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Research progress on traits and assessment methods of stalk lodging resistance in maize ZHAO Xue, ZHOU Shun-Li Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (1): 15-26.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.03055 Abstract （804）   HTML （73）    PDF（pc） （959KB）（1418）       Knowledge map    Save Maize stalk lodging causes yield loss, decreases grain quality, increases harvest costs, and makes it impossible for grain dehydration after physiological maturity which limits mechanical grain harvest. Previous researches have been conducted to study the traits related to stalk lodging, including morphological and anatomical traits, chemical constituents of the plant and internode. However, there exist some disagreements, and lack quantitative studies on stalk lodging resistance. In this study, we review the evaluation methods and indicators of stalk lodging resistance, the determination methods of mechanical properties as well as analysis methods of stalk lodging related traits and some factors that may have effects on the results. Furthermore, we put forward the existing problems in previous researches on traits and evaluation indicators related to stalk lodging resistance and the contents need to be given further attention. These results provide a reference for further study of maize stalk lodging resistance traits and evaluation methods, lodging resistance breeding and optimization of cultivation measures. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advances of cover crops and their important roles JIAN Shu-Lian, LI Shu-Xin, LIU Sheng-Qun, LI Xiang-Nan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (1): 1-14.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.03058 Abstract （970）   HTML （103）    PDF（pc） （1301KB）（1142）       Knowledge map    Save In crop planting system, the influences of field weeds and soil properties on crop growth and development, yield, and quality have always been paid close attention to agriculture field. Overdose applications of chemical fertilizers and herbicides are beneficial for crop yield and well control of weeds, however, their negative impacts on soil and environment seriously restrict the sustainable development of agricultural production. Planting cover crops have been considered as a novel strategy to achieve sustainable agricultural development, which can help to control weeds, reduce nitrogen application, and improve soil quality. We summarize the current research advance progress of cover crops and their application in crop cultivation, including the origin and development process, main types, functions, and cropping systems of cover crops, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the research and application of cover crops in agriculture production in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A critical review on the principles and procedures for cultivar development and evaluation YAN Weikai Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (9): 2137-2154.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11105 Abstract （653）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （890KB）（1011）       Knowledge map    Save Plant breeding plays an indispensable role in meeting the increasing need for food and comfort of the mankind in a changing climate. Numerous concepts and procedures aiming at improving breeding efficiency have been put forward, such as various strategies for dealing with genotype by environment interaction, stability analyses, mega-environment analyses, experimental designs and analyses, biplot analyses, and selection indices. In addition, genomic selection has evolved into a stage that plant breeders must consider and cannot ignore. It is of practical importance to understand the relationships among these concepts and procedures, their usefulness, drawbacks, and pitfalls, as well as their place in the theoretical framework of plant breeding and genotype evaluation. Based primarily on personal research and experience, this article attempted to develop a systematic narrative on the principles, key concepts, and analytic procedures related to cultivar development and evaluation, with demonstrations using real-world data. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of photosynthetic physiological mechanism and approaches to application in dense planting maize GUO Yao, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen, FAN Hong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (8): 1871-1883.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13024 Abstract （736）   HTML （76）    PDF（pc） （767KB）（981）       Knowledge map    Save To ensure enough crop production of limited land area is important to food security. The key to solve this issue is to increase yield per unit area. Dense planting is an effective agronomic management practice to increase yield per unit area, photosynthetic rate would not be decreased or even improved by increasing planting density moderately, and then enhancing the yield per unit area. It is a key research focus on revealing the mechanism of photosynthetic physiology for improving yield per unit area by dense planting condition of maize. Dense planting would lead to change photosynthetic characteristics, so controlling the physiological factors that restricts photosynthesis is essential for increasing yield. Tap the photosynthetic physiologic potential for maize condition is physiological basis to ensure yield, which plays an important role in addressing food security issues. Therefore, this review focuses on the changes of the research methods and ideas in photosynthetic physiology, and the research status of the photosynthetic physiological response of maize adapted to dense planting and related agronomic regulation pathways at home and abroad, based on previous research results, so as to provide the theoretical and technical methods basis for photosynthetic physiology research. Based on the development trend of modern technology, it is believed that tapping photosynthetic potential and narrowing the gap between photosynthetic potential and actual photosynthetic efficiency are still the main goals of maize dense planting research by traditional research methods combined with molecular biology techniques in the future. In further study, research emphasis should be to investigate the responses of differential expression of photosynthetic physiological function genes to cultivation measures, clarifying the relationship and interaction between agronomic management practice and information expression of photosynthetic-related genes in densely planted maize, enhancing photosynthetic potential for maize via agronomic management practice and molecular biology technology, in order to provide photosynthetic physiological theory and practice to support for maize dense planting. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Heat-inducible transcription factor ZmNF-YC13 regulates heat stress response genes to improve heat tolerance in maize MEI Xiu-Peng, ZHAO Zi-Kun, JIA Xin-Yao, BAI Yang, LI Mei, GAN Yu-Ling, YANG Qiu-Yue, CAI Yi-Lin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (7): 1747-1757.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23054 Abstract （400）   HTML （60）    PDF（pc） （2878KB）（973）       Knowledge map    Save Heat stress is an essential factor affecting maize growth and yield formation. The exploration and mechanism analysis of related tolerance genes is an important field for breeding maize heat stress tolerant varieties. However, there is few study in this aspect. In this study, we identified a nuclear factor ZmNF-YC13 associated with heat stress response, and its encoding gene expression was rapidly induced by high temperature and osmotic stress. The promoter of Arabidopsis thaliana heat stress-inducible expression gene AtHSP70 was used to drive ZmNF-YC13 and the heat-inducible expression maize material of ZmNF-YC13 (HSP21Pro:ZmNF-YC13-myc) was successfully screened. Phenotypic analysis after high temperature treatment demonstrated that leaf length, leaf width, shoot thickness, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root were significantly higher than wild type. The relative expression level showed that ZmNF-YC13 could enhance the inducible level of downstream heat stress response genes in response to heat stress. Luciferase reporter assay and ChIP-qPCR assay also revealed that ZmNF-YC13 could regulate the expression of heat stress transcription factor ZmHsfA2c. These results confirmed preliminarily that ZmNF-YC13 could improve the heat tolerance of maize by regulating downstream heat stress response genes, which could provide a theoretical basis for marker-assisted selection and germplasm identification using the polymorphism of this locus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association analysis and candidate gene selection of yield related traits in rice YANG Fei, ZHANG Zheng-Feng, NAN Bo, XIAO Ben-Ze Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (7): 1813-1821.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12047 Abstract （582）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （4541KB）（972）       Knowledge map    Save Rice is the most important food crop for more than half of the world’s population, and the cultivation of rice varieties with high and stable yield is crucial for solving the world’s food problems. In this study, 226 rice core materials with relatively consistent growth stage were selected from “3K Rice Genome Project” and 2429 kb of high density genotype and 10 agronomic traits including growth period, plant height, effective panicle number, panicle length, spikelet density, seed setting rate, thousand-grains weight, yield per plant, spikelet per panicle, and grains per panicle were investigated by genome-wide associate study combined with 2429 kb of high-density genotype data. A total of 43 loci significantly associated with main agronomic traits were identified, including seven known loci, such as qRGP7.2, qPH12, qPL6.2, qSD6.2, qTGW1.1, qGP1, and qGP5.2. Six candidate genes were screened out, including LOC_Os12g18760 related to plant height, LOC_Os03g33530 related to effective panicle number, LOC_Os06g30940 related to panicle length, LOC_Os01g49810 related to thousand grains weight, LOC_Os09g25260 related to yield per plant, and LOC_Os09g32620 related to spikelet density and spikelet per panicle. These results provide important gene resources and the theoretical reference for genetic improvement of rice yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on physiological ecology and genetic basis of rice plant architecture XU Na, XU Quan, XU Zheng-Jin, CHEN Wen-Fu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (7): 1735-1746.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22050 Abstract （642）   HTML （98）    PDF（pc） （5416KB）（946）       Knowledge map    Save Rice is one of the most important crops in China and even the world. Plant type is an important agronomic trait of rice, which is closely related to yield, quality, and stress resistance. Plant type improvement has played an important role in rice breeding in the past, and will have a profound impact on rice breeding in the future. On the base of related achievements of Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, this paper comprehensively reviewed the research progress of rice plant type from the aspects of the concept of plant type, physiological ecology, and genetic basis of plant type breeding, and also discussed the existing problems and development direction of rice plant type. With the application of the latest research results of modern molecular biology, analyze the relationship between various organs and their optimal combination among population and individual, define the physiological ecology basis and the molecular regulatory network, and apply to plant type breeding practice, which is expected to achieve a higher level of “ideal plant type breeding” of rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the formation of large panicles in rice and its regulation LIU Li-Jun, ZHOU Shen-Qi, LIU Kun, ZHANG Wei-Yang, YANG Jian-Chang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 585-596.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22035 Abstract （812）   HTML （86）    PDF（pc） （796KB）（940）       Knowledge map    Save The spikelet number per panicle is a key factor that constitutes the grain yield in rice. Modern high-yielding rice varieties mostly show high spikelet number per panicle. Increasing the spikelet number per panicle and promoting the formation of large panicles are important ways to improve rice yield. This paper reviewed the relationship between the formation of spikelet number per panicle and young panicle development in rice. Combined with the author’s related research, the mechanisms underlying genetic regulation in rice panicle size, the effects of nutritional status and nitrogen fertilizer management, water, temperature, light, and endogenous hormones on the formation of spikelet number per panicle in rice were reviewed. We put forward the future research focus on strengthening the formation of large panicles in rice from the aspects of root morphophysiology and young panicle development, water and nitrogen management, temperature and light conditions, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of interaction between plant hormones regulating spikelet degeneration. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for the selection and cultivation of high-yielding rice varieties with large panicles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of BBX gene family in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) MA Wen-Jing, LIU Zhen, LI Zhi-Tao, ZHU Jin-Yong, LI Hong-Yang, CHEN Li-Min, SHI Tian-Bin, ZHANG Jun-Lian, LIU Yu-Hui Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2797-2812.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14199 Abstract （419）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （10466KB）（925）       Knowledge map    Save The B-box (BBX) gene family is a type of zinc finger protein transcription factor that plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. In this study, 30 potato BBXs family members (StBBXs) were identified, and their physical and chemical properties, chromosomal location, gene structure, protein conserved domains, gene repetition events, expression patterns, and protein interaction network were analyzed. The results showed that 30 StBBXs were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes. According to their gene structures and phylogenetic characteristics, 30 StBBXs were divided into 5 subclasses. Collinearity analysis indicated that there were 15 pairs BBX genes which were orthologous to potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Arabidopsis. We analyzed the relative expression profiles of StBBX genes in different tissues of double haploid (DM) potato, as well as under abiotic stresses and hormone treatments by RNA-seq downloaded from the PGSC (Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium) database. In addition, to explore the relative expression patterns of the StBBX genes in these tissues, we performed RNA-seq on the tuber skin and flesh of three potato varieties with different colors and analyzed their correlations with the expression of key genes for anthocyanin synthesis. Furthermore, the protein interaction network of StBBXs which differentially expressed in color tuber tissues was constructed using String database. These results provide a theoretical basis for further understanding the StBBX gene family, further function of StBBX genes in abiotic stress tolerance and anthocyanin biosynthesis in potato, and StBBX genes in potato might be related to abiotic stress responses and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of SSR fingerprint database and genetic diversity analysis of cigar germplasm resources WANG Yan-Yan, WANG Jun, LIU Guo-Xiang, ZHONG Qiu, ZHANG Hua-Shu, LUO Zheng-Zhen, CHEN Zhi-Hua, DAI Pei-Gang, TONG Ying, LI Yuan, JIANG Xun, ZHANG Xing-Wei, YANG Ai-Guo Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (7): 1259-1274.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04183 Abstract （762）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （911KB）（909）       Knowledge map    Save In order to investigate the genetic diversity of Chinese cigar germplasm resources in molecular level and to establish the DNA fingerprint database of cigar varieties, 43 pairs of SSR primers with good polymorphic were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 220 cigar germplasms, and 14 pairs of core primers were screened from 43 pairs of SSR primers to construct the fingerprint database of 220 cigar germplasms in the study. Results showed that a total of 243 alleles were amplified by 43 pairs of SSR primers in 220 cigar germplasm materials, with an average of 5.65 per marker, ranging from 2 to 13. The polymorphic information content (PIC) of each locus varied from 0.2078 to 0.9087 with an average of 0.6360. The number of effective alleles (Ne) ranged from 1.3081 to 11.7876, and the average number of effective alleles was 3.9077. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranges from 0.0828 to 0.7639 with an average of 0.3191. The expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.2361 to 0.9172 with an average of 0.6809. The average Shannon genetic diversity index (I) was 1.3756, the genetic distance was between 0.0233 and 0.9286, and the average genetic distance was 0.6816. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) cluster analysis showed that the tested cigar resources can be divided into three groups at the genetic distance of 0.74. All tested materials were divided into two groups by population genetic structure analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Based on the primer analysis and phenotypic identification, it was determined that the ‘LZ’, ‘FS’ and ‘MED’, ‘SDDY’ and ‘MDJ 05-1’, ‘Florida 513’ and ‘CA0701’ were the same species with different names. One variety retained one germplasm, leaving 216 different germplasm. 14 pairs of SSR primers which could distinguish all the tested materials were screened to construct the fingerprint database of 216 cigar cultivars from 43 pairs of SSR primers as core primers. In conclusion, cigar germplasm resources in China had a high level of genetic diversity. In this study, the constructed SSR fingerprint database and genetic analysis of cigar germplasm resources provided the scientific basis for the screening and identification of high-quality cigar germplasms resources, the mining of important genes, and the broadening the basis of cigar genetic breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of evaluation method for tolerance to high-temperature and screening of heat-tolerant germplasm resources of bud stage in soybean LI Jia-Jia, LONG Qun, ZHU Shang-Shang, SHAN Ya-Jing, WU Mei-Yan, LU Yun, ZHI Xian-Guan, LIAO Wei, CHEN Hao-Ran, ZHAO Zhen-Bang, MIAO Long, GAO Hui-Hui, LI Ying-Hui, WANG Xiao-Bo, QIU Li-Juan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (11): 2863-2875.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.34025 Abstract （466）   HTML （54）    PDF（pc） （530KB）（870）       Knowledge map    Save The frequent occurrence of extreme high temperature (HT) events causes continuous heat damage to soybean production, which seriously damages the yield components and quality traits. The seeds are sensitive to the changes of the external environment at germination stage. The rising temperature and the accompanying drought will affect the emergence of soybean seeds. The establishment of a set of scientific evaluation methods for HT tolerance at bud stage can provide a theoretical basis for the early identification of soybean, the breeding of HT tolerance germplasm, and the study of tolerance mechanism. In this study, 385 germplasm resources varieties were selected as the experimental materials, which creating a HT environment by artificial climate incubator and subjected to HT-stress for 3 d (40℃, 16 h light /8 h darkness) at bud stage of soybean. Compared with the control (25℃, 16 h light /8 h darkness), the hypocotyl length of soybean bud stage was significantly decreased 10.9% under HT stress (P < 0.05). The indices of fresh root weight, dry root weight, and root-shoot ratio increased by 13.10%, 22.20%, and 16.90%, respectively (P<0.01). The results showed that HT-stress significantly affected the surface and underground biomass distribution of bud stage in soybean. Meanwhile, the principal component analysis for the coefficient of HT-tolerance for each trait converted 11 indexes into two principal component factors. The comprehensive evaluation value (H-value) of soybean response to HT-stress was obtained by the standardized analysis of membership function, and cluster analysis was conducted for the tested varieties based on H-value. Ultimately, 385 germplasm resources were divided into 5 grades for the HT-tolerance at bud stage in soybean [namely: Grade I (tolerance), Grade II (strong tolerance), Grade III (medium), Grade IV (strong sensitive), and Grade V (sensitive type)] and four HT-resistant varieties based on the specific performance (H245, H070, H268, and H216) were initially selected combined with the actual heat resistance performance. After the stepwise regression analysis of each index, a predictive model for the comprehensive evaluation of HT tolerance (H-value) at bud stage of soybean was established: H = 0.191 + 0.017X1 - 0.007X2 + 0.013X7 + 0.027X8 - 0.009X10 (R2=0.9752). Five indexes main including hypocotyl length (X1), main root length (X2), hypocotyl dry weight (X7), root fresh weight (X8), and simplified vigor index (X10) were screened out as the evaluation indexes for HT tolerance at bud stage in soybean. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of seed dormancy and germination regulation SONG Song-Quan, TANG Cui-Fang, LEI Hua-Ping, JIANG Xiao-Cheng, WANG Wei-Qing, CHENG Hong-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (1): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34012 Abstract （782）   HTML （121）    PDF（pc） （3074KB）（869）       Knowledge map    Save Dormancy enables plant seeds to time germination until environmental conditions become favorable for seedling survival and growth. The dormancy characteristics of seeds are of important ecological adaptive significance and notable agricultural value. Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) are the key factors for seed dormancy and germination. Mature seeds in dormancy state contain high levels of ABA and low levels of GA. ABA induces and maintains seed dormancy, while GA antagonizes ABA and promotes seed germination. DELAY OF GERMINATION-1 (DOG1) is a major regulator of seed dormancy and had a synergistic effect with ABA to delay germination. DOG1 enhances ABA signal transduction by combining with PP2C ABA hypersensitive germination (AHG1/AHG3), and inhibits the action of AHG1 to increase ABA sensitivity and impose seed dormancy. Imprinted genes are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms before and after fertilization, and are closely related to the establishment and release of seed dormancy. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the regulation of seed dormancy. In the present paper, we reviewed the effects of phytohormones ABA and GA on seed dormancy and germination, the action mechanism regulating seed dormancy by DOG1, and the epigenetic regulation of seed dormancy and germination. In addition, we also propose some scientific issues that need to be further investigated in this field to provide some information for understanding the molecular mechanism of seed dormancy and germination, breeding in anti-preharvest sprouting in crop plants, and promoting the germination of dormant seeds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dissecting the genetic architecture of maize kernel size based on genome-wide association study QU Jian-Zhou, FENG Wen-Hao, ZHANG Xing-Hua, XU Shu-Tu, XUE Ji-Quan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (2): 304-319.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13002 Abstract （623）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （4960KB）（853）       Knowledge map    Save Kernel size related traits are one of the important compounds of yield, and they are also complex quantitative traits regulated by multiple genes. Mining the key regulatory genes of maize kernel size related traits will help to improve the yield. In this study, 212 excellent maize inbred lines were selected as materials. The kernel length, kernel width, and kernel thickness were measured in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on 73,006 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers uniformly distributed in maize genome. Based on the FarmCPU algorithm, 47 SNP markers associated with kernel size related traits were detected on 10 chromosomes in maize. Combined with the public dynamic spatio-temporal transcriptional data of kernel development of B73 maize inbred line, 58 candidate genes related to kernel size were detected in the linkage disequilibrium (LD) region marked by significant SNP. The proteins encoded by candidate genes interacted with multiple proteins and participated in and regulated many biological processes closely related to kernel development. These results provide a new reference for understanding the molecular regulation mechanism of maize kernel development, improving kernel size and increasing crop yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress regarding the function and mechanism of rice AP2/ERF transcription factor in stress response CHEN Yue, SUN Ming-Zhe, JIA Bo-Wei, LENG Yue, SUN Xiao-Li Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (4): 781-790.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12026 Abstract （886）   HTML （73）    PDF（pc） （277KB）（846）       Knowledge map    Save AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor) is a family of plant specific transcription factors that are widely involved in various biological processes including plant growth and development and stress responses. Rice is an important food crop in China, but it is severely affected by multiple adverse environmental factors during growth period. It has been found that AP2/ERF transcription factors play important roles in stress response in rice. In this paper, we reviewed the classification and structure architecture of rice AP2/ERF transcription factors and summarized the function and molecular mechanism of different AP2/ERF subfamilies in rice response to disease, drought, saline, and low temperature stresses. This study provides a reference for further interpretation of the molecular network of rice AP2/ERFs-mediated regulatory network in stress responses and their application potential for stress resistance improvement of rice cultivars. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification of peanut resistance genes and their response to Ralstonia solanacearum infection ZHANG Huan, LUO Huai-Yong, LI Wei-Tao, GUO Jian-Bin, CHEN Wei-Gang, ZHOU Xiao-Jing, HUANG Li, LIU Nian, YAN Li-Ying, LEI Yong, LIAO Bo-Shou, JIANG Hui-Fang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (12): 2314-2323.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04266 Abstract （558）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （589KB）（829）       Knowledge map    Save Peanut is one of the main oil crops, which is harmed by many pathogenic microorganisms during growth and development period. Breeding and selection of disease-resistant varieties is one of the most economical and effective ways to control disease, and disease resistance genes are important genes for plant resistance to pathogenic microorganisms. Here, the whole genome-wide identification of peanut disease resistance genes was carried out for the first time. A total of 4156 candidate disease resistance genes were identified. Among them, 536, 490, 232, 182, and 149 genes were RLK, RLP, NL, CNL, and TNL, respectively. The distribution of disease resistance genes was uneven on chromosomes, and most of them were concentrated on chromosome B02. Transcriptome profiling revealed that 111 genes were specifically expressed in resistant materials, 104 genes were specifically expressed in susceptible materials, 2216 genes were expressed in both resistant and susceptible materials, while 1725 genes were not expressed in both resistant and susceptible materials. Two kinds of differentiate expressed R genes were identified, including five genes in the first group responded to the infection of Ralstonia solanacearum at specific time and 65 genes in the second group which exhibited higher expressions in resistant cultivar than susceptible cultivar. A candidate gene Arahy.5D95TJ was successfully validated by qRT-PCR. In this study, the identification and analysis of peanut disease resistance genes provides the important reference for further research of their functions and molecular breeding of peanut disease resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances of QTL mapping for seed size related traits in peanut HUANG Li, CHEN Yu-Ning, LUO Huai-Yong, ZHOU Xiao-Jing, LIU Nian, CHEN Wei-Gang, LEI Yong, LIAO Bo-Shou, JIANG Hui-Fang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (2): 280-291.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14046 Abstract （507）   HTML （38）    PDF（pc） （851KB）（828）       Knowledge map    Save Peanut is an important oil and economic crop in China. Currently, the domestic production of peanut remains far below the needs of consumers. Thus, further improving the yield per unit area is a crucial approach to meet the rising market demand. Seed size related traits are important agronomic traits in peanut, fundamentally contributing to improving yield per unit area. This review summarized the research progress on the regulatory pathways of seed size in plants, molecular markers, genetic linkage map construction, and QTL mapping of seed size related traits in peanut. We discussed the frontline challenges and opportunities for the coming researches of peanut seed related traits and the perspectives of yield improvement in peanut. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Contents and compositions of amino acids in rice grains and their regulation: a review YANG Jian-Chang, LI Chao-Qing, JIANG Yi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (5): 1037-1050.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12062 Abstract （820）   HTML （68）    PDF（pc） （658KB）（822）       Knowledge map    Save Amino acids in cereal grains are important nutrients for both human and animals. Increasing the content of amino acids in the rice grain, especially lysine and other essential amino acids, plays a very important role in improving the nutritional standard of people in the countries with rice as staple food. This paper reviewed some research progresses in the contents and compositions of amino acids in the mature grain of rice and their distribution in the different parts of a grain, the synthesis and metabolism of amino acids in the grain, the role of plant hormones in regulating the synthesis and metabolism of on amino acids, and the effects of environmental factors and cultivation practices on the contents and compositions of amino acids in the grain, and discussed the existing problems and key points for future research. It merits further investigating the temporal (at different filling stages) and spatial (at different parts of a grain) distribution characteristics of the contents and compositions of amino acids in a grain during the filling, their physiological and biochemical mechanism, and cultivation regulation and its principle. Such a study is expected to gain new insight into the mechanism in the formation and distributions of amino acids in a rice grain, and explore a new way to increase the contents of amino acids, especially essential amino acids such as lysine, in milled rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic basis analysis of high-yielding in Yannong wheat varieties WANG Hao, SUN Ni-Na, WANG Chu, XIAO Lu-Ning, XIAO Bei, LI Dong, LIU Jie, QIN Ran, WU Yong-Zhen, SUN Han, ZHAO Chun-Hua, LI Lin-Zhi, CUI Fa, LIU Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1584-1600.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21033 Abstract （372）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （3125KB）（821）       Knowledge map    Save The Yannong series wheat has the characteristics of high yield potential, disease resistance, and wide adaptability. Yannong 1212, a high-yield and multi-resistant variety approved in recent years, has repeatedly broken the national winter wheat yield record for many times. To date, the numerous varieties derived from Yannong series have been released. Lumai 14 has derived from at least 214 wheat authorized varieties and become an important backbone parent by 2020. This objective of the study is to characterize genetic basis of high yielding potential in Yannong series, identify the key chromosomal segments of high yield and wide adaptability, and provide theoretical reference for the genetic improvement of new wheat varieties. The genotype of 38 Yannong series wheat varieties, some of their derived varieties, and 244 authorized varieties (advanced lines) were scanned by wheat 55K SNP array, and the environmental phenotypes were identified. Phenotype evaluation of yield-related traits of the natural mapping population was conducted in multiple environments. The genetic effects of the common high-frequency co-selected genetic segment (HFCS) of Yannong series varieties were characterized in detail based on the genotypes of wheat 55K SNP array. In addition, the HFCS from Lumai 14 to its derived varieties were also specified. The genetic basis of high yield potential in Yannong 1212 and Lumai 14 were revealed at the whole genome-wide level. The genetic similarity coefficients among the 17 Yannong series authorized varieties ranged from 0.80 to 0.99. Based on genotyping data from the 55K SNP array in the 17 Yannong series authorized varieties, 975 HFCS were obtained, and their segments lengths ranged from 1.00 Mb to 75.18 Mb. Most HFCS were distributed on chromosomes 2D, 4D, 6D, and 7B, with the total length accounting for more than 40% of the corresponding chromosomes, respectively. The genetic contribution rate of Lumai 14 to its 23 derived varieties was approximately 71.45% on average at the genome level, with A, B, and D of 69.63%, 66.04%, and 79.82%, respectively. A total of 430 high-frequency transmission genetic segments (HFTGS) 14 were detected in Lumai derived progency and 265 blocks (61.6%) overlapped with the HFSC in the Yannong series. Lumai 14 was a backbone parents and Yannong 1212 was a novel authorized varieties with high yield potential and wide adaptability. To characterize their genetic basis of high yield and wide adaptability, single marker analysis based on the natural population was performed. The results showed that both Lumai 14 and Yannong 1212 had been enriched in excellent alleles for thousand kernel weight (TKW) and yield per plant (YPP). Approximately 92.3% and 84.4% of the significant loci in the HFTGS of Lumai 14 were shown to increase TKW and YPP, mainly distributing on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 4A, 5B, 6A, and 7A. Yannong series authorized wheat varieties had enriched in excellent alleles of yield-related genes and QTLs especially for TKW and YPP, which played a key role to their high and stable yielding potential. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of upstream regulators for mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 gene ( BnMAPK7) in rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) WANG Zhen, ZHANG Xiao-Li, MENG Xiao-Jing, YAO Meng-Nan, MIU Wen-Jie, YUAN Da-Shuang, ZHU Dong-Ming, QU Cun-Min, LU Kun, LI Jia-Na, LIANG Ying Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (12): 2379-2393.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04280 Abstract （533）   HTML （177）    PDF（pc） （12120KB）（772）       Knowledge map    Save Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascade plays a key role in plant growth and development, division, differentiation, apoptosis, and stress resistance. In this study, a 1612 bp promoter of C group BnMAPK7 gene, designated ProBnMAPK7, was cloned from Brassica napus. Promoter structure prediction by PlantCARE revealed that ProBnMAPK7 contained a lot of ACE, MRE, ABRE, TGACG-motif, and TC-rich repeats cis-acting elements, which involved in light, hormones, defense, and wounding responsiveness. At the same time, we analyzed the expression patterns of MAPK7 genes in Arabidopsis and B. napus, and found that MAPK7 played an important regulatory role in growth and development process and responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. Different lengths of ProBnMAPK7 were gradually ligated to the pCambia1305.1-GUS expression vector to identify the core fragment. GUS histochemical staining analysis showed that the core fragment of ProBnMAPK7 was located in the -467 to -239 bp (ProBnMAPK7-rPE) region. Three copies of the promoter core fragment were integrated into the genome of Y1H gold to test the AbA background. The data demonstrated that the expression background of ProBnMAPK7-rPE in yeast cells was completely inhibited by 500 ng mL-1 AbA. Using yeast one-hybrid, we screened the library of the upstream regulatory factors of BnMAPK7, and obtained three candidates, including BnNAD1B (NADH dehydrogenase 1B), BnERD6 (early response to dehydration 6), and BnPIG3 (quinone oxidoreductase PIG3-like). Taken together, these results suggested that BnNAD1B, BnERD6, and BnPIG3 might bind to ProBnMAPK7-rPE to regulate the transcription of BnMAPK7, to further involve in photosynthesis and responding to stresses. This study lays a foundation for further elucidating the function of BnMAPK7 in rapeseed, and provides a new perspective for research into MAPKs cascade. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mapping and candidate gene analysis of silique number mutant in Brassica napus L. ZHAO Gai-Hui, LI Shu-Yu, ZHAN Jie-Peng, LI Yan-Bin, SHI Jia-Qin, WANG Xin-Fa, WANG Han-Zhong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (1): 27-39.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.04281 Abstract （567）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （10417KB）（763）       Knowledge map    Save The silique number is one of the important components of yield per plant in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and the exploitation and utilization of its excellent alleles are essential to increase yield. More than hundreds of silique number QTLs have been mapped in oilseed rape, but they are difficult to be fine-mapped or cloned because of their moderate and unstable effects. A oilseed rape mutant (No.7931) was detected in previous study and it had few siliques at mature stage due to the stop growth after differentiation about 10 flowers on the top of inflorescence. A F2 segregating population consisting of 3400 individuals was constructed using this mutant and another more-silique lines No.73290. Among them, we performed BSA-seq on 30 individuals with extreme more- or less-siliques and detected three associated intervals of 0-1.1 Mb, 4.7-6.2 Mb, and 11.5-12.4 Mb on the C02 chromosome. These genomic intervals contained a total of 522 annotated genes in the reference genome DarmorV8.1, among which 235 genes had functional annotation and SNP/InDel variation. At the early stage of flower bud differentiation, the shoot apical meristems of two parents were subjected to RNA-seq, and a total of 8958 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. These DEGs were significantly enriched into 20 pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, translation, and amino acid metabolism (highly associated with flower bud differentiation) and so on, among which 99 were located in the associated intervals. By the integration of gene functional annotation as well as sequence and expression variation analysis, a total of nine candidate genes (BnaC02g00490.1D2, BnaC02g01030.1D2, BnaC02g01120.1D2, BnaC02g00270.1D2, BnaC02g02670.1D2, BnaC02g08680.1D2, BnaC02g08890.1D2, BnaC02g09480.1D2, and BnaC02g10490.1D2) were identified, which were mainly involved in the maintenance of inflorescence meristems and the regulation of flower development. The above results lay the foundation for the following fine-mapping and cloning of the silique number mutant gene in oilseed rape. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of abiotic stress-related gene co-expression networks in maize by WGCNA DENG Zhao, JIANG Huan-Qi, CHENG Li-Sha, LIU Rui, HUANG Min, LI Man-Fei, DU He-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 672-686.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23017 Abstract （423）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （2789KB）（750）       Knowledge map    Save Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) is a classic systems biology analysis method, which can be used to identify coexpressed gene modules and explore the biological correlation between modules and target traits, and mine core genes in module networks. In this study, 58 transcriptome data of roots, stems, leaves, and other tissues under low temperature stress, high temperature stress, drought stress, and salt stress in maize (Zea mays L.) were collected, and the gene co-expression network of maize abiotic stress was identified by WGCNA method. After filtering the 12,552 low-expression genes from transcriptome data, the co-expression network was constructed using the remaining 27,204 high-expression genes, and 25 modules were obtained. According to the distribution of abiotic stress-related genes and different expression genes in the modules reported in maize, the mediumpurple4, ivory, coral2, darkseagreen4 modules most related to low temperature stress, high temperature stress, drought and salt stresses, and green modules responding to various stresses were screened out. Subsequently, GO enrichment of the genes in these five modules revealed that genes with functions related to abiotic stress were significantly enriched in these modules, such as stress response, peroxidase activity. Correlation analysis showed that 10 abiotic stress-related core genes were predicted, including Zm00001eb072870, Zm00001eb320970, Zm00001eb037640, Zm00001eb423300, and Zm00001eb265310. This study provides new ideas for the mining of abiotic stress-related genes and the research of abiotic stress regulatory networks in maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification, expression profile of soybean PIN-Like (PILS) gene family and its function in symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules DONG Yan-Kun, HUANG Ding-Quan, GAO Zhen, CHEN Xu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (2): 353-366.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14006 Abstract （418）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （8803KB）（749）       Knowledge map    Save Plant hormone auxin plays a vital role in the growth and development of plants. Auxin homeostasis and concentration gradient establishment control the polar formation of almost all organs. The synthesis, transportation, perception, and metabolic degradation of auxin in specific cells establish a concentration gradient of auxin in accordance with organ development. In legumes, roots interact with soil microorganisms to form a special organ called nodules, which is used for biological nitrogen fixation. However, the function of auxin homeostasis control of biological nitrogen fixation is unknown. Studies showed that PIN-Like (PILS) proteins in Arabidopsis helped to regulate intracellular auxin homeostasis and mediate auxin signal transmission in the downstream nucleus. In this study, 19 PILS family genes (GmPILSs) were identified in soybean genome and distributed unevenly on 10 chromosomes of soybean. GmPILSs exhibited a variety of expression patterns in nine tissue parts of soybean, and had obvious specificity of tissue expression. GmPILS1e and GmPILS1f were enriched and expressed in the rhizobia region, and the expression of GmPILS1e and GmPILS1f in nodules was down-regulated by artificial microRNA interference (amiRNAi), resulting in the increase of nitrogenase activity in the nodules. However, the overexpression of GmPILS1f leaded to the decrease nitrogenase activity in root nodules, GmPILS1e and GmPILS1f might participate in the regulation of soybean nitrogenase activity. These results lay the foundation for further analysis of the function and mechanism of soybean GmPILS family genes, and also provide valuable genetic resources for the application of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in agricultural breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differences in photosynthetic performance of leaves at post-flowering stage in different cultivation modes of summer maize ( Zea mays L.) LI Jing, WANG Hong-Zhang, LIU Peng, ZHANG Ji-Wang, ZHAO Bin, REN Bai-Zhao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (7): 1351-1359.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03051 Abstract （589）   HTML （43）    PDF（pc） （710KB）（749）       Knowledge map    Save Photosynthesis plays an important role in crop growth and yield formation. Different cultivation patterns can significantly affect the photosynthetic performance of leaves at post-flowering stage in summer maize. In order to explore the effects of different cultivation modes on the photosynthetic performance of summer maize leaves at post-flowering stage, field experiments were carried out with Denghai 605 maize hybrid variety as experimental material from 2018 to 2019 in Tai’an, Shandong, China. With the local farmer management mode (FP) as the control, the super-high-yield cultivation mode (SH) and high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation mode (HH) by comprehensively optimizing the planting density, fertilizer planting and management mode were set in this study. Leaf area index, chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetic curve (OJIP) were evaluated, which indicated significant differences in biomass of different cultivation modes at maturity stage. Compared with FP, the biomass of SH and HH increased by 27.77% and 7.43%, respectively, and the population biomass at post-flowering stage of HH increased significantly as well. Besides, the photosynthetic rate all declined in different cultivation modes, reaching the highest degree of decline on the 30th day at post-flowering stage (R1+30 d). In contrast with FP, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of SH and HH increased at post-flowering stage stage (R1) by 21.63% and 12.96%, respectively, and on the 30th day (R1+30 d) at post-flowering stage by 35.37% and 12.37%, respectively, which could maintain a higher level of photosynthetic capacity. In addition, these results revealed that the differences of net photosynthetic rate among the different cultivation modes were caused by non-stomatal factors. The stomatal conductance (Gs) of SH and HH was increased at the silking stage by 18.36%, 16.66%, 26.16%, and 10.74%, respectively, and while on the 30th day at post-flowering stage intercellular carbon dioxide (Ci) declined by 12.85%, 7.34%, 14.08%, and 9.75%, respectively. Compared with FP, Wk and Vj of SH and HH significantly decreased, indicating that SH and HH apparently improved the performances of both electron donor and acceptor sides of electron transport chain in PSII reaction center, the quantum yield of electron transfer (φE0), the electron transfer ability as well as the reaction center activities of PSII and the coordination between PSI and PSII. In conclusion, SH and HH effectively improved the photosystems performance, increased the net photosynthetic rate, and prolonged duration of high photosynthesis rate, resulting in the increase of the population biomass and high yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of post-anthesis carbon and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in maize cultivars with different low nitrogen tolerance WU Ya-Wei, PU Wei, ZHAO Bo, WEI Gui, KONG Fan-Lei, YUAN Ji-Chao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (5): 915-928.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03033 Abstract （676）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （1959KB）（745）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the suitable amount of nitrogen (N) application and the potential of increasing yield and improve efficiency for the maize cultivars with different low N tolerance. The experiment was setting from 2017 to 2019, the low-N tolerant cultivar ‘Zhenghong 311 (ZH311)’ and the low-N sensitive cultivar ‘Xianyu 508 (XY508)’ were selected and four N application rates (0 kg hm-2, 150 kg hm-2, 300 kg hm-2, and 450 kg hm-2) were set to investigate the effects of N level on carbon (C) and N accumulation and translocation in the later growth stage of different maize cultivars. The results showed that in low N environment, maize increased the C and N translocations of pre-silking to the grain to ensure the yield. Increasing the N fertilizer applications could improve the contribution rates of dry matter and carbohydrate to grain yield. Compared with XY508, ZH311 had higher accumulations of plant dry matter, N and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) of pre- and post-silking, and higher contribution rates of dry matter, N and accumulations to grain yield of post-silking, so it had higher grain yield. There was no significant difference between cultivars in the rate of dry matter, N and NSC translocation of pre-silking. In the face of low N stress, ZH 311 not only ensured the sufficient C and N translocations of pre-silking to the grain, but also maintained a higher capacity of assimilate accumulation to affect the yield formation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of rhizosphere bacterial community diversity to salt stress in peanut DAI Liang-Xiang, XU Yang, ZHANG Guan-Chu, SHI Xiao-Long, QIN Fei-Fei, DING Hong, ZHANG Zhi-Meng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (8): 1581-1592.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04160 Abstract （556）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （1106KB）（740）       Knowledge map    Save To characterize the peanut rhizosphere bacteria community in response to salt stress, a pot experiment was performed with different salt concentrations. The peanut rhizosphere soils at flowering and mature stages were sampled to extract DNA for constructing bacterial 16S rRNA gene library, and then high-throughput sequencing was performed for sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Patescibacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the dominant phyla, and the orders Saccharimonadales, Betaproteobacteria, Sphingomonadales, Gemmatimonadales, and Rhizobiales were dominated in the peanut rhizosphere soils. Comparisons of the bacterial community structure of peanuts revealed that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria dramatically increased, while that of Actinobacteria decreased in salt-treated soils, and the fluctuation increased with the increase of the salt concentration. Moreover, applying calcium fertilizer under salt stress increased the abundance of Betaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadales, and Sphingomonadales, which were affected by salt stress, growth stages, and exogenous calcium application. Cluster analysis revealed that the dominant bacteria of soil groups with high salt concentration were similar and clustered together, while the soil samples of the same growth period were similar and clustered together according to the bacterial structure at the genus level under non-salt stress conditions. Bacterial community structure differed in the growth stages and soil salt concentrations, whereas the differences of soil groups with or without calcium application were relatively small. Function prediction analysis indicated that the sequences related to secondary metabolites, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and amino acid and lipid metabolism were enriched in high salt-treated soils. The functional groups increased significantly during the fast-growth period, low salt stress, and basal calcium fertilizer treatments, which may play an important role on the growth and stress response in peanut. This study of microbial communities could lay the foundation for future improvement of stress tolerance of peanuts via modification of the soil microbes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on genetic regulatory mechanism of seed color in soybean ( Glycine max) QIU Hong-Mei, CHEN Liang, HOU Yun-Long, WANG Xin-Feng, CHEN Jian, MA Xiao-Ping, CUI Zheng-Guo, ZHANG Ling, HU Jin-Hai, WANG Yue-Qiang, QIU Li-Juan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (12): 2299-2313.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.14022 Abstract （958）   HTML （85）    PDF（pc） （2315KB）（733）       Knowledge map    Save The color of soybean seeds is an important morphological marker and evolutionary trait. During the process of domestication, seed coat has gradually evolved from black to yellow, green, black, brown, and bicolor, and cotyledons has evolved from green to yellow. The dark seed coat contains anthocyanins, which are natural pigments with medicinal and nutritional values. Therefore, it is of great importance to study the genetic regulation mechanism of seed color for evolutionary theory, variety breeding, and practical application. The pigment content and composition of seeds result in diverse seed coat colors through complex molecular regulatory mechanisms. In this paper, we described the research progress on genetic loci, related genes, regulatory mechanisms, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways that controlling the color of soybean seeds. Specifically, we introduced the 9 classical genetic loci I, R, T, O, W1, K1, G, D1, D2, and related molecular markers, as well as the interactions between the loci; 22 related genes that controlling seed color, and the regulatory mechanisms of some allelic variants; as well as the physiological functions of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways and major metabolites involved in the related genes. The progress of researches on genetic regulation of the color of seed coat, seed hilum, and cotyledon in soybean was reviewed, in addition the regulatory network was mapped with genetic loci, genes, allelic regulatory mechanisms, and flavonoid metabolic pathways, in order to provide references for the quality of seed appearance and genetic improvement of anthocyanin components. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular identification and breeding application of allelic variation of grain weight gene in wheat from the Yellow-Huai-River Valley ZHANG Fu-Yan, CHENG Zhong-Jie, CHEN Xiao-Jie, WANG Jia-Huan, CHEN Feng, FAN Jia-Lin, ZHANG Jian-Wei, YANG Bao-An Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (11): 2091-2098.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.01083 Abstract （476）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （595KB）（731）       Knowledge map    Save Grain weight is one of the most important yield traits in wheat. To accelerate the application process of dominant allelic variation of grain weight gene in wheat breeding, the allelic variation of grain weight gene was identified by using functional markers and the combinations of dominant grain weight genotypes were investigated the allelic variations of grain weight genes TaCwi-A1, TaGw8-B1, and TaGS-D1 in 183 wheat varieties (lines) from the Yellow-Huai-River Valley were identified by PCR amplification with specific primers. To identify the dominant genotype combinations, the effects of different allelic variation genotypes on wheat grain weight were studied by combining the phenotypic data of the 1000-grain weight (TGW) from 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. The results showed that the difference of TGW between different years was highly significant at P < 0.01. Two alleles, TaCwi-A1a and TaCwi-A1b, were detected at TaCwi-A1 locus, with the frequencies of 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively. The frequency of TaGw8-B1a allele on TaGw8-B1 locus was up to 94.5%, while the frequency of TaGw8-B1b allele was only 5.5%. In addition, two alleles, TaGS-D1a and TaGS-D1b, were found in TaGS-D1 locus, and their frequencies were 79.8% and 20.2%, respectively. Further results indicated that there were significant differences in TGW among different allelic variation combinations at P < 0.05. Among them, the average TGW of varieties with TaCwi-A1a/TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1a genotype was the highest. There was not significant difference in TGW between TaCwi-A1a/TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1a and TaCwi-A1b/ TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1a genotype, but it was significantly higher than other genotypes at P < 0.05. The average TGW of TaCwi-A1a/TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1b genotype was the lowest. The allelic variations at the loci of TaCwi-A1, TaGw8-B1, and TaGS-D1 all led to significant changes in TGW, and the allelic variations of TaGw8-B1 and TaGS-D1 loci were more important to TGW in wheat. There were no varieties with three low TGW allelic variation combinations TaCwi-A1b/TaGS-D1b/TaGw8-B1b in the tested materials. Among the seven different allele combinations, the average TGW of three high TGW allelic variation combinations TaCwi-A1a/TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1a was the highest, which was the dominant genotype combination. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of comprehensive evaluation system for cold tolerance and screening of cold-tolerance germplasm in peanut ZHANG He, JIANG Chun-Ji, YIN Dong-Mei, DONG Jia-Le, REN Jing-Yao, ZHAO Xin-Hua, ZHONG Chao, WANG Xiao-Guang, YU Hai-Qiu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (9): 1753-1767.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04182 Abstract （521）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （1541KB）（728）       Knowledge map    Save Low temperature in early spring is the key factor limiting the yield and quality of peanut in Northeast China, which mainly occurs at germination and seedling stages. The selection and breeding of cold-tolerant cultivars are the most direct and effective means to solve the problem of chilling injury in agricultural production. In this study, 68 peanut cultivars mainly planted in Northeast China were used as experimental materials, and their cold tolerance was evaluated at germination and seedling stages in the climatic chamber and field, respectively. At germination stage, we found that the cold treatment at 6℃ for seven days could be the suitable condition for cold tolerance evaluation of large-scale peanut germplasm by the comprehensive membership function analysis and the standard normal distribution test according to the seed vigor of peanut cultivars after treatments at 10℃, 8℃, 6℃, and 4℃ for seven days. At seedling stage, after treatment at 6℃ for seven days, plant height, leaf area, fresh weight of aerial parts, fresh weight of root, dry weight of aerial parts, dry weight of root, and cold tolerance grade were measured to evaluate the cold tolerance of various peanut cultivars. Correlation analysis revealed that the leaf area, fresh weight of aerial parts and cold tolerance grade had the most significant relationships with cold tolerance and could be used as the main evaluation indicators for the identification of cold tolerance at seedling stage in peanut. In the field, cold tolerance of various cultivars were evaluated by emergence rate, emergence ability, and yield component factors through the early sowing and sowing by stages. Finally, based on the multiple phenotypic analysis, the most cold-tolerant peanut (cultivar NH5) and the most cold-sensitive peanut (cultivar FH18) were identified at germination and seedling stages, suitable for planting in Northeast China. This study provided the reference for peanut planting in high-latitude and cold regions and the excellent germplasm of cold tolerance mechanism in peanut. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association study of ear cob diameter in maize MA Juan, CAO Yan-Yong, LI Hui-Yong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (7): 1228-1238.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03048 Abstract （650）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （8297KB）（724）       Knowledge map    Save Maize ear cob diameter is an important trait impacting the yield of grain and cob, and the analysis of its genetic mechanism will provide a guidance for high-yield breeding. In this study, the genotypes of 309 inbred lines were identified by genotyping-by-sequencing technology. FarmCPU (fixed and random model circulating probability unification), MLMM (multiple loci mixed linear model), and CMLM (compressed mixed linear model) were used to identify significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for ear cob diameter of Yuanyang of Henan province, Dancheng of Henan province, Yucheng of Henan province, Sanya of Hainan province in 2017 and 2019, and best linear unbiased estimate environment. A total of 12 significant SNP for ear cob diameter were detected at P < 8.60E-07. S4_29277313 was detected from Yuanyang in 2017 using FarmCPU and MLMM. The phenotypic variance explained of S1_29006330, S2_170889116, S2_2046026464, and S4_83821463 ranged from 10.23% to 14.17%, and were considered major-effect SNP. In addition, S1_29006330 was mapped in the interval of known QTL for ear cob diameter. A total of 17 candidate genes were identified. Among them, WAKL14 (wall-associated receptor kinase-like 14), transcription factor ZIM35 (zinc-finger protein expressed in inflorescence meristem 35), HMGA (HMG-Y-related protein A), histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ATX4 (Arabidopsis trithorax 4), and XTH32 (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein 32) might be important genes for ear cob diameter. The identification of four major-effect SNP and five candidate genes can provide an information for molecular marker-assisted breeding, fine mapping, and gene cloning. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation on concentration and nutrition of micro-elements in wheat grains in major wheat production regions of China CHU Hong-Xin, MU Wen-Yan, DANG Hai-Yan, WANG Tao, SUN Rui-Qing, HOU Sai-Bin, HUANG Ting-Miao, HUANG Qian-Nan, SHI Mei, WANG Zhao-Hui Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2853-2865.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11099 Abstract （623）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （762KB）（712）       Knowledge map    Save Wheat is a kind of staple food crop, and an important source for carbohydrates and microelement for human health. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the micronutrient concentration and nutritional status of wheat grain in the major wheat production regions in China, for the purpose of optimizing wheat micronutrient management and maintaining human health. Totally, 1112 wheat and soil samples were collected from 17 major wheat production provinces in China during 2016 to 2020. Microelement concentrations of the samples were determined and nutritional status was evaluated by comparison with the acceptable daily intake value (ADI) according to the human micronutrient intake standard of Chinese Nutrition Society and health risk assessment method of United States Environmental Protection Agency, as well as the dietary habit of Chinese residents. Results showed that the average grain iron (Fe) concentration of wheat in China was 43.8 mg kg-1 when 72.9% of the samples of Fe concentration was under the lower Fe limit of 50 mg kg-1, and all the samples were under the upper limit of 140 mg kg-1. The average grain manganese (Mn) concentration was 43.0 mg kg-1 when only 4.1% of samples were under the lower limit of 22 mg kg-1 and 23.7% of samples were above the upper limit of 50 mg kg-1. The average grain copper (Cu) concentration was 4.6 mg kg-1 when 7.6% of samples were under the lower limit of 3 mg kg-1 and no sample was above the upper limit of 10 mg kg-1. The average grain zinc (Zn) concentration was 31.4 mg kg-1 when 85.8% of samples were under the lower limit of 40 mg kg-1 and only 4.1% was above the upper limit of 50 mg kg-1. The average grain boron (B) concentration was 1.2 mg kg-1 when 29.2% of samples was under the lower limit of 0.8 mg kg-1 and no sample was above the upper limit of 10 mg kg-1. The average grain molybdenum (Mo) concentration was 0.5 mg kg-1 when 18.8% of samples were under the lower limit of 0.2 mg kg-1 and only 0.4% of samples was above the upper limit of 2 mg kg-1. There were regional variations in the contents of wheat grain micronutrient in major wheat production regions in China, among which the contents of Fe and Zn were generally low in most regions, and the contents of B and Mo were insufficient in some areas, while the content of Mn was high, and the content of Cu was basically in the recommended concentration ranges. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physiological mechanisms of pre-anthesis waterlogging priming on waterlogging stress tolerance under post-anthesis in wheat MA Bo-Wen, LI Qing, CAI Jian, ZHOU Qin, HUANG Mei, DAI Ting-Bo, WANG Xiao, JIANG Dong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (1): 151-164.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11005 Abstract （643）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （1344KB）（707）       Knowledge map    Save In order to investigate the responses and mechanisms of different wheat varieties to waterlogging stress and waterlogging priming, waterlogging priming was conducted for two days at the four-leaf and six-leaf stages, respectively, and waterlogging stress was performed for five days at post-anthesis using wheat varieties with different responses to waterlogging stress and waterlogging priming as experimental materials. Results showed that waterlogging stress significantly reduced chlorophyll content (SPAD) and actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), inhibited the accumulation of post-anthesis photosynthetic assimilation accumulation (PAA), decreased kernel weight and grain yield. Compared with the waterlogging-sensitive varieties, the waterlogging-tolerance varieties could maintain higher SPAD, ΦPSII and PAA, and higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR), lower contents of H2O2, O2?production rate and malondialdehyde (MDA) under post-anthesis waterlogging stress. Compared with non-primed plants, primed plants could maintain higher chlorophyll fluorescence performance and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes. Compared with the waterlogging priming-insensitive varieties, the priming-sensitive varieties increased SPAD (8.8%) and ΦPSII (17.6%), decreased the non-regulated energy dissipation ΦNO (10.7%) and the regulation energy dissipation ΦNPQ (16.5%), increased the activities of SOD (15.8%), CAT (17.8%), APX (8.9%) and GR (30.7%), increased the contents of total soluble sugar (17.5%) and sucrose (21.6%), increased remobilization efficiency of pre-anthesis stored dry matter (REP, 20.0%) and PAA (10.8%). The waterlogging tolerant varieties could maintain higher photosynthesis rate, dry matter translocation capacity and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Compared with waterlogging sensitive varieties, the increase amplitude of photosynthetic ability and antioxidant enzyme activity of priming-sensitive cultivars was higher under waterlogging stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of nutrient uptake and utilization on yield of maize-legume strip intercropping system YANG Huan, ZHOU Ying, CHEN Ping, DU Qing, ZHENG Ben-Chuan, PU Tian, WEN Jing, YANG Wen-Yu, YONG Tai-Wen Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (6): 1476-1487.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13017 Abstract （566）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （1677KB）（699）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the difference of nutrient uptake and utilization to yield advantage between maize-soybean relay intercropping and maize-peanut intercropping, we conducted a field experiment for two consecutive years. The results were obtained by comparing nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) absorption efficiency and utilization in the intercropping with sole cropping. The results showed that land equivalent ratio (LER) of maize-soybean relay intercropping was 1.16-1.72, which had the advantage of intercropping yield, but the LER of maize-peanut intercropping was 0.89-1.13, which had no obvious yield disadvantage. In maize-soybean relay intercropping system, the amount of N, P, and K uptake was higher than that of the corresponding sole cropping by 32.60%-54.22%, 27.35%-34.64, and 17.74%-24.42%, respectively, but the N utilization efficiency was lower by 21.99%-42.07%. The contributions of the N, P, and K uptake efficiencies to LER were 0.34-0.62, 0.31-0.46, and 0.22-0.32, and the utilization efficiencies contributions were -0.11 to -0.35, -0.03 to -0.31, and -0.11 to 0.22, respectively. In maize-peanut intercropping system, the amount of N, P, and K uptake was higher than that of the corresponding sole cropping by -7.86% to 31.58%, 23.09%-46.52%, and 1.60%-55.48%, respectively, and the N utilization efficiency was higher by 7.55-26.60. The contributions of the N, P and K uptake efficiencies to LER were 0-0.22, 0.05-0.27, and -0.11-0.32, respectively, and the utilization efficiencies contributions were -0.25-0.19, -0.32-0.11, and -0.47-0.32, respectively. In conclusion, yield advantage of maize-soybean relay intercropping was mainly from enhanced nutrient uptake efficiency, but there was no obvious yield advantage in maize-peanut intercropping mainly due to relatively less contribution of nutrient uptake to yield advantage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of regulatory genes related to flavonoids synthesis by weighted gene correlation network analysis in the panicle of foxtail millet HAN Shang-Ling, HUO Yi-Qiong, LI Hui, HAN Hua-Rui, HOU Si-Yu, SUN Zhao-Xia, HAN Yuan-Huai, LI Hong-Ying Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (7): 1645-1657.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14107 Abstract （473）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （1508KB）（691）       Knowledge map    Save Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in plants and play significant roles in plant growth and development. They have antioxidant activity and are beneficial to human health. Foxtail millet is rich in nutrients, making it a healthy grain and popular among consumers. The crop is gaining more and more attention as a C4 model plant. However, there are few studies on the metabolic regulatory mechanism of flavonoids in foxtail millet. In this study, the panicles of flavonoid-rich variety JG21 and flavonoid-less variety NMB were analyzed on the flavonoid metabolomic profiles. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on the panicles of JG21 at different developmental stages. Transcription factors involved in regulating flavonoid metabolism were identified by weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA). The expression patterns of these genes were verified by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the main flavonoid components enriched in the spikelets of foxtail millet were apigenin, vitexin, and naringenin, accounting for more than 79% of the total flavonoids. The flavonoid-related network of JG21 contained 38,921 genes, which were divided into 32 modules. Among them, the turquoise module, green module, and magenta module were significantly correlated with flavonoid metabolism. A total of 27 transcription factor families related to the regulation of flavonoid metabolism were identified by using differentially expressed genes related to flavonoid metabolism pathway as the hubs, and 11 transcription factors were obtained through promoter binding motif analysis. Pearson correlation analysis showed that 7 out of the 11 transcription factors might be involved in flavonoid metabolism, which were WRKY38, MYB4a, PI, WRKY15, WRKY62, MYB46, and WRKY23, respectively. The above results provide new candidate genes for studying the transcriptional regulation mechanism of flavonoids and lay a foundation for further investigation of the flavonoid metabolism regulation mechanism in foxtail millet. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Competitive effect of soybean density on yield formation in maize/soybean intercropping systems REN Yuan-Yuan, ZHANG Li, YU Yao-Chuang, ZHANG Yan-Jun, ZHANG Sui-Qi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (10): 1978-1987.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04226 Abstract （507）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （524KB）（689）       Knowledge map    Save Crop intercropping system in arid areas is an important planting method for optimizing crop population quality and improving crop yield. There are few reports on the mechanism of crop intercropping competitive advantage in terms of yield components. In this study, to explore the mechanism of crop competition for increasing the yield of intercropping systems, three soybean densities and four row proportions (maize and soybean intercropping with 2:0, 0:2, 2:2, and 2:4) were used to investigate the changes of competition index, yield components, and yield of intercropping system. The results showed that the yield of intercropping system with different row proportion and soybean density was increased by 14%-23%. The actual yield loss of maize was greater than 0, the actual yield loss of soybean was less than 0. The ear weight, ear length, ear diameter, grain weight per ear, cob weight, and 1000-grain weight of maize in intercropping systems were significantly higher than those in monoculture. Except pod length and internode length of main stem, the grain weight per plant, pod number per plants, grain number per plant, effective grain number per plants, nodes on main stem, and 100-grain weight of soybean in intercropping systems were lower than that of monoculture. And there was no significant difference between intercropping and monoculture. The competition ratio of maize was greater than one, and the competition ratio of soybean was less than one. The competition ratio of maize and soybean was 2.08, 1.84, 1.68 and 0.49, 0.56, 0.63, respectively, with three soybean densities, indicating that with the increase of soybean density competition ratio of maize increased while competition ratio of soybean decreased in intercrops. The aggressivity of maize was positive value, and that of soybean was less than zero in intercropping system. Maize yield was positively correlated with cob weight, 1000-grain weight, ear weight, grain weight per ear, ear length, and row kernel number negatively correlated with barren tip length. Path analysis revealed that in the direct effect, grain weight per ear contributed the most to maize yield (2.18); in indirect effect, cob weight and 1000-grain weight contributed more to maize yield 1000-grain weight per ear (1.64 and 1.58). In conclusion, maize intercropped with soybean had intercropping advantages that derived from grain weight per ear. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied in the middle and late tillering stage on yield and quality of dry direct seeding rice under “solo-stalk” cultivation mode ZHAO Jie, LI Shao-Ping, CHENG Shuang, TIAN Jin-Yu, XING Zhi-Peng, TAO Yu, ZHOU Lei, LIU Qiu-Yuan, HU Ya-Jie, GUO Bao-Wei, GAO Hui, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (6): 1162-1174.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02052 Abstract （496）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （712KB）（687）       Knowledge map    Save In a rice-wheat cropping system, dry direct seeding rice growth was directly affected by harvest dates of the previous crop of wheat, the return of full wheat straw to the field, and the poor quality of tillage and land preparation. A “solo-stalk” cultivation mode with main stem panicles by late sowing dates, large sowing rates and high basic seedlings was commonly used in dry direct seeding. However, the nitrogen fertilizer management of high-quality and high-yield dry direct-seeding rice for the “solo-stalk” cultivation mode was still lacking in systematic research. With high-quality japonica rice Nanjing 9108, 380×104 hm-2 basic seedlings were realized by mechanical dry direct seeding method. The leaf age treatments of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 leaf age and nitrogen application amount treatments of 180 and 225 kg hm-2 were designed with accurate quantitative nitrogen management (total nitrogen was 270 kg hm-2, base fertilizer:tiller fertilizer:spike fertilizer = 3.5:3.5:3.0) at basic seedlings of 380×104 and 300×104 hm-2 as the control. Then dry direct seeding rice yield and quality were systematically determined and compared with the control and “solo-stalk” cultural method with nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied in middle and late tillering stage. The results showed that rice yield showed a trend of first increased and then decreased with nitrogen application at bigger leaf age. Rice yield was significantly higher than other treatments when applying nitrogen fertilizer at the 8-leaf stage, and the yield was further improved with the increase of nitrogen application amount. Compare with the controls, nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration of 180 kg N hm-2 applied one time at 8-leaf stage could significantly increase rice yield by 5.10% and 8.65%, and reduced nitrogen fertilizer by 33.3%, whereas nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration of 225 kg N hm-2 applied two time at 8-leaf stage and 7 days later could significantly increase rice yield by 7.46% and 11.09%, and reduced the nitrogen by 16.7%. The reason was that, compared with the control, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, effective panicle number was significantly increased resulting in the increasing total spikelet amount per hectare and yield on the basis of maintaining larger panicle type. With nitrogen applied at bigger leaf age, the head rice rate, chalkiness and protein content of rice revealed an increasing trend, but the amylose content and taste value of rice showed a decreasing trend. Compare to the two controls, the processing quality of rice with the head rice rate was increased by 0.67%-2.23% with nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied at 8-leaf age; the appearance quality was improved with the chalkiness decreased by 3.6%-14.5%; the nutrition quality was better with protein content increased by 3.03%-14.08%; the cooking and eating quality showed a tendency of getting better with amylose content decreased by 4.23%-10.95%; and there was no insignificant difference in taste value. In conclusion, nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied at suitable leaf age in the middle and late tillering stage could improve the quality and increase the yield of dry direct seeding rice under “solo-stalk” cultural method caused by late sowing dates, large sowing rate, and high basic seedlings in a rice-wheat cropping system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic diversity of wheat breeding parents revealed by 55K SNP-based microarray LU Mao-Ang, PENG Xiao-Ai, ZHANG Ling, WANG Jian-Lai, HE Xian-Fang, ZHU Yu-Lei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1708-1714.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21047 Abstract （348）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （1484KB）（687）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this study is to identify the genetic diversity among wheat parental materials from different provinces. To reveal the genetic diversity and population structure by using wheat 55K SNP chip, 150 wheat accessions from Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan, Sichuan, and Shandong provinces were analyzed. A total of 52,537 SNP loci were detected in the 150 wheat accessions. 39,422 high quality markers were obtained, of which 38,135 were polymorphic, accounting for 96.74%. The distribution of 38,135 polymorphic markers among the genomes showed the least in D subgenome (10,450), the most in B subgenome (15,290). The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.315, with a variation of 0.068-0.375. The averaged genetic distance of accessions differed based on the origin: Henan > Sichuan > Shandong > Jiangsu > Anhui. The results of cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and population structure analysis were highly consistent, and the clustering results were consistent with the pedigree, regional origin, and breeding group. The study revealed that the average polymorphism information content in each province was at a moderate PIC level, but the average genetic distance of the materials was close. This indicated that the high-quality germplasm resources should still be introduced to alleviate the material homogeneity, so as to increase the ability of wheat to cope with stress and reduce the vulnerability and risk in actual wheat production. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current situation, issues, and prospects of breeding and approval of new varieties of nutrition-oriented crops ZHU Da-Zhou, WU Ning, ZHANG Yong, SUN Jun-Mao, CHEN Meng-Shan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23018 Abstract （580）   HTML （60）    PDF（pc） （305KB）（678）       Knowledge map    Save With China’s economic and social development and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, the consumers’ diet preference has switched from purely pursuing food taste to more nutrition and health demand, resulting in an urgent need for a transformation and upgrading of the current dietary structure to match the new trend. Correspondingly, nutrition and health-oriented crop breeding is imperative. This review aims to elaborate the research progresses in nutrition-oriented crop breeding in the world with the evolving goals of crop breeding in China, to sort out the nutritional quality indicators dominating in crop breeding globally, and to analyze the problems in existing nutritional indicators involved in the approval of new crop varieties in China. In conclusions, nutritional indicators combined with the consumer nutritional demand are put forward to the current examination and verification system of existing and new crop varieties in China and thus to promote the rapid development of crop nutritional breeding and support the nutrition demand of consumers and the construction of “Healthy China” from the source. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of functional markers and genotype screening for nitrogen use efficiency genes in rice TAO Ya-Jun, ZHU Jing-Yan, WANG Jun, FAN Fang-Jun, XU Yang, LI Wen-Qi, WANG Fang-Quan, CHEN Zhi-Hui, JIANG Yan-Jie, ZHU Jian-Ping, LI Xia, YANG Jie Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (12): 3045-3056.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12080 Abstract （436）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （2244KB）（673）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrogen is an essential mineral element that affects plants biomass and yield formation, and its efficient and reasonable utilization is an important guarantee for sustainable agricultural. Breeding rice varieties containing high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) genes is an effective way to increase NUE and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. In this study, five genes, OsNR2, OsNPF6.1, OsTCP19, OsLHT1, and OsGRF4, were selected from the aspects of nitrogen absorption, transportation, and assimilation. Based on the reported functional haplotype, co-segregated markers were designed. Using six pairs of allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) markers and one pair of InDel marker, 70 indica rice, 34 japonica rice, and 84 Taihu rice resources were identified. The results showed that OsNR2 was widely distributed in indica rice, while OsNPF6.1, OsTCP19, and OsGRF4 were less distributed. All 34 japonica rice and 84 Taihu rice resources only contained OsLHT1. We also successfully obtained two indica germplasms, which contained OsNR2, OsNPF6.1, and OsGRF4. The functional markers developed in this research and two materials provide technical support for breeding new rice varieties with high NUE through molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) methods. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association study of pre-harvest sprouting traits in wheat XIE Lei, REN Yi, ZHANG Xin-Zhong, WANG Ji-Qing, ZHANG Zhi-Hui, SHI Shu-Bing, GENG Hong-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (10): 1891-1902.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.01078 Abstract （690）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （5692KB）（673）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the genetic mechanism of wheat pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat breeding, it is significant to explore marker loci and candidate genes associated with PHS resistance using intact spikes. In this study, a total of 207 wheat varieties (lines) from China and 16,686 SNP markers were analyzed in wheat whole genome. The mixed liner model (Q + K) was used to analyze PHS phenotypic data in three environments. Genome-wide association study showed that there were abundant phenotypic variations in different environments and wheat varieties (lines). The coefficient of variation was 0.34 and 0.25, the polymorphic information content of value (PIC) was from 0.01 to 0.38, and the attenuation distance of whole genome LD was 3 Mb. The population structure and principal component analysis revealed that 207 wheat varieties (lines) could be divided into three subgroups. GWAS results indicated that 34 SNP markers were detected, which were significantly associated with pre-harvest sprouting at P < 0.001. They were located on chromosomes 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5D, 6A, 6B, 6D, 7B, and 7D, and each explained 5.55%-11.63% of phenotypic variation. There were 16 markers loci detected in more than two environments, and the marker Np_Ex_c14101_22,012,676 on 6B chromosome detected in E1, E2, and average environment. Meanwhile, 13 candidate genes were screened out by mining association loci with large phenotypic effect value and stable inheritance. TraesCS3A01G589400LC, TraesCS6B01G138600/TraesCS6B01G516700LC/TraesCS6B01G548900LC, TraesCS6D01G103600, and TraesCS7B01G200100 could affect seed dormancy by regulating the sensitivity of endogenous ABA in plants. The F-box proteins were encoded by TraesCS3B01G415900LC, TraesCS6A01G144700LC, and TraesCS6B01G294800, which played major roles in plant hormone signal transduction, light signal transduction, and flower organ development. TraesCS6A01G108800, TraesCS6B01G138200/ TraesCS6B01G293700 encoded Myb transcription factor family. These candidate genes are important genes related to wheat sprouting. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of gene co-expression modules of peanut main stem growth by WGCNA WANG Ying, GAO Fang, LIU Zhao-Xin, ZHAO Ji-Hao, LAI Hua-Jiang, PAN Xiao-Yi, BI Chen, LI Xiang-Dong, YANG Dong-Qing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2021, 47 (9): 1639-1653.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04223 Abstract （933）   HTML （61）    PDF（pc） （2038KB）（669）       Knowledge map    Save This study was investigated the difference of transcriptome using three different peanut varieties with high main stem by RNA-seq. Transcriptomics combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to explore the hub genes related to main stem growth and the molecular mechanisms of morphological formation of peanut stems. Results showed that 5872 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the Df216 and Huayu 33 comparation group, while 6662 DEGs were detected in the Df216 and Shanhua 108 comparation group. GO analysis suggested that these DEGs were mainly involved in molecular function and biological process, including the primary and secondary cell wall organization and biogenesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthetic and metabolic process, lignin biosynthetic process, and cellulose synthase activity, respectively. There were 33 modules were identified by WGCNA, among which five modules (Grey60, Cyan, Darkolivegreen, Brown, and Blue) were highly significant association with main stem height. According to the connectivity of genes in modules, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, transcription factorATAF2, WAT1 (walls are thin1), and GDSL esterase/lipase were the hub genes, respectively. The results of hub gene networks by weighted values indicated that coumaroylquinate 3’-monooxygenase, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, rapid alkalinization factor,COBRA-like protein, and zinc finger protein had high connections with ADRL3Lin the Grey60 module, while β-1,4-galactosyltransferase, LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase, pectin acetylesterase, leucine-rich repeat extensin-like protein had high connections with TZB0A2 in the Brown module. The identification of co-expression modules and their hub genes, and the analysis of gene function and gene networks of key genes will be helpful for revealing the genetic basis of the main height in peanut. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics