormone metabolism, causing changes in antioxidant enzyme activity, hormone levels, photosynthetic efficiency, root ultrastructure and root vitality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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High throughput identification of cotton gene via screening cotton cDNA library of virus induced gene silencing LIANG Xi-Tong, GAO Xian-Yuan, ZHOU Lin, MU Chun, DU Ming-Wei, LI Fang-Jun, TIAN Xiao-Li, LI Zhao-Hu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (12): 2967-2977.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14210 Abstract （701）   HTML （60）    PDF（pc） （2798KB）（4282）       Knowledge map    Save To rapidly and efficiently explore functional genes in cotton, we have developed a functional genomic screen based on virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) assays to identify key players controlling cotton seedling growth and salt response with Gossypium hirsutum Xinshi 17 as plant materials and GhCLA1 as a visual marker gene. After 7-14 days of Agrobacterium- mediated transformation of cotton VIGS cDNA library, the phenotype of seedling growth and salt stress response were recorded. A total of eight genes related to seedling growth and four genes related to salt stress response were obtained. In hydroponic conditions, silencing of GhANT17, GhSTP14, GhUSPA, GhFES1, GhS15-4, and GhRBL8 significantly hindered shoot growth, while the silencing of GhOIDO promoted plant growth. GhRBCSC1-silenced plants had albino leaves. Under salt stress, silencing of GhATCYP1 and GhSAC52 improved salt tolerance. GhPSBW- and GhRBCSC2-silenced plants were more sensitive to salt stress compared with the control plants. Here, we established a technical system for high-throughput screening of functional genes in cotton, which provided a feasible tool for rapid mining and research of cotton functional genomic. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of intercropping with watermelons on cane yields, soil physicochemical properties and micro-ecology in rhizospheres of sugarcanes XIAO Jian, WEI Xing-Xuan, YANG Shang-Dong, LU Wen, TAN Hong-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (2): 526-538.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24050 Abstract （560）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （1747KB）（3957）       Knowledge map    Save To provide theoretical basis for developing sugarcane intercropping cultivation system, cane yields, total economic benefit, soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community structure in rhizospheres of sugarcane intercropping with watermelon were analyzed. Based on traditional and modern high-throughput sequencing techniques, cane yields, total economic benefit, soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community structure in rhizosphere of sugarcanes between monoculture (CK) and sugarcane intercropping with watermelons (TM) were analyzed. Compared with CK, the contents of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP) and potassium (TK), and the contents of available nitrogen (AN), phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK) were all not significantly altered in sugarcane intercropping with watermelons system. Meanwhile, soil bacterial diversity, richness and soil bacterial functions were also not significantly changed in sugarcane intercropping with watermelons system. In addition, although some soil dominant bacterial phyla, such as Actinobacteria and other could be enriched, but Planctomycetes and Bacteroidetes also lost in rhizospheres of sugarcanes in TM treatments also lost. Meanwhile, Acidothermus, Bradyrhizobium, norank_o__SC-I-84, Bryobacter, Streptomyces, norank_f__DA111, Candidatus_Solibacter, Acidibacter and norank_f__Acidobacteriaceae__Subgroup_1_ were the unique soil dominant bacterial genera in rhizospheres of sugarcanes in CK. By contrast, Micromonospora, norank_f__Anaerolineaceae, unclassified_f__Micrococcaceae, norank_o__JG30-KF-CM45, norank_f__Elev-16S-1332, norank_c__Actinobacteria, Luedemannella, unclassified_f__Intrasporangiaceae, norank_f__ Nitrosomonadaceae, unclassified_f__Nocardioidaceae, norank_c__S085 and Defluviicoccus were the specific soil dominant bacterial genera in rhizospheres sugarcanes in TM treatment. Moreover, there were no significantly different in the functions of soil bacteria in rhizospheres of sugarcanes between TM and CK treatments, suggesting that soil bacterial functions in rhizospheres of sugarcanes did not significantly alter by intercropping with watermelons. In comparison with sugarcane monoculture, cane yields and total economic benefit all could be improved. In addition, soil physicochemical properties and soil bacterial diversity, richness and functions in rhizospheres of sugarcanes could not be significantly improved by intercropping with watermelons. However, the compositions of soil bacterial communities were altered, such as Micromonospora, enriched as the unique soil dominant bacterial genera in rhizospheres of sugarcanes intercropping with watermelons. All the above results showed that not only cane yields and total economic benefit could be improved but also soil physicochemical properties were not decreased. Furthermore, soil bacterial functions also were not significantly deteriorated, just the compositions of soil bacterial communities were partly altered by intercropping with watermelons. The stress resistance properties of sugarcanes could be improved by intercropping with watermelons for some benefit bacteria, such as Micromonospora enriched in rhizospheres of sugarcanes under sugarcane/watermelon intercropping systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic relationship analysis and fingerprints construction of faba bean varieties in Qinghai province based on SSR markers ZHENG Dong, ZHOU Xian-Li, TENG Chang-Cai, HOU Wan-Wei, ZHANG Hong-Yan, LIU Yu-Jiao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 79-90.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44066 Abstract （264）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （2262KB）（3813）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the population structure and relationships among cultivated varieties, advanced lines, and backbone parents of faba bean in Qinghai province, forty-six pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism, stability, and repeatability were used to analyze the genetic diversity of thirty-six varieties (lines) and construct genetic fingerprints. The results revealed that 262 alleles were detected using the forty-six primer pairs through capillary electrophoresis. The number of polymorphic alleles (Na) per primer ranged from two to fifteen, with an average of 5.696 alleles. The average number of effective alleles per locus was 2.988, ranging from 1.180 to 9.257. The Shannon index ranged from 0.287 to 2.444, with an average of 1.210. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.141 to 0.883, with an average of 0.553, indicating rich genetic diversity among the faba bean varieties in Qinghai. Clustering analysis grouped the 36 materials into four subgroups: subgroup I (twenty-four materials), subgroup II (four materials), subgroup III (seven materials), and subgroup IV (one material). Population genetic structure and principal coordinate analyses divided the materials into two subgroups, with subgroup I containing seventeen materials and subgroup II containing nineteen materials. There was some overlap between the subgroups identified by clustering and those identified by population structure analysis, which clarified the genetic relationships and population structure of the main faba bean cultivars in Qinghai province. On this basis, four core primer pairs were selected to construct genetic fingerprints for the thirty-six materials, which were subsequently stored in a two-dimensional code. The fingerprinting of the main faba bean cultivars in Qinghai provides an effective tool for variety identification and offers technical support for parental selection and the protection of new varieties in future faba bean breeding programs in the region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcriptome analysis of tobacco in response to cadmium stress ZHANG Hui, ZHANG Xin-Yu, YUAN Xu, CHEN Wei-Da, YANG Ting Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 944-956.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34141 Abstract （629）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （8588KB）（3582）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of industrialization process in society, the problem of cadmium (Cd) pollution in soil is increasing. However, Nicotiana tabacum has a strong Cd enrichment capacity in leaves, which seriously affects its economic value. To investigate the mechanism by which tobacco responds to Cd stress, tobacco leaves were harvested from the culture solution with Cd concentrations of 0 μmol L-1 and 500 μmol L-1 for subsequent transcriptome sequencing. In this study, a total of 76.94 Gb clean data was obtained, with Q30 base percentage exceeding 95.43%. The results showed that 7735 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened under Cd stress conditions, including 4833 up-regulated genes and 2902 down-regulated genes. The reliability of transcriptome data was verified by qRT-PCR analysis to detect the expression patterns of candidate gene. Gene ontology (GO) annotation as well as Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed on differentially expressed transcripts. GO functional enrichment revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly distributed in metabolic processes, response to stimulus, cellular anatomical entity, catalytic activity, and transcription regulator activity. Meanwhile, KEGG analysis showed that the up-regulated differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in biosynthesis of amino acids, carbon metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and citrate cycle. Down-regulated differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in photosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, metabolic pathways, and plant hormone signal transduction. Further analysis of plant hormone signal transduction pathways revealed that there were eight plant hormone pathways involved in response to cadmium stress in tobacco, and the relative expression patterns of different hormone gene member were also different. Experimental results from plant hormone application on tobacco leaves demonstrated that the regulation of gibberellins, brassinosteroids, and jasmonic acid pathways played roles in tobacco’s response to cadmium stress. The experimental results of Arabidopsis hormone signal mutant showed that plants respond to cadmium stress by regulating ethylene, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, and jasmonic acid pathways. In conclusion, this study not only explores the regulatory network of tobacco resistance to Cd stress, but also lays a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of crop resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning of TabHLH112-2B gene and development of its functional marker associated with the number of spikelet per spike in wheat FAN Zi-Pei, LI Long, SHI Yu-Gang, SUN Dai-Zhen, LI Chao-Nan, JING Rui-Lian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (2): 403-413.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31016 Abstract （500）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （4989KB）（3578）       Knowledge map    Save The bHLH (basic Helix-Loop-Helix) transcription factor plays an important role in plant growth and development. In this study, wheat gene TabHLH112-2B was cloned, which consists of seven exons and six introns, encoding 444 amino acids, and has a typical HLH conserved domain at 315-364 amino acids. The tissue expression pattern analysis showed that TabHLH112-2B was expressed in all tissues at seedling stage, jointing stage, heading stage, and flowering stages. Among them, the relative expression levels in leaves and roots were higher. The cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of TabHLH112-2B contained a variety of cis-acting elements related to plant hormone responses, stress responses, and meristem development. The qRT-PCR exhibited that the relative expression level of TabHLH112-2B was responsive to plant hormones (such as ABA, IAA, MeJA) and abiotic stresses (such as drought, salt, low and high temperatures). Two SNPs were detected in its promoter region by genomic sequence polymorphism, which were classified into two haplotypes. A molecular marker was developed based on SNP-682, and association analysis showed that the marker was significantly correlated with the number of spikelet per spike in various environments such as drought and high temperature. Hap-2B-2 was a favorable haplotype with more spikelets per spike. These results of this study provide the valuable genetic resources and technical support for molecular marker-assisted breeding of wheat varieties with high yield and wide adaptability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of AhGA3ox gene family in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) LI Hai-Fen, LU Qing, LIU Hao, WEN Shi-Jie, WANG Run-Feng, HUANG Lu, CHEN Xiao-Ping, HONG Yan-Bin, LIANG Xuan-Qiang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 932-943.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34122 Abstract （442）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （7691KB）（3578）       Knowledge map    Save Gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase (GA3ox) is one of the key enzymes involved in gibberellin biosynthesis, which can regulate plant growth and development by affecting gibberellin formation. There were no systematic studies in peanut genome. In this study, AhGA3ox family genes were identified from the genome database of cultivated peanut species by bioinformatics, and the distribution, structure, evolutionary characteristics, physical and chemical properties, promoter cis-acting elements were also analyzed. The relative expression pattern of AhGA3oxs in different peanut tissues was analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the relative expression level of in shell of two peanut lines with different pod size were also analyzed. The results showed that 7 AhGA3oxs were distributed on 7 chromosomes of peanut, all of which were composed of 1 intron and 2 exons. All the AhGA3ox proteins contained 1 DIOX_N domain and 1 2OG-FeII_Oxy domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they were closely related to GA3ox proteins of soybean,. The AhGA3oxs showed obvious tissue expression specificity in root, stem, leaf, flower and peg. The expression levels of AhGA3oxs were not only different in different development stages of the peanut shell, but also different at the same development stage of the two lines. Interestingly, the relative expression levels in large pod lines were significantly higher than those in small pod lines at most development stages. Therefore, we predict that the gene expression of AhGA3ox gene family may promote the formation of large pod. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcriptome analysis of exogenous 6-BA in regulating young spike development of wheat after low temperature at booting stage LI Ling-Yu, ZHOU Qi-Rui, LI Yang, ZHANG An-Min, WANG Bei-Bei, MA Shang-Yu, FAN Yong-Hui, HUANG Zheng-Lai, ZHANG Wen-Jing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (7): 1808-1817.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21050 Abstract （541）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （1075KB）（3432）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, due to the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, low temperatures (LT) became one of the main disasters restricting wheat production. LT has negative effects on wheat growth and yield formation, especially at booting stage. Exogenous spraying of 6-benzylamino adenine (6-BA) after LT at booting stage can alleviate the damage caused by LT in wheat, but the related molecular regulation mechanism is still unclear. In this study, transcriptome sequencing technology was used to analyze the molecular mechanism of 6-BA improving cold tolerance in wheat. The LT sensitive variety Wanmai 52 and insensitive variety Yannong 19 were selected as the experimental materials. The experiment was carried out in combination of potted and field planting. Two wheat cultivars were planted in plastic pots at a planting density of ten plants per pot. At booting stage, the pots were moved into an artificial climate chamber for low temperature treatment. At the end of the treatment, 20 mg L-1 6-BA solution was sprayed, and an equal volume of distilled water was sprayed as the control. The morphology of young spike, and the content of soluble sugar and starch in young spikes were determined. Some candidate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and their relative expression patterns were analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the results were verified by qRT-PCR. After 10 days, compared with the control, the morphological development of young spike was better, fuller and longer. The contents of soluble sugar and starch in young spikes increased after 6-BA treatment. The results showed that 22,770 DEGs were identified in Wanmai 52 and 9866 in Yannong 19, respectively, and 661 genes were up-regulated in the two cultivars. ARF5, AGPL1, 1-SST, SWEET15, and other genes were screened out, which were related to the regulation of plant hormone level, starch synthesis, and sugar metabolism. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed on the selected differential genes. GO annotation revealed that the functions of the differential genes of the two varieties were mainly concentrated in cell structure stability, metabolism, and catalytic activity. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that signal transduction, regulation of endogenous hormone levels, carbon metabolism, the changes of membrane structure and function had significant changes. In conclusion, 6-BA could alleviate cold damage by regulating the metabolism of antioxidant substances, hormone signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, osmotic adjustment, and other ways in wheat. The results provide a theoretical basis for exploring the cultivation measures to reduce the damage of low temperature on wheat in spring. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and characterization of MAPK genes and their response to biotic stresses in foxtail millet LIU Jia, ZOU Xiao-Yue, MA Ji-Fang, WANG Yong-Fang, DONG Zhi-Ping, LI Zhi-Yong, BAI Hui Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1480-1495.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24113 Abstract （733）   HTML （62）    PDF（pc） （6746KB）（3402）       Knowledge map    Save MAPK plays an important role in plant growth and development regulation, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and hormone signal transduction. In order to elucidate the biological function of the SiMPK genes in foxtail millet, we identified the SiMPK family members in the genome and analyzed the distribution, structure, evolution, and its expression characteristics in response to different stresses. In this study, the SiMPK gene family members were identified in the genome-wide level using the amino acid sequences of conserved domains and specific TXY motifs of MAPK proteins between foxtail millet and rice. The protein physicochemical property, phylogenetic evolution, chromosome distribution, gene structure, protein conserved motif, promoter cis-acting regulatory elements, and collinearity were analyzed. The relative expression patterns of SiMPK genes in the different tissue, under the biotic stresses of Uromyces setariae-italicae Yoshino and Ostrinia furnacalis and with different hormone treatments were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that a total of 15 SiMPK genes were identified, and the encoded proteins contained 220-611 amino acids, the relative molecular weight ranged from 25.77 kD to 69.63 kD, and the isoelectric point ranged from 5.46 to 9.34. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SiMPK genes were divided into four groups. Group A, B, and C contained TEY motifs, and group D contained TDY motifs. SiMPK genes were distributed on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9, and contained 3-11 exons. All SiMPK proteins contained motif 1 and motif 2. A number of cis-acting elements related to stress, hormones and plant growth and development were predicted in the promoter regions of the SiMPK genes. Most genes had obvious tissue expression specificity. Except for SiMPK21-2 and SiMPK6, the other members had obvious responses to 1 to 3 kinds of stresses, such as Uromyces setariae-italicae Yoshino infection, Ostrinia furnacalis feeding, and SA and MeJA treatments. The results laid a theoretical foundation for further research on the function of SiMPK genes in the biotic stresses of disease and pest in foxtail millet. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome wide identification and expression analysis of TaPOD family in wheat JU Ji-Hao, MA Chao, WANG Tian-Ning, WU Yi, DONG Zhong, FANG Mei-E, CHEN Yu-Shu, ZHANG Jun, FU Guo-Zhan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 779-792.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31045 Abstract （495）   HTML （58）    PDF（pc） （7749KB）（3270）       Knowledge map    Save Peroxidase (POD) family members play the important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responding to stress. In order to systematically explore the functions and expression patterns of the TaPOD gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), in this study, we identified the members of the TaPOD gene family in wheat using bioinformatics methods, predicted their physical and chemical properties, promoter homeopathic elements, and evolutionary characteristics, and analyzed their expression patterns in different tissues, exogenous hormones, and stress conditions through wheat transcriptome and RT-qPCR. The results showed that 659 members of the TaPOD gene family were identified from wheat, and their protein sequence lengths were 206-518 amino acids; Phylogenetic analysis showed that the members of wheat TaPOD family were divided into I-VII groups with different numbers of each group. Sequence alignment demonstrated that the members of wheat TaPOD family had five conservative motifs, with significant differences in gene structure, indicating diversification in functions. Chromosome localization revealed uneven distribution of its quantity on 21 chromosomes of wheat, with the highest number on chromosome 2B. The intraspecific collinearity analysis, showed that there were 396 repetitive events in wheat TaPOD genes, with high homology and very conservative evolutionary process. It was amplified mainly through fragment replication and tandem replication, and the Ka/Ks ratio showed that only four pairs of family members were subjected to positive natural selection pressure. The analysis of cis-regulatory element showed that there were 23 binding elements related to growth, development, and stress resistance in the upstream 2 kb region. Analysis of gene expression patterns showed that most TaPOD genes were highly expressed in wheat roots, and the relative expression level was closely related to hormone induction and abiotic stress. The above results provide a preliminary theoretical basis for further understanding the functions of TaPOD genes in regulating wheat growth, development, and stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of abiotic stress-related gene co-expression networks in maize by WGCNA DENG Zhao, JIANG Huan-Qi, CHENG Li-Sha, LIU Rui, HUANG Min, LI Man-Fei, DU He-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 672-686.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23017 Abstract （778）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （2789KB）（3204）       Knowledge map    Save Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) is a classic systems biology analysis method, which can be used to identify coexpressed gene modules and explore the biological correlation between modules and target traits, and mine core genes in module networks. In this study, 58 transcriptome data of roots, stems, leaves, and other tissues under low temperature stress, high temperature stress, drought stress, and salt stress in maize (Zea mays L.) were collected, and the gene co-expression network of maize abiotic stress was identified by WGCNA method. After filtering the 12,552 low-expression genes from transcriptome data, the co-expression network was constructed using the remaining 27,204 high-expression genes, and 25 modules were obtained. According to the distribution of abiotic stress-related genes and different expression genes in the modules reported in maize, the mediumpurple4, ivory, coral2, darkseagreen4 modules most related to low temperature stress, high temperature stress, drought and salt stresses, and green modules responding to various stresses were screened out. Subsequently, GO enrichment of the genes in these five modules revealed that genes with functions related to abiotic stress were significantly enriched in these modules, such as stress response, peroxidase activity. Correlation analysis showed that 10 abiotic stress-related core genes were predicted, including Zm00001eb072870, Zm00001eb320970, Zm00001eb037640, Zm00001eb423300, and Zm00001eb265310. This study provides new ideas for the mining of abiotic stress-related genes and the research of abiotic stress regulatory networks in maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of functional markers and genotype screening for nitrogen use efficiency genes in rice TAO Ya-Jun, ZHU Jing-Yan, WANG Jun, FAN Fang-Jun, XU Yang, LI Wen-Qi, WANG Fang-Quan, CHEN Zhi-Hui, JIANG Yan-Jie, ZHU Jian-Ping, LI Xia, YANG Jie Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (12): 3045-3056.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12080 Abstract （829）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （2244KB）（3192）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrogen is an essential mineral element that affects plants biomass and yield formation, and its efficient and reasonable utilization is an important guarantee for sustainable agricultural. Breeding rice varieties containing high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) genes is an effective way to increase NUE and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. In this study, five genes, OsNR2, OsNPF6.1, OsTCP19, OsLHT1, and OsGRF4, were selected from the aspects of nitrogen absorption, transportation, and assimilation. Based on the reported functional haplotype, co-segregated markers were designed. Using six pairs of allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) markers and one pair of InDel marker, 70 indica rice, 34 japonica rice, and 84 Taihu rice resources were identified. The results showed that OsNR2 was widely distributed in indica rice, while OsNPF6.1, OsTCP19, and OsGRF4 were less distributed. All 34 japonica rice and 84 Taihu rice resources only contained OsLHT1. We also successfully obtained two indica germplasms, which contained OsNR2, OsNPF6.1, and OsGRF4. The functional markers developed in this research and two materials provide technical support for breeding new rice varieties with high NUE through molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) methods. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression pattern analysis and interaction protein screening of cassava MYB transcription factor MeMYB60 XU Zi-Yin, YU Xiao-Ling, ZOU Liang-Ping, ZHAO Ping-Juan, LI Wen-Bin, GENG Meng-Ting, RUAN Meng-Bin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 955-965.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24089 Abstract （687）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （5997KB）（2901）       Knowledge map    Save Myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factors widely involve in a variety of physiological and biochemical processes in plants, and play important regulatory roles in response to abiotic stress in plant. Based on the expression pattern of MYB members in cassava cultivars, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, namely MeMYB60 was screened and cloned. Gene expression characteristics showed that MeMYB60 was specifically expressed in leaves of cassava, and negatively regulated by drought stress and low temperature. Moreover, this gene was also responded to ABA treatment in leaves of cassava. Promoter activity analysis showed that MeMYB60 could be expressed in guard cells, indicating that the expression of this transcription factor gene may be related to stomatal movement regulation in cassava. MeMYB60 protein was predominately located in the nucleus and had transcriptional activation activity. Its transcriptional activation domain was in the range of 194th-343rd amino acid residues at the C-terminal of the protein. The cDNA library of drought stressed cassava leaves was screened by using the 1st-194th amino acid residues at the N-terminal of MeMYB60 protein as bait. Subsequently, 18 proteins had been that may interact with MeMYB60. Yeast-two-hybrid analysis determined that MeCatlase1 and MeCataase2 are potential interactors of MeMYB60, respectively. These results lay a foundation for further functional study of MeMYB60 in cassava in response to abiotic stress and are helpful for the regulatory network investigation of MeMYB60. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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ALGWAS: two-stage Adaptive Lasso-based genome-wide association study YANG Wen-Yu, WU Cheng-Xiu, XIAO Ying-Jie, YAN Jian-Bing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (9): 2321-2330.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23072 Abstract （660）   HTML （45）    PDF（pc） （874KB）（2885）       Knowledge map    Save As mainstream methods for genome-wide association analysis, mixed linear model methods have been widely used. However, the existing methods still have the problem of low detection power. In this study, a two-stage Adaptive Lasso-based genome-wide association analysis (ALGWAS) method was proposed. In the first stage, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with target traits were screened by Adaptive Lasso, a variable selection method. In the second stage, SNPs selected from the first stage were put into the linear model as the covariates for genome-wide scanning. Compared with fastGWA, GEMMA and EMMAX, the ALGWAS method had the highest detection power and lower false discovery rate (FDR) in the simulation experiments. The above four methods were applied to genome-wide association analysis of Complete-diallel plus Unbalanced Breeding-like Inter-Cross (CUBIC) population of 1341 individuals in maize. ALGWAS method can detect the genes (ZmMADS69, ZmMADS15/31, ZmZCN8, and ZmRAP2.7) related to days to tasseling, the genes (ZmBRD1 and ZmBR2) related to plant height, and the genes (ZmUB2, ZmKRN2, and ZmCLE7) related to yield, while the other three commonly used genome-wide association analysis methods had low detection efficiency. In this study, a non-mixed linear model class of genome-wide association analysis method was proposed, which had higher detection advantage for microeffect polygenes and provided a new way for genetic analysis of complex traits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Panicle silicon fertilizer optimizes the absorption and distribution of mineral elements in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) in coastal saline-alkali soil to improve salt tolerance WEI Hai-Min, TAO Wei-Ke, ZHOU Yan, YAN Fei-Yu, LI Wei-Wei, DING Yan-Feng, LIU Zheng-Hui, LI Gang-Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1339-1349.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22031 Abstract （390）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （2270KB）（2720）       Knowledge map    Save This purpose of this study is to elucidate the mechanism of silicon fertilizer on mineral element distribution at heading stage in rice. In this study, a field experiment was carried out in the coastal beach saline-alkali of Jiangsu Province (3.4 g kg-1 soil salinity, pH 8.3). The conventional japonica rice (Huaidao 5) was used as the material, and three silicon fertilizer amounts (0, 60 and 100 kg hm-2) were applied with panicle fertilizer at panicle initiation stage. The results showed that: (1) Silicon panicle fertilizer promoted plant nutrient absorption at heading stage, increased dry matter accumulation at mature stage, and increased yield, Si60 increased by 4.3% on average, Si100 increased by 8.6% on average. (2) Silicon panicle fertilizer optimized the distribution of K+ and Na+ in rice at heading stage. Silicon increase K+ content in leaves, upper sheaths and lower stems of rice, decreased Na+ content in panicles, upper leaves, sheaths and stems, and increased the K+/Na+ ratio in various tissues, thus improving ion homeostasis of rice. (3) Silicon panicle fertilizer promoted the accumulation of N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in leaves. Compare with Si0, the average increase of the two silicon treatments was 16.5% in P, 18.5% in Mg, 22.4% in Ca and 19.8% in Fe, and alleviated the adverse effects of saline-alkali stress on rice leaves. In summary, silicon panicle fertilizer optimizes the absorption and distribution of mineral elements in rice, reduced salt stress in young organs, promoted the accumulation of beneficial elements in leaves, improved nutrient absorption of rice, and the effect of 100 kg hm?2 was better. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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GmCIPK10, a CBL-interacting protein kinase promotes salt tolerance in soybean LI Hui, LU Yi-Ping, WANG Xiao-Kai, WANG Lu-Yao, QIU Ting-Ting, ZHANG Xue-Ting, HUANG Hai-Yan, CUI Xiao-Yu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1272-1281.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24070 Abstract （639）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （5454KB）（2716）       Knowledge map    Save Salt stress seriously restricts the yield and quality of soybean. Calcineurin B subunit-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play a vital role in response to environmental stresses in plant. However, few study is known about the biological function of soybean CIPKs. In this study, GmCIPK10 was cloned from soybean genome. Bioinformatics analysis exhibited that GmCIPK10 encoded an intron-poor type CIPKs with a serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) protein kinase domain and a NAF/FISL motif. The relative expression pattern levels showed that the transcript level of GmCIPK10 was increased under NaCl, MV, and H2O2 treatments. Overexpression of GmCIPK10 in Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots improved salt tolerance of transgenic plants. Further physiological indicator assays demonstrated that GmCIPK10 overexpression could decrease the accumulation of MDA and H2O2, enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and reduce sodium (Na+)/potassium (K+) in transgenic plants under salt stress. In addition, qRT-PCR illustrated that GmCIPK10 promoted the relative expression level of antioxidant- and salt tolerance-related gene in salt stress. The yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments confirmed that GmCIPK10 interacts with the Ca2+ sensor GmCBL4. These results provide a reference for investigating the role of the CBL-CIPK signaling pathway in response to salt stress in soybean. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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QTL mapping and GWAS analysis of coleoptile length in bread wheat HAO Qian-Lin, YANG Ting-Zhi, LYU Xin-Ru, QIN Hui-Min, WANG Ya-Lin, JIA Chen-Fei, XIA Xian-Chun, MA Wu-Jun, XU Deng-An Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 590-602.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31034 Abstract （743）   HTML （44）    PDF（pc） （2089KB）（2663）       Knowledge map    Save Under drought conditions, the emergence rate of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can be improved by proper deep sowing. The maximum sowing depth of wheat is determined by the length of the coleoptile, so it is very important to cultivate wheat varieties with long coleoptile. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 275 lines derived from the cross of Doumai and Shi 4185, and 186 natural population materials were used as the experimental materials. Genotyping results of 90K SNP chip were used to identify QTL for wheat coleoptile length in three different environments. The results showed that two stable QTL sites were identified by inclusive composite interval mapping in the RIL population. The two QTL located on Chromosome 4BS (30.17-40.59 Mb) and 6BL (700.08-703.53 Mb), respectively, and explained 26.29%-28.46% and 4.16%- 4.36% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. A total of 36 stable QTL were identified in the genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the mixed linear model. They were located on Chromosome 1A (3), 1B (3), 1D (2), 2A (1), 3A (2), 3B (2), 4B (11), 5A (1), 5B (3), 6B (4), 7A (2), and 7B (2), respectively. Seven significant association loci were repeatedly detected in the three environments, three of which overlapped or were adjacent to reported loci, and the other four loci were presumed to be new loci. They were located on Chromosomes 1A (499.03 Mb), 3A (73.06 Mb), 4B (648.74-648.87 Mb), and 7A (36.31 Mb), respectively. Five candidate genes (TraesCS1A03G0748300, Rht1, TraesCS4B03G0110000, TraesCS4B03G0112200, and TraesCS7A03G0146600) were predicted. A major QTL locus on Chromosome 4BS (30.17-40.59 Mb) was identified in both RIL and natural populations, and the candidate gene Rht1 at this locus had been shown to reduce the length of wheat coleoptile. The results of this study lay a foundation for the identification of genes controlling the length of coleoptile in wheat and the maker-assisted selection breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation on concentration and nutrition of micro-elements in wheat grains in major wheat production regions of China CHU Hong-Xin, MU Wen-Yan, DANG Hai-Yan, WANG Tao, SUN Rui-Qing, HOU Sai-Bin, HUANG Ting-Miao, HUANG Qian-Nan, SHI Mei, WANG Zhao-Hui Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2853-2865.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11099 Abstract （1330）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （762KB）（2653）       Knowledge map    Save Wheat is a kind of staple food crop, and an important source for carbohydrates and microelement for human health. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the micronutrient concentration and nutritional status of wheat grain in the major wheat production regions in China, for the purpose of optimizing wheat micronutrient management and maintaining human health. Totally, 1112 wheat and soil samples were collected from 17 major wheat production provinces in China during 2016 to 2020. Microelement concentrations of the samples were determined and nutritional status was evaluated by comparison with the acceptable daily intake value (ADI) according to the human micronutrient intake standard of Chinese Nutrition Society and health risk assessment method of United States Environmental Protection Agency, as well as the dietary habit of Chinese residents. Results showed that the average grain iron (Fe) concentration of wheat in China was 43.8 mg kg-1 when 72.9% of the samples of Fe concentration was under the lower Fe limit of 50 mg kg-1, and all the samples were under the upper limit of 140 mg kg-1. The average grain manganese (Mn) concentration was 43.0 mg kg-1 when only 4.1% of samples were under the lower limit of 22 mg kg-1 and 23.7% of samples were above the upper limit of 50 mg kg-1. The average grain copper (Cu) concentration was 4.6 mg kg-1 when 7.6% of samples were under the lower limit of 3 mg kg-1 and no sample was above the upper limit of 10 mg kg-1. The average grain zinc (Zn) concentration was 31.4 mg kg-1 when 85.8% of samples were under the lower limit of 40 mg kg-1 and only 4.1% was above the upper limit of 50 mg kg-1. The average grain boron (B) concentration was 1.2 mg kg-1 when 29.2% of samples was under the lower limit of 0.8 mg kg-1 and no sample was above the upper limit of 10 mg kg-1. The average grain molybdenum (Mo) concentration was 0.5 mg kg-1 when 18.8% of samples were under the lower limit of 0.2 mg kg-1 and only 0.4% of samples was above the upper limit of 2 mg kg-1. There were regional variations in the contents of wheat grain micronutrient in major wheat production regions in China, among which the contents of Fe and Zn were generally low in most regions, and the contents of B and Mo were insufficient in some areas, while the content of Mn was high, and the content of Cu was basically in the recommended concentration ranges. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of photosynthetic physiological mechanism and approaches to application in dense planting maize GUO Yao, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen, FAN Hong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (8): 1871-1883.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13024 Abstract （1106）   HTML （87）    PDF（pc） （767KB）（2620）       Knowledge map    Save To ensure enough crop production of limited land area is important to food security. The key to solve this issue is to increase yield per unit area. Dense planting is an effective agronomic management practice to increase yield per unit area, photosynthetic rate would not be decreased or even improved by increasing planting density moderately, and then enhancing the yield per unit area. It is a key research focus on revealing the mechanism of photosynthetic physiology for improving yield per unit area by dense planting condition of maize. Dense planting would lead to change photosynthetic characteristics, so controlling the physiological factors that restricts photosynthesis is essential for increasing yield. Tap the photosynthetic physiologic potential for maize condition is physiological basis to ensure yield, which plays an important role in addressing food security issues. Therefore, this review focuses on the changes of the research methods and ideas in photosynthetic physiology, and the research status of the photosynthetic physiological response of maize adapted to dense planting and related agronomic regulation pathways at home and abroad, based on previous research results, so as to provide the theoretical and technical methods basis for photosynthetic physiology research. Based on the development trend of modern technology, it is believed that tapping photosynthetic potential and narrowing the gap between photosynthetic potential and actual photosynthetic efficiency are still the main goals of maize dense planting research by traditional research methods combined with molecular biology techniques in the future. In further study, research emphasis should be to investigate the responses of differential expression of photosynthetic physiological function genes to cultivation measures, clarifying the relationship and interaction between agronomic management practice and information expression of photosynthetic-related genes in densely planted maize, enhancing photosynthetic potential for maize via agronomic management practice and molecular biology technology, in order to provide photosynthetic physiological theory and practice to support for maize dense planting. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the formation of large panicles in rice and its regulation LIU Li-Jun, ZHOU Shen-Qi, LIU Kun, ZHANG Wei-Yang, YANG Jian-Chang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 585-596.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22035 Abstract （1515）   HTML （109）    PDF（pc） （796KB）（2517）       Knowledge map    Save The spikelet number per panicle is a key factor that constitutes the grain yield in rice. Modern high-yielding rice varieties mostly show high spikelet number per panicle. Increasing the spikelet number per panicle and promoting the formation of large panicles are important ways to improve rice yield. This paper reviewed the relationship between the formation of spikelet number per panicle and young panicle development in rice. Combined with the author’s related research, the mechanisms underlying genetic regulation in rice panicle size, the effects of nutritional status and nitrogen fertilizer management, water, temperature, light, and endogenous hormones on the formation of spikelet number per panicle in rice were reviewed. We put forward the future research focus on strengthening the formation of large panicles in rice from the aspects of root morphophysiology and young panicle development, water and nitrogen management, temperature and light conditions, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of interaction between plant hormones regulating spikelet degeneration. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for the selection and cultivation of high-yielding rice varieties with large panicles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of evaluation method for tolerance to high-temperature and screening of heat-tolerant germplasm resources of bud stage in soybean LI Jia-Jia, LONG Qun, ZHU Shang-Shang, SHAN Ya-Jing, WU Mei-Yan, LU Yun, ZHI Xian-Guan, LIAO Wei, CHEN Hao-Ran, ZHAO Zhen-Bang, MIAO Long, GAO Hui-Hui, LI Ying-Hui, WANG Xiao-Bo, QIU Li-Juan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (11): 2863-2875.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.34025 Abstract （884）   HTML （68）    PDF（pc） （530KB）（2478）       Knowledge map    Save The frequent occurrence of extreme high temperature (HT) events causes continuous heat damage to soybean production, which seriously damages the yield components and quality traits. The seeds are sensitive to the changes of the external environment at germination stage. The rising temperature and the accompanying drought will affect the emergence of soybean seeds. The establishment of a set of scientific evaluation methods for HT tolerance at bud stage can provide a theoretical basis for the early identification of soybean, the breeding of HT tolerance germplasm, and the study of tolerance mechanism. In this study, 385 germplasm resources varieties were selected as the experimental materials, which creating a HT environment by artificial climate incubator and subjected to HT-stress for 3 d (40℃, 16 h light /8 h darkness) at bud stage of soybean. Compared with the control (25℃, 16 h light /8 h darkness), the hypocotyl length of soybean bud stage was significantly decreased 10.9% under HT stress (P < 0.05). The indices of fresh root weight, dry root weight, and root-shoot ratio increased by 13.10%, 22.20%, and 16.90%, respectively (P<0.01). The results showed that HT-stress significantly affected the surface and underground biomass distribution of bud stage in soybean. Meanwhile, the principal component analysis for the coefficient of HT-tolerance for each trait converted 11 indexes into two principal component factors. The comprehensive evaluation value (H-value) of soybean response to HT-stress was obtained by the standardized analysis of membership function, and cluster analysis was conducted for the tested varieties based on H-value. Ultimately, 385 germplasm resources were divided into 5 grades for the HT-tolerance at bud stage in soybean [namely: Grade I (tolerance), Grade II (strong tolerance), Grade III (medium), Grade IV (strong sensitive), and Grade V (sensitive type)] and four HT-resistant varieties based on the specific performance (H245, H070, H268, and H216) were initially selected combined with the actual heat resistance performance. After the stepwise regression analysis of each index, a predictive model for the comprehensive evaluation of HT tolerance (H-value) at bud stage of soybean was established: H = 0.191 + 0.017X1 - 0.007X2 + 0.013X7 + 0.027X8 - 0.009X10 (R2=0.9752). Five indexes main including hypocotyl length (X1), main root length (X2), hypocotyl dry weight (X7), root fresh weight (X8), and simplified vigor index (X10) were screened out as the evaluation indexes for HT tolerance at bud stage in soybean. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and gene mapping of long grain and degenerated palea ( lgdp) in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) LIN Xiao-Xin, HUANG Ming-Jiang, WEI Yi, ZHU Hong-Hui, WANG Zi-Yi, LI Zhong-Cheng, ZHUANG Hui, LI Yan-Xi, LI Yun-Feng, CHEN Rui Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1699-1707.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22028 Abstract （552）   HTML （46）    PDF（pc） （7321KB）（2347）       Knowledge map    Save The grain shape, which consists of grain length and grain width, is the primary determinant of grain yield and one of the important appearance quality traits in rice. It is of great significance to identify the related genes associated with grain shape and to study molecular mechanisms for improving the yield and quality of rice. In this study, a long grain mutant named long grain and degenerated palea (lgdp) deriving from EMS (ethyl methane sulfonate) mutation groups of Xida 1B was reported. In lgdp mutant, the elongation of lemma resulted in a long grain. Further SEM analysis revealed that the main reason for lemma elongation was the extremely significant increase in the number of glume cells. Genetic analysis showed that the lgdp trait was regulated by a pair of recessive genes. Using BSA method and the F2 population crossing lgdp with ZH11, the target gene was located between the molecular markers ZLN43 and ZLN-1 on chromosome 3, with a physical distance of about 810 kb. The analysis of RNA-seq and PCR indicated the LGDP candidate gene might encode a MADS-box protein. The qPCR referred that LGDP negatively regulated the relative expression levels of several positive grain length regulatory factors, GW7/GL7, GS3, TGW6, which affected the cell proliferation of glumes and the grain length. The results of this study laid a foundation for the molecular function analysis of LGDP gene in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relative expression profiles of genes response to salt stress and constructions of gene co-expression networks in Brassica napus L. YANG Chuang, WANG Ling, QUAN Cheng-Tao, YU Liang-Qian, DAI Cheng, GUO Liang, FU Ting-Dong, MA Chao-Zhi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (1): 237-250.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34076 Abstract （701）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （9515KB）（2282）       Knowledge map    Save Brassica napus L. is an important oil crop. Salt stress is one of the major environmental conditions affecting the growth and development of B. napus, which may lead to yield reduction, quality deterioration, and even the death of B. napus. In this study, the B. napus semi-winter cultivar ZS11 was used as the experimental material to perform transcriptome sequencing on the leaf and root tissues with salt stress treatment (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h). The measured 90 RNA-seq data provided the high-resolution time dynamic transcriptional expression spectrum of rapeseed tissues responding to salt stress was obtained. Correlation analysis showed that the samples exhibited significant clustering differences in early response and late response before and after 1 h salt stress treatment. Using DESeq2 for differential gene analysis, we identified 20,462 and 29,334 differential genes for the response of root and leaf tissues, respectively, indicating that the overall response of leaf tissue in rapeseed was more severe than the root. Furthermore, WGCNA was used to construct gene co-expression networks for the salt stress response in root and leaf tissues, respectively, and tan and yellow modules were significantly related to the early response to salt stress, and green and red modules were significantly related to the late response to salt stress. GO enrichment analysis was then performed, and 41 and 26 core transcription factors responding to salt stress at the early and late stages, respectively, were selected from these networks. Functional annotation showed that the known Arabidopsis homologous genes involved in salt stress responses at different stages existed in all four modules, and core genes, such as BnWRKY46 and BnWRKY57, had abundant SNPs variation and haplotypes in 505 salt stress-treated rape population variation data, suggesting that these core transcription factors might be key candidate genes for rape salt stress response. This study provides a reliable data reference and candidate gene resources for improving salt tolerance in B. napus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and relative expression levels of PEPC gene family members in cassava LI Xiang-Chen, SHEN Xu, ZHOU Xin-Cheng, CHEN Xin, WANG Hai-Yan, WANG Wen-Quan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (12): 3108-3119.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14241 Abstract （749）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （5140KB）（2280）       Knowledge map    Save Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is the key enzyme of photosynthesis in C4 plants. Cassava is a C3-C4 plant, and the relative expression levels of MePEPC genes in cultivated species are significantly higher than wild type. So far, systematic studies on MePEPC have not been done. To investigate the basic information of MePEPC family in cassava, five MePEPCs members were identified in the whole genome of cassava by bioinformatics method. The MePEPC family of cassava were comprehensively analyzed by bioinformatics software, including basic physical and chemical properties analysis, prediction of subcellular localization, evolutionary tree analysis, chromosome localization, gene and protein structure, and promoter cis-element prediction. The results showed that five MePEPC family members were identified and distributed on five chromosomes, respectively. Among them, MePEPC2 was distributed on chromosome 3 with underwent variable splicing, early termination of sequence, and loss of function. The phylogenetic tree revealed that MePEPC family could be divided into two subfamilies (plant type and bacterial type), and the distribution of exons of the same group were similar. The promoter region of MePEPC members contained different numbers of light corresponding elements, hormone corresponding elements, and stress response elements, indicating that different MePEPC member may participate in different growth and development regulation processes. The relative expression levels of MePEPC1, MePEPC4, and MePEPC5 were relatively higher, and the different expression patterns were in different light time, different development stages, drought and ABA stress. The relative expression levels of MePEPC2 and MePEPC3 were lower and almost invisible. This study provides basic data for in-depth study of the function of MePEPC family in cassava and candidate genes for cassava high light efficiency breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of cyclanilide enhanced the defoliation efficiency of thidiazuron in cotton by regulating endogenous hormones under low temperature stress SUN Shang-Wen, SHU Hong-Mei, YANG Chang-Qin, ZHANG Guo-Wei, WANG Xiao-Jing, MENG Ya-Li, WANG You-Hua, LIU Rui-Xian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (1): 187-198.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34046 Abstract （375）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （1611KB）（2177）       Knowledge map    Save The technology of cotton leaf removal is an important prerequisite for realizing the mechanical harvesting of cotton, but low temperature affect the efficiency of TDZ-induced leaf abscission, which cannot meet the requirements of mechanized harvesting. In our laboratory, we found that cyclanilide (CYC) could improve the defoliation efficiency of TDZ at low temperature, but the mechanism of CYC promoting chemical defoliation (TDZ) under low temperature is unknown. Therefore, the content of plant hormones and the relative expression level of related genes in the abscission zone of cotton leaves were analyzed using Zhongmian 425 as the experimental material, setting two temperature levels (25℃ and 15℃) and three treatments [water (CK), single TDZ (T), and the compound of TDZ+CYC (TC)]. At 240 h after treatment under low temperature (15℃), the abscission rate of cotton leaves treated by T was only 53.0%, while the start time of cotton leaves abscission treated by TC was 24 h ahead of that treated by T and the abscission rate of cotton leaves treated by TC increased to 79.6%. At low temperature, compared with T, the relative expression level of auxin (IAA) transport genes (LAX2, PIN1), IAA response genes (IAA9, ARF3) and the content of IAA in the abscission zone of cotton leaves treated with TC were reduced significantly; the relative expression level of ethylene (ET) synthesis genes (ACS, ACO), and the content of ET synthesis precursor ACC were increased, the relative expression level of ET downstream signal gene(ERF1B) was up-regulated significantly in the abscission zone treated with TC. The jasmonate acid (JA) synthesis-related gene (AOC4) was up-regulated, and the content of JA was increased in abscission zone treated by TC. The inhibition of the IAA transport and signal transduction and the promotion of ET and JA synthesis and ET signal transduction caused by TC treatment in the abscission zones of cotton leaves could be the key reason that CYC could promote cotton leaves abscission effect of TDZ at low temperature. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Root morphology and physiological characteristics for high yield formation under side-deep fertilization in rice ZHANG Chen-Hui, ZHANG Yan, LI Guo-Hui, YANG Zi-Jun, ZHA Ying-Ying, ZHOU Chi-Yan, XU Ke, HUO Zhong-Yang, DAI Qi-Gen, GUO Bao-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 1039-1051.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22023 Abstract （593）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （414KB）（2160）       Knowledge map    Save The side-deep fertilization of rice is an asymmetric local fertilization for rhizosphere of seedlings that fertilizers are applied deep in paddy soil. It has the advantages of reducing fertilizer application and labor cost, increasing fertilizer use efficiency and grain yield. However, the effects of side-deep fertilization on root characteristics and its relationship with grain yield are unclear. This field experiment was conducted using rice verities of Fengjing 1606 and Nanjing 9108. Four nitrogen treatments, conventional fertilization with common urea (CF), conventional fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer (CFCR), side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of common urea (SDCU), and side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer (SDCR), were tested to explore the effects of different nitrogen treatments on root morphological traits, anatomical structure, physiological characteristics, and grain yield. The results showed as follows: (1) The grain yield of SDCR treatment was the highest, followed by CF and CFCR treatments, the yields of SDCU treatment was the lowest. (2) SDCR treatment significantly increased the total root length, the root tips, root surface area, and root volume at different growth stage. (3) SDCR treatment reduced the cortical cross-sectional area of rice roots, the cortical cell layers, and the root diameter, and increases the stele diameter at different growth stages, however, there was no significant effect on the aerenchyma area and cortical cell area. (4) Compared with CF treatment, SDCR treatment significantly improved rice root activity, root nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity increased and reached the peak at heading stage, and then decreased, SDCR treatment had the highest GOGAT and GS activities at different growth stages. Therefore, to improve rice yield, improve the fertilizer utilization efficiency, and achieve the purpose of nitrogen reduction and production increase, the side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer could improve root morphological traits, anatomical structure, and physiological characteristics, enhance the root ability to absorb nutrients and water, prevent premature senescence of plant. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of diverse mixture intercropping on the structure and function of bacterial communities in rice rhizosphere TANG Wen-Qiang, ZHANG Wen-Long, ZHU Xiao-Qiao, DONG Bi-Zheng, LI Yong-Cheng, YANG Nan, ZHANG Yao, WANG Yun-Yue, HAN Guang-Yu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 1111-1121.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22001 Abstract （532）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （923KB）（2154）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the effects of mixture intercropping on the control of rice blast and the structure and function of the rhizosphere bacterial community, the 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of bacteria in rhizosphere soil of the selected high control efficiency (E=54.48%) (Shanyou 63/Huangkenuo) and low control efficiency (E=14.12%) combinations (Hexi 39/Huangkenuo) under the intercropping and monoculture treatments were performed with Illumina Hiseq sequencing technology. The results showed that soil bacteria, from 37 phyla, 116 classes, 244 orders, 384 families, 689 genera, were obtained in the intercropping system. Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteriota were the dominant bacterial groups. The relative abundance was higher than 15%. Alpha diversity analysis discovered that high-efficacy combination significantly increased the Shannon index and Chao1 index of rice rhizosphere bacterial community in intercropping conditions (P<0.05), whereas there was no difference at P>0.05 in low-efficiency combination. ANOSIM and PCoA analyses revealed that there was significant difference in the structure of the species in the rhizosphere bacterial community in monoculture (r = 0.48, P<0.01), but no significant difference in the rhizosphere bacterial community structure between the high- and low-efficiency combinations following intercropping (P>0.05), which indicating that intercropping increased the similarity of bacterial community structure between both combinations. Comparison to monoculture, the dominant bacterial group composition proved that the relative abundance of Shanyou63 Acidobacteriota decreased significantly, while the relative abundance of Shanyou 63 Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes increased significantly, but there was no significant difference among the dominant bacteria in Huangkenuo. Hexi 39 rhizosphere Patescilbacteria exhibited the significant decrease in low-efficiency combinations, whereas Gemmatimonadota showed the significant increase. PICRUSt2 function prediction discovered that the relative abundance of biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites in the main cultivars decreased significantly in the intercropping system, while the relative abundance of transcription, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins in intercropping cultivars increased significantly. In conclusion, to increase plant disease resistance and to provide data support for the theory of diverse intercropping for disease control, the high-efficacy combination had the ability to improve the diversity of rice rhizosphere bacteria and the structure and function of bacterial community by mixture intercropping, which effectively reduced the occurrence of rice blast and provided an application pathway for the improvement of soil microorganisms. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wild segments associated with 100-seed weight and their candidate genes in a wild chromosome segment substitution line population LIU Cheng, ZHANG Ya-Xuan, CHEN Xian-Lian, HAN Wei, XING Guang-Nan, HE Jian-Bo, ZHANG Jiao-Ping, ZHANG Feng-Kai, SUN Lei, LI Ning, WANG Wu-Bin, GAI Jun-Yi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (8): 1884-1893.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14140 Abstract （579）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （3578KB）（2146）       Knowledge map    Save Annual wild soybean is the ancestor of cultivated soybean. The 100-seed weight gradually increases in the long-term domestication process. Clarifying the genetic basis of this change is of great significance to the evolutionary research and variety improvement of soybean. In order to analyze the genetic basis of 100-seed weight during soybean domestication, a wild soybean chromosome segment substitution line population (SojaCSSLP5) composed of 177 whole-genome resequencing lines were used in this study. 13 QTLs/segments of 100-seed weight were detected by phenotypic evaluation in three different environments. All of 13 wild chromosome segments had the additive effect of reducing 100-seed weight, ranging from -0.49 g to -1.19 g, which was consistent with the smaller 100-seed weight of wild soybeans. These detected domesticated segments from 11 chromosomes explained 76.70% of the phenotypic variation, and the phenotypic contribution rate of a single segment ranged from 2.45% to 15.14%. The contribution rate of segments Gm03_LDB_15 and Gm12_LDB_46 exceeded 10%, which were major influence on the evolution of 100-seed weight of wild soybeans. Combined the transcriptome data and genome data of parental cultivated soybean Nannong 1138-2 and wild soybean N24852, a total of 13 candidate genes were predicted in these segments, and were involved in the pathways of plant seed size, including ubiquitin protein kinase regulatory pathway, G protein signal pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, plant hormone pathway, transcription regulator pathway, and IKU (HAIKU) pathway. Compared with previous QTLs mapping results with cultivated soybeans, 4 of the 13 QTLs/segments were newly detected in this study, indicating that 9 wild chromosome segments might be passed to cultivated soybeans during domestication, and the corresponding cultivated segments of these 4 wild segments may be unique evolutionary segments of cultivated soybean. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of panicle nitrogen fertilizer rates on grain yield in super rice varieties with different panicle sizes and their mechanism LIU Kun, HUANG Jian, ZHOU Shen-Qi, ZHANG Wei-Yang, ZHANG Hao, GU Jun-Fei, LIU Li-Jun, YANG Jian-Chang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (8): 2028-2040.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12068 Abstract （710）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （1347KB）（1956）       Knowledge map    Save The application of panicle nitrogen fertilizer is an important management measure to increase rice yield, but its effect and mechanism of application rates on the yield increase of super rice varieties with different panicle sizes are still unclear. In this study, three super rice varieties with large differences in panicle sizes (indicated by the spikelet number per panicle) of Nanjing 9108 (small panicle size), Yangliangyou 6 (medium panicle size), and Yongyou 1540 (large panicle size) were selected as materials. Under the condition of the same amount of base-tiller fertilizer (162 kg N hm-2), the effects of five panicle nitrogen fertilizer rates (PNR) of 0, 54, 108, 162, and 216 kg hm-2 on the yield of the above rice varieties were studied. And its regulatory effects on the differentiation and degeneration of spikelets and related morphophysiological indices after heading were observed. The results were as follows: (1) In the PNR range of 0-216 kg hm-2, the spikelet number per panicle gradually increased but the seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight gradually decreased with the increase of PNR. And the higher the PNR, the more obvious the decrease of seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight. Three rice varieties, Nanjing 9108, Yangliangyou 6, and Yongyou 1540, had the highest yields in the PNR of 162-216, 108-162, and 54-108 kg hm-2, respectively. According to the curve equation of grain yield and PNR, the optimal PNR for high yields of the above three varieties were calculated to be 177.6-182.0, 134.3-136.3, and 109.9-125.7 kg hm-2, respectively. (2) In general, rice varieties with large panicle sizes had higher yields, while rice varieties with small panicle sizes had greater yield-increasing effects of PNR. The number of differentiated and surviving secondary spikelets in rice varieties with small panicle size increased greatly after application of panicle nitrogen fertilizer, which was the main reason that the yield-increasing effect was higher than that of rice varieties with medium and large panicle size. (3) Under the condition of high-yield PNR, high effective leaf area ratio, grain-leaf ratio (spikelet/leaf area, filled grain/leaf area, and grain weight/leaf area), non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) translocation amount, sugar-spikelet ratio, root oxidation activity, activity root of spikelet and zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) content in grains and roots from 0-40 day(s) after heading of three rice varieties were high. Correlation analysis showed that the yields of super rice varieties with different panicle sizes and the above indicators basically had a significant or extremely significant positive correlation. These results indicated that the PNR should be adjusted according to the panicle size. The appropriate PNR was beneficial to maintain a high effective leaf area ratio, grain-leaf ratio, NSC translocation amount, sugar-spikelet ratio, root oxidation activity, activity root of spikelet, and Z + ZR content in grains and roots after heading under the premise of higher total spikelets. This helped to maintain a high seed-setting rate and grain weight, thereby ultimately increasing the grain yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Indica-japonica attribute identification and heterosis utilization of diploid rice lines reverted from tetraploid rice SONG Zhao-Jian, FENG Zi-Yi, QU Tian-Ge, LYU Pin-Cang, YANG Xiao-Lu, ZHAN Ming-Yue, ZHANG Xian-Hua, HE Yu-Chi, LIU Yu-Hua, CAI De-Tian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (8): 2039-2050.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22057 Abstract （476）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （424KB）（1933）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, the indica-japonica attribute of eight reverted diploid lines were identified by InDel molecular marker. The hybrid combinations were made between the reverted diploid lines and photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines Peiai 64S (indica) and Nongken 58S (japonica), respectively. The genetic distance and cluster analysis of the parents and hybrids were carried out, the yield related traits of the hybrids and the male parents were investigated, then the over male parent heterosis and the competitive heterosis of the hybrids were analyzed. In addition, the correlation between parental genetic distance and the heterosis was analyzed to explore the feasibility of using parental genetic distance to predict heterosis. The results showed as follows: (1) The indica gene frequency of the reverted diploid lines ranged from 0.605 to 0.947. All lines had both indica and japonica genetic components, but the proportions of indica and japonica components were different from each other. (2) The genetic distance between the reverted diploid lines and Pei’ai 64S were 0.21-0.42, and that between the reverted diploid lines and Nongken 58S were 0.68-0.95. The materials with the same or similar indica-japonica attribute were clustered together, which clearly showed the genetic relationship between the materials. (3) The heterosis utilization of the reverted diploid lines needed the participation of wide compatibility genes. The hybrid combinations made between Peiai 64S that had wide compatibility gene and the reverted diploid lines had obvious over male parent heterosis and competitive heterosis in the effective panicle number per plant, the total grain number per panicle, and the filled grain number per panicle. In the yield per plant, eight hybrid combinations all showed over male parent heterosis and competitive heterosis, especially the yield per plant of HYP2 was prominent, up to 45.92%. (4) The genetic distance of parents was significantly positively correlated with the total grain number per panicle and the yield per plant of the hybrids, indicating that the InDel genetic distance can be used for predicting heterosis. The study confirmed that the reverted diploid lines from the tetraploid indica-japonica subspecies rice had both indica and japonica genetic components, and contained abundant genetic diversity. Using the reverted diploid lines, the hybrid combinations with super heterosis could be made, which providing a theoretical basis and reference for the utilization of indica-japonica subspecies heterosis through the combination of indica-japonica intermediate lines and photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines with wide compatibility genes. At the same time, we preliminarily confirmed the feasibility of the pathway “breeding new diploid rice varieties by using polyploid as the vector for creating variation”, which provided a new idea and approach for rice breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Grain Mn concentration of wheat in main wheat production regions of China: Effects of cultivars and soil factors ZHANG Lu-Lu, ZHANG Xue-Mei, MU Wen-Yan, HUANG Ning, GUO Zi-Kang, LUO Yi-Nuo, WEI Lei, SUN Li-Qian, WANG Xing-Shu, SHI Mei, WANG Zhao-Hui Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (7): 1906-1918.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21042 Abstract （436）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （721KB）（1910）       Knowledge map    Save It is of great significance to clarify the effects of cultivars and soil factors on wheat manganese nutrition for optimizing wheat manganese nutrition and achieving high yield and high-quality wheat production. From 2016 to 2020, a field experiment was carried out at 38 test sites in 13 provinces in three wheat production regions: Northwest dry-farming wheat area (DW), Huanghuai wheat-maize rotation area (WM), and Southern rice-wheat rotation area (RW). Wheat yield, yield components, grain Mn concentration, soil available manganese, pH value, and other indicators were tested. Results showed that, wheat yield was in the following order: WM > RW > DW, with the average value of 8.1, 5.9, and 5.9 t hm-2, respectively. Mn concentration in wheat grains was in the following order: RW > DW > WM, with the average value of 46.9, 45.4, and 41.4 mg kg-1, respectively. In different wheat production regions, the relationships of grain Mn concentration with the dry matter accumulation distribution, yield components, Mn uptake, and the utilization of wheat cultivars were different. The correlation of grain Mn concentration was significantly negative with the yield, biomass, and harvest index of wheat cultivars in DW, and was significantly negative with yield and harvest index in WM, but not significant in RW. There was a significant negative correlation between wheat grain Mn content and soil pH value, available Cu, and the total N, but not significant correlation between wheat grain Mn content and soil available Mn. Grain Mn concentration was positively correlated with spike number, but significantly negative with 1000-grain weight in RW. Grain Mn concentration was positively correlated with Mn uptake in shoots and Mn uptake in grains in WM and RW, and only positively correlated with Mn uptake in grains in DW, while its correlation with Mn harvest index was significantly negative in RW but positive in DW and WM. The main soil factors affecting wheat grain Mn concentration included soil total nitrogen, pH value, available Fe, available Mn, and available Cu. In WM, the grain Mn concentration was significantly positively correlated with soil available Fe, available Cu and Mn, but negatively correlated with soil pH. In RW, grain Mn concentration was significantly and negatively correlated with soil pH value, available Cu, and the total nitrogen, but not correlated with soil available Mn. Soil available P and available K were the main factors affecting grain Mn concentration in DW. In conclusion, wheat cultivars in RW of China had higher grain Mn concentration. Lower soil pH value, the total nitrogen, and the higher soil available Fe and Mn were beneficial to the increase of grain Mn concentration, while the effects of soil available Cu on grain Mn concentration varied with wheat regions. The yield had a dilution effect on Mn concentration, and the increase of spike number, grain number per spike, and 1000-grain weight were beneficial to the decrease of Mn content in wheat cultivars. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Difference between bidirectional reflectance factor and directional-hemispherical reflectance factor spectra and its effect on the estimation of leaf chlorophyll content in wheat WANG Xue, WANG Wen-Hui, LI Dong, YAO Xia, ZHU Yan, CAO Wei-Xing, CHENG Tao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (2): 485-496.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21005 Abstract （558）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （1228KB）（1878）       Knowledge map    Save Bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) and directional-hemispherical reflectance factor (DHRF) spectra are two common types of reflectance measurements. However, most studies ignored the differences between BRF and DHRF spectra and their effects on the estimation of leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) while monitoring the biochemical parameters of crops. In this study, we collected leaf-level data from field trials of winter wheat with different varieties, densities, and nitrogen rates. We calculated the vegetation indices (VIs) and wavelet coefficients (WCs) based on BRF and DHRF spectra and then established their relationships with LCC. Finally, we evaluated the ability of VIs and WCs in reducing the differences between BRF and DHRF spectra, and their effects on LCC estimation. Results were as follows: (1) changes in BRF and DHRF were consistent with the variation of LCC, but there were significant differences between the two types of spectra, and the reflectance in BRF was higher than that in DHRF. (2) To some extent, the use of either VIs or WCs could eliminate the influence of the differences between BRF and DHRF spectra. For example, the Normalized Differential Red Edge Vegetation Index (NDRE) and the Red Edge Chlorophyll Index (CIred-edge) could reduce this effect (R2=0.930), but the performance of wavelet coefficients were better than those of NDRE and CIred-edge (R2=0.995). (3) The performance of VIs and WCs based on DHRF data was better than that of BRF data for LCC estimation. NDRE was the best among all VIs evaluated (DHRF: R2=0.957; BRF: R2=0.938; All: R2=0.892). Furthermore, the WC at the fourth scale of 765 nm [WF(4, 675)] was better than NDRE (DHRF: R2=0.985; BRF: R2=0.971; All: R2=0.973), and it had a stronger ability to eliminate the influence of the spectral differences on LCC estimation than NDRE (WF (4, 675): R2=0.973; NDRE: R2 = 0.892). In summary, there was a difference between BRF and DHRF data, and this difference could not be ignored directly. To some extent, the use of suitable VIs and WCs can eliminate the difference and improve the accuracy of LCC estimation. This study determined the differences between BRF and DHRF spectra of the same leaf samples of winter wheat, which provided a theoretical basis for establishing a unified model across BRF and DHRF spectra and improving the accurate estimation of LCC at the canopy level. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic analysis and gene mapping of the yellow midrib leaf mutant ( yml) in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) GUO Jun-Yao, LIU Bin-Mei, YANG Hui-Jie, QIN Chao-Qi, REN Yan, JIANG Hong-Rui, TAO Liang-Zhi, YE Ya-Feng, WU Yue-Jin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (12): 3120-3129.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12077 Abstract （465）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （4034KB）（1860）       Knowledge map    Save Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop, and its yield has been concerned for a long time. Rice leaves are the essential sites for photosynthesis, and leaf midrib is the tissue with the function of supporting and transporting. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic pigments present in leaf midrib can also provide a certain amount of photosynthesis. In this study, the yellow midrib leaf (yml) mutant obtained by the heavy ion beam implantation on indica rice 9311 was applied for genetic analysis and gene mapping. The mutant began to had the yellowing phenotype of leaf midrib about 5 days after flowering at heading stage, and the yellowing character was obvious at the late heading stage, and this change could last until the mature stage. At tillering stage, there was no significant difference in photosynthetic pigment content between the mutant and the wild type. However, compared with wild type at the late heading stage, the photosynthetic pigment content in the leaves and midribs of the mutant was significantly lower. Consequently, the photosynthetic efficiency of the mutant was substantially reduced, and the net photosynthetic rate was only 50.37% of wild type. At mature stage, plant height, panicle length, effective panicle, filled grain number per panicle, seed setting rate, and the 1000-grain weight of mutants were significantly lower than wild type. Genetic analysis revealed that this mutant character was controlled by a pair of recessive genes. By using map-based cloning technique, this gene was located on chromosome 6. Moreover, the gene was further located between InDel5 and RM3431 with a physical distance of approximately 700 kb by using simple repeat sequence (SSR) and insertional deletion (InDel) markers. This study provides a research basis for the subsequent cloning and functional analyses of the mutant gene. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of G2-like transcription factors family genes in wheat JIA Yu-Ku, GAO Hong-Huan, FENG Jian-Chao, HAO Zi-Rui, WANG Chen-Yang, XIE Ying-Xin, GUO Tian-Cai, MA Dong-Yun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1410-1425.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21036 Abstract （1029）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （7556KB）（1847）       Knowledge map    Save Golden2-like (G2-like) transcription factor, a member of the GARP superfamily of MYB transcription factors, plays an important role in regulating chloroplast development. In this study, genome-wide identification of G2-like genes in wheat was carried out by bioinformatics methods, and their physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, cis-acting elements of promoters, and response patterns to abiotic stresses and hormones were analyzed. A total of 87 G2-like genes were identified from wheat, which distributed in evenly on 21 chromosomes in wheat. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes were divided into 14 subfamilies, and fragment replication was the main reason for the expansion of this gene family. The prediction of protein secondary structure revealed that α helix and random curl were the main amino acid sequences of G2-like gene in wheat. Promoter cis-acting elements showed that there were seven cis-acting elements (P-box, SpI, LTR, ABRE, MBS, TGA-Element, and AE-box) in 2-kb region upstream of the promoter. Among them, Ta3AG2-Like19 contained the most cis-regulatory element binding sites with a total of 18 binding sites. The qRT-PCR revealed. that the relative expression levels of Ta3AG2-like19, Ta3AG2-Like20, Ta4AG2-Like29, and Ta6AG2-Like52 were significantly up-regulated under PEG and salt stresses, and induced by GA, IAA, and ABA hormones. These genes may mediate the response of wheat plant to various abiotic stresses. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Difference analysis of yield and resource use efficiency of modern summer maize varieties in Huang-Huai-Hai region LIU Xin-Meng, CHENG Yi, LIU Yu-Wen, PANG Shang-Shui, YE Xiu-Qin, BU Yan-Xia, ZHANG Ji-Wang, ZHAO Bin, REN Bai-Zhao, REN Hao, LIU Peng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1363-1371.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23050 Abstract （615）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （840KB）（1783）       Knowledge map    Save Variety improvement plays an important role in improving the yield per unit area of summer maize, but the reasons for the yield difference between modern summer maize varieties are not clear at present. The experiment was conducted at the National Demonstration Center for Crop Varieties in Shanghe. 390 maize varieties approved or to be approved in Huang-Huai-Hai rivers region of China were selected. To explore the yield and resource use efficiency differences of different summer maize varieties and their causes, plant samples were taken at maize maturity stage to determine yield and its components, dry matter accumulation and distribution, nitrogen accumulation, distribution and utilization, and radiation and thermal utilization efficiency of different varieties at maturity stage. There were significant differences in yield among different varieties of summer maize. The direct path coefficients of number of harvested ear, grain number per ear, and 1000-grain weight on yield were 0.57, 1.00, and 0.88, respectively, indicating that the yield difference among varieties were mainly affected by the change of grain number per ear. The accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nitrogen had significant effects on summer maize yield. Compared with that in the yield range of <7 t hm-2, the total dry matter of the plant population in the yield range of 7.0-8.0, 8.0-9.0, 9.0-10.0, 10.0-11.0, and >11.0 t hm-2 was increased by 12.25%, 20.52%, 29.61%, 40.11%, and 54.04%, respectively. Grain nitrogen accumulation was increased by 16.62%, 24.85%, 38.45%, 48.42%, and 68.41%, respectively. Grain dry matter allocation was increased by 5.11%, 9.93%, 13.32%, 15.51%, and 17.94%, and grain nitrogen allocation was increased by 4.09%, 7.24%, 7.37%, 7.31%, and 10.91%, respectively. The radiation use efficiency of grain was increased by 12.50%, 21.25%, 30.00%, 41.25%, and 55.00%, respectively. The thermal utilization efficiency of grain was increased by 11.36%, 20.45%, 29.55%, 39.77%, and 53.41%, respectively. To achieve high-yielding and high-efficient production of summer maize, high-yielding maize varieties were improved dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in maize population, increased the proportion of dry matter and nitrogen distribution in grain, improved the utilization efficiency of nitrogen, radiation and thermal in plant, and promoted the synergistic improvement of yield components, especially the increase of grain number per ear. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning, expression, and function of HcKAN4 gene of kenaf in flavonoid synthesis WU Fa-Xuan, LI Qin, YANG Xin, LI Xin-Gen, XU Jian-Tang, TAO Ai-Fen, FANG Ping-Ping, QI Jian-Min, ZHANG Li-Wu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 645-655.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34084 Abstract （425）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （4598KB）（1742）       Knowledge map    Save MYB-like transcription factor KAN4 (KANADI4) plays an important role in flavonoid synthesis and fiber development in kenaf. In this study, the variety “Fuhong 952” was used as the experimental material to clone and analyze the relative expression pattern of HcKAN4 genes, and to investigate the effect of TRV-VIGS-induced silencing of HCKAN4 gene on the expression of key enzyme genes in flavonoid synthesis pathway in kenaf, the variety ‘Fuhong 952’ was used as the experimental material. Gene cloning showed that the total length of ORF of HcKAN4 gene was 966 bp, encoding 322 amino acids and containing a conserved domain of MYB. Phylogenetic tree revealed that it was closely related to KAN4s of Arabidopsis and Hibiscus. The relative expression pattern indicated that the gene was expressed in different plant tissues, and the transcription level increased with plant growth in kenaf. VIGS-induced gene silencing revealed that the transcription level of 6 HcKAN4 individuals was significantly down-regulated, indicating gene silencing successfully. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that the relative level of flavonoid synthesis-related genes, HcCHS, HcF3'5'H, HcANS, and HcANR, were significantly down-regulated, which were 0.51, 0.14, 0.23, and 0.11 times of those in the control group, respectively, suggesting that the relative expression level of HcKAN4 gene can regulate the biosynthesis of flavonoid in kenaf. These results provide a basis for clarifying the regulation of flavonoid synthesis by MYB transcription factor and give research ideas for improving fiber quality in kenaf. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and analysis of BnKNOX gene family in Brassica napus CHEN Wu-Jun, LIU Jiang-Dong, JIANG Kai-Xuan, WANG You-Ping, JIANG Jin-Jin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (11): 2991-3006.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.34027 Abstract （529）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （5181KB）（1726）       Knowledge map    Save The plant specific KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) protein is a transcription factor family that plays an important role in plant growth and development, as well as responses to various stresses. KNOX proteins contain four conserved domains [a three amino acid loop extension (TALE) type homeodomain (HD), ELK domain, and two subdomains (KNOX1 and KNOX2)]. At present, the comprehensive study of BnKNOX genes in Brassica napus has not been reported yet. In this study, 36 BnKNOX family members were identified in B. napus genome via bioinformatic analyses, which were classified into three sub-families (I, II, and M-type) based on sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses. Evolutionary analysis showed that the whole genome duplication (WGD) and segmental duplication were the main driving forces for the expansion of BnKNOX gene family. Based on the RNA-seq data of developing tissues and organs of B. napus, BnKNAT25/26/29/30 were specifically expressed in endosperm and developing seeds, while BnKNAT31/32/34 were highly expressed in mature seeds. We analyzed the cis-acting elements and expression pattern of BnKNOXs under various abiotic stresses, and identified 17 BnKNOX members that might be involved in drought and osmotic stress responses. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A critical review on the principles and procedures for cultivar development and evaluation YAN Weikai Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (9): 2137-2154.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11105 Abstract （1360）   HTML （62）    PDF（pc） （890KB）（1716）       Knowledge map    Save Plant breeding plays an indispensable role in meeting the increasing need for food and comfort of the mankind in a changing climate. Numerous concepts and procedures aiming at improving breeding efficiency have been put forward, such as various strategies for dealing with genotype by environment interaction, stability analyses, mega-environment analyses, experimental designs and analyses, biplot analyses, and selection indices. In addition, genomic selection has evolved into a stage that plant breeders must consider and cannot ignore. It is of practical importance to understand the relationships among these concepts and procedures, their usefulness, drawbacks, and pitfalls, as well as their place in the theoretical framework of plant breeding and genotype evaluation. Based primarily on personal research and experience, this article attempted to develop a systematic narrative on the principles, key concepts, and analytic procedures related to cultivar development and evaluation, with demonstrations using real-world data. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spectral characteristics of winter wheat canopy and estimation of aboveground biomass under elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration HUANG Hong-Sheng, ZHANG Xin-Yue, JU Hui, HAN Xue Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (4): 991-1003.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31041 Abstract （377）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （871KB）（1691）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on the canopy spectral characteristics of winter wheat during the whole growth period and to establish quantitative relationships between above-ground biomass (AGB) and spectral parameters based on the screened sensitive bands. For this purpose, during the winter wheat growing season of 2021-2022, two treatment levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration (ACO2, (420±20) μL L-1) and elevated CO2 concentration (ECO2, (550±20) μL L-1) were set based on the Free Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment System (Mini-FACE), and the changes of spectral features were analyzed under elevated CO2 concentration. AGB sensitive bands were screened and the estimation models of AGB were constructed based on the successive projections algorithm (SPA), stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration significantly increased AGB in winter wheat at jointing and anthesis stages. The red-edge reflectance, near red edge reflectance, and red-edge area increased at jointing stage and decreased at anthesis and maturity stages. The positions of the blue-edge, yellow-edge, and red-edge were shifted at different growth stages. The sensitive spectral bands of AGB are mainly distributed in the red-edge and near red-edge bands, and the elevated CO2 concentration narrows the range of the sensitive bands of AGB, but does not affect the estimation of AGB. The SMLR and PLSR models of AGB both achieved high estimation accuracy (R2 > 0.8), where the characteristic parameters such as R799', Dy, SDy, and PRI in the SMLR model were significantly correlated with AGB, with an R2 of 0.866. The PLSR model (R2 > 0.9) outperformed the SMLR model in terms of estimation accuracy and stability. This study can provide the theoretical basis and technical methods for the remote sensing monitoring of winter wheat growth and development under elevated CO2 concentration in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics