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Endosperm development of cereal crops and its role in seed dormancy and germination SONG Song-Quan, TANG Cui-Fang, CHENG Hong-Yan, WANG Cheng-Liang, YUAN Liang-Bing, ZUO Sheng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1133-1155.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42055 Abstract （914）   HTML （60）    PDF（pc） （5724KB）（1532）       Knowledge map    Save In angiosperms, double fertilization triggers the simultaneous development of two closely adjacent tissue, embryo and endosperm. The function of endosperm is not only to provide nutrients and serve as a mechanical barrier for the embryo, but also to act as a growth regulator for the embryo during seed development, dormancy and germination, thereby controlling the vitality, dormancy, and germination of the seeds. But so far, the development of endosperm and its regulatory mechanism are not clear enough. In the present paper, the recent progress achieved in the endosperm development and its regulatory mechanism, as well as the regulation of these events on seed dormancy and germination, was reviewed, including morphogenesis, differentiation of aleurone layer and starch endosperm, programmed cell death of starch endosperm, accumulation of storage proteins in endosperm during endosperm development, as well as the regulation of cell cycle regulatory factors, phytohormones, and epigenetic on endosperm development, and the role of endosperm in embryo development, seed dormancy and germination. Finally, the scientific issues that need to be further researched in this field are proposed, attempting to provide reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms of endosperm development and its regulation, and thereby improving the yield and quality of cereal crops. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of cold tolerance of japonica rice varieties at germination stage and construction of identification system HOU Tian-Yu, DU Xiao-Jing, ZHAO Zhi-Qiang, REYIM Anwar, YIDAYETULA Abula, BUHALIQIEMU Abulizi, YUAN Jie, ZHANG Yan-Hong, WANG Feng-Bin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 812-822.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42027 Abstract （394）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （6659KB）（970）       Knowledge map    Save To identify key indicators of cold tolerance during the germination stage of japonica rice and to explore cold-tolerant germplasm resources, 98 japonica rice germplasm lines were evaluated under controlled conditions in an artificial climate chamber. The relative values of morphological traits were used as indicators of cold tolerance. Principal component analysis revealed that germination rate, germination index, and shoot length could serve as reliable indicators for identifying cold-tolerant japonica rice varieties at the germination stage. Based on membership function analysis, the comprehensive evaluation D values for the different japonica rice varieties ranged from 0.290 to 0.798. The 98 varieties were classified into four cold tolerance groups: 16 cold-tolerant varieties in Category I, 35 varieties in Category II, and 47 varieties of intermediate tolerance. A significantly positive correlation was observed between the relative index values and the D values. Comprehensive evaluation identified the top 10 cold-tolerant varieties, with X13 (Xindao 42), X47 (TY 2), and X50 (Xincejing 1) classified as Class I. The cold-tolerant germplasm identified in this study can serve as valuable material for the breeding of cold-tolerant rice varieties and for research on the underlying mechanisms of cold tolerance. Additionally, these findings provide a theoretical reference for the study of cold tolerance in rice germplasm resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and characterization of drought tolerance function of kinase gene IbHT1 in sweetpotato WANG Yu-Xin, CHEN Tian-Yu, ZHAI Hong, ZHANG Huan, GAO Shao-Pei, HE Shao-Zhen, ZHAO Ning, LIU Qing-Chang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 301-311.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44098 Abstract （604）   HTML （46）    PDF（pc） （6978KB）（942）       Knowledge map    Save HT1 (HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE 1) is a protein kinase known for its role in regulating stomatal movement in Arabidopsis. However, its function in sweetpotato has not been reported. In this study, the IbHT1 gene was cloned from the sweetpotato line Xushu 55-2. The full-length CDS of IbHT1 is 1140 bp, encoding a 379-amino acid protein that contains a conserved STKc_MAP3K_Like domain, with a predicted molecular weight of 43.07 kD and an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.83. The genomic sequence of IbHT1 spans 2796 bp, comprising 3 exons and 2 introns. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the IbHT1 protein is localized to the cell membrane, and yeast assays confirmed it lacks transactivation activity. Expression of IbHT1 was down-regulated in response to 20% PEG-6000 treatment. Overexpression of IbHT1 significantly reduced drought tolerance in sweetpotato, while RNA interference (RNAi) of IbHT1 markedly enhanced drought tolerance. Additionally, 10 proteins interacting with IbHT1 were identified through yeast library screening. These findings suggest that IbHT1 may regulate drought tolerance in sweetpotato by interacting with other proteins. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of SHMT gene family in foxtail millet ( Setaria italica L.) GUO Bing, QIN Jia-Fan, LI Na, SONG Meng-Yao, WANG Li-Ming, LI Jun-Xia, MA Xiao-Qian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 586-5897.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44112 Abstract （523）   HTML （48）    PDF（pc） （4774KB）（942）       Knowledge map    Save Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is involved in carbon metabolism and photorespiration, and is widely present in crops, playing a critical role in growth, development, and stress resistance. However, the SHMT genes in foxtail millet are largely unexplored. In this study, we identified the members of the SiSHMT gene family at the whole-genome level and systematically analyzed their gene structures, evolutionary relationships, chromosomal localizations, interspecies collinearity, cis-acting elements, expression patterns, and dominant haplotypes. Our results revealed five SiSHMT members in foxtail millet, with molecular weights ranging from 51.70 to 64.37 kD, and similar spatial structures. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into three groups, with members distributed across different chromosomes. The analysis of cis-acting elements in the gene promoters indicated the presence of numerous photo-responsive elements, anaerobic response elements, hormone response elements, and other cis-acting elements. Interspecies collinearity analysis showed that SiSHMT3 and SiSHMT4 exhibited collinearity with their orthologous genes in monocot crops such as rice, wheat, sorghum, and maize, with SiSHMT3 displaying multiple collinear pairs with rice, wheat, and maize. The expression levels of SiSHMT family members varied across different developmental stages and tissues of foxtail millet. Notably, SiSHMT4 was highly expressed in developing panicles and was significantly induced by drought, salt, and ABA treatments. Haplotype analysis of SiSHMT4 revealed that Hap1 was the dominant haplotype, significantly outperforming other haplotypes in panicle length, width, and weight. These findings provide valuable gene resources for improving drought and salt tolerance in foxtail millet and lay a theoretical foundation for the breeding of high-yield, stress-resistant foxtail millet varieties in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Auxin response reporter gene transformation of Brassica napus and dynamic signal analysis of GUS in different tissues ZHANG Qin, DAI Cheng, MA Chao-Zhi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 667-675.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44132 Abstract （533）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （7618KB）（829）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the dynamic distribution of auxin in various tissues of Brassica napus, a growth hormone-responsive expression vector with DR5::GUS as the reporter gene was constructed and transformed into B. napus. Transgenic lines stably expressing the GUS gene were obtained. GUS staining revealed that during the seedling stage, strong GUS signals were observed in the cotyledons and hypocotyl, while weaker signals were detected in the true leaves and roots, indicating higher auxin accumulation in the cotyledons. The DR5 promoter was also induced by the auxin analog NAA. At the bud stage, strong GUS signals were found in the anthers and sepals, with weaker signals in the stigma, suggesting that auxin may play a significant role in anther development. In seeds and siliques at various developmental stages after pollination, auxin levels exhibited an increase followed by a decrease, implying a role for auxin in seed development. In conclusion, this study visualized auxin distribution in B. napus using the DR5::GUS auxin reporter system, providing a valuable method for further elucidating the role of auxin in the growth and development of B. napus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional study of OgXa13 in Oryza meyeriana ZHANG Zheng-Kang, SU Yan-Hong, RUAN Sun-Mei, ZHANG Min, ZHANG Pan, ZHANG Hui, ZENG Qian-Chun, LUO Qiong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 334-346.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.32006 Abstract （402）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （9061KB）（734）       Knowledge map    Save Bacterial blight is one of the most devastating bacterial diseases in rice production. The identification and utilization of resistance genes in rice breeding is the most economical and effective method for controlling this disease. Oryza meyeriana represents a valuable genetic resource due to its high resistance, and even immunity, to bacterial blight. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA and an 8908 bp genomic sequence of OgXa13, a homolog of OsXa13, from Oryza meyeriana using transcriptome and genome sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed that the gene structure of OgXa13 consists of five exons and four introns, mirroring the structure of rice OsXa13, and its core promoter sequence is identical to that of the rice susceptibility gene OsXa13. A total of 21 amino acid differences were observed between OgXa13 and OsXa13, with four key substitutions located in the MtN3.1 domain. Overexpression of OgXa13 and its introduction into TP309 plants via genetic transformation significantly enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. It is hypothesized that the amino acid sequence differences contribute to the distinct functions of the OgXa13 and OsXa13 proteins, suggesting that OgXa13 could be utilized as a dominant resistance gene in rice breeding. Furthermore, knockout of the OsXa13 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 in Nipponbare T1 homozygous lines also significantly enhanced resistance to bacterial blight, demonstrating that editing the susceptibility gene OsXa13 through CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective strategy for improving resistance. This study provides a valuable genetic resource and new insights for breeding rice with enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of green manure incorporation and nitrogen reduction on N 2O emissions and wheat yield in oasis irrigated areas ZHANG Dong-Ling, YU Ai-Zhong, LYU Han-Qiang, YANG Xue-Hui, WANG Yu-Long, WANG Peng-Fei, SHANG Yong-Pan, YIN Bo, LIU Ya-Long, WANG Feng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 1005-1021.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41065 Abstract （296）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （1576KB）（687）       Knowledge map    Save In the oasis irrigated regions of Northwest China, long-term use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers has resulted in significant problems, such as gaseous nitrogen losses and a decline in soil fertility. It is essential to study the effects of varying green manure incorporation rates and nitrogen application levels on crop yield and soil N2O emissions. From 2019 to 2021, a field experiment was conducted in the Shiyang River Basin of the Hexi Corridor. After the harvest of spring wheat, hairy vetch was replanted, with four green manure incorporation levels established during its flowering stage: 7500 kg hm-2 (G1), 15,000 kg hm-2 (G2), 22,500 kg hm-2 (G3), and 30,000 kg hm-2 (G4). In the following year, prior to spring wheat sowing, two nitrogen reduction levels were implemented: a 15% reduction (N153) and a 30% reduction (N126), with a traditional nitrogen application without green manure (G0N180) as the control. The results showed that, compared to G0N180, the combination of green manure incorporation and nitrogen reduction significantly increased wheat grain yield while reducing N2O emissions and emission intensity. The yield of G4N153 treatment was the highest, ranging from 9135.33 to 9250.42 kg hm-2. Within the same level of green manure incorporation, a 30% nitrogen reduction significantly lowered N2O emissions compared to a 15% reduction. Similarly, for the same nitrogen level, G3 and G4 significantly reduced N2O emissions compared to G1 and G2. The study also found, the reduction in N2O emissions primarily occurred before the wheat jointing stage, which was attributed to a notable decrease in soil nitrate and ammonium content as well as the activities of nitrate and nitrite reductases during the wheat sowing and seedling stages under treatments combining green manure with nitrogen reduction treatments. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between soil available nitrogen content, enzyme activities during the wheat sowing and seedling stages, and N2O emissions (P < 0.01). Under a 15% nitrogen reduction, G4 increased soil available nitrogen content during the wheat's flowering and maturity stages compared to G1, G2, and G3, ensuring nitrogen uptake during the later stages of wheat growth. Overall, in the Hexi oasis irrigated region, the combination of green manure incorporation and reduced nitrogen application significantly enhanced wheat yield while reducing soil N2O emissions and emission intensity. Incorporating 30,000 kg hm-2 of green manure with a 15% reduction in nitrogen application provided the best results. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrative analysis of RNA-seq and PER-seq to elucidate regulatory network of ZmHDZ6 expression FANG Ying-Hao, ZHOU Bo, CHEN Ru-Mei, YANG Wen-Zhu, QIN Hui-Min Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 958-968.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43055 Abstract （418）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （972KB）（670）       Knowledge map    Save Maize is a crop with high water demand, and drought is a major factor limiting its productivity. Building on previous findings and related research, we identified that the ZmHDZ6 gene is strongly induced by drought, and transgenic plants overexpressing ZmHDZ6 exhibit enhanced drought resistance. To investigate the downstream regulatory mechanisms of the maize transcription factor ZmHDZ6, RNA-seq was performed on transgenic maize plants overexpressing ZmHDZ6, while PER-seq (protoplast transient expression-based RNA sequencing) was conducted using protoplasts from the B73 inbred line. An integrative analysis of these datasets revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by both methods showed consistent results in GO analysis, with their functions primarily associated with redox reactions. KEGG pathway analysis further demonstrated consistency in the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Notably, RNA-seq DEGs were additionally enriched in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism pathways, while PER-seq DEGs were enriched in ribosome biogenesis pathways. Based on these findings, we propose that ZmHDZ6 enhances drought resistance in maize by regulating genes involved in redox processes and benzoxazinoid metabolism. Furthermore, through an integrative analysis of DNA binding motifs of the HD-ZIP I family and the promoters of 129 common DEGs (Co-DEGs), combined with gene annotation and motif physical location information, we narrowed potential target genes down to 16, of which 8 are closely associated with stress responses in maize. This study provides a detailed analysis of the regulatory network of ZmHDZ6 expression, offering valuable insights into the drought resistance mechanisms mediated by ZmHDZ6 and a reference for further functional studies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on waterlogging tolerance mechanism and genetic improvement in rapeseed XIE Ling-Li, LI Yong-Ling, XU Ben-Bo, ZHANG Xue-Kun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 287-300.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44121 Abstract （707）   HTML （43）    PDF（pc） （1970KB）（612）       Knowledge map    Save Waterlogging is one of the important abiotic stresses during agricultural production, mainly inhibiting plant growth by low oxygen stress, ion toxicity, et al. Rapeseed is very sensitive to waterlogging stress, and waterlogging stress during any growth period can delay growth and development, and further affects rapeseeds yield and quality. Rapeseed mainly responds and adapts to waterlogging stress through excessive ROS clearance, energy metabolism transformating, and endogenous hormones regulating. In order to accelerate the genetic improvement of waterlogging tolerance in rapeseed, this article reviews the changes in demand for waterlogging tolerance improvement in rapeseed, the effect of waterlogging stress on the growth, development, yield and quality of rapeseed, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rapeseed response to waterlogging stress, and the main technical approaches for waterlogging tolerance improvement. It will lay the foundation for in-depth research on waterlogging tolerance mechanisms and provide theoretical guidance for cultivating new waterlogging tolerance varieties in rapeseed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Map-based cloning and functional analysis of Dwarf and Tillering 1 ( DT1) gene in rice LI Chun-Mei, CHEN Jie, LANG Xing-Xuan, ZHUANG Hai-Min, ZHU Jing, DU Zi-Jun, FENG Hao-Tian, JIN Han, ZHU Guo-Lin, LIU Kai Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 347-357.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42030 Abstract （553）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （7462KB）（597）       Knowledge map    Save Tillering is a crucial trait that influences plant architecture and yield in rice. In this study, we identified a natural mutant with dwarf stature and high tillering, which we designated as dwarf and tillering 1 (dt1). The dt1 mutant exhibited significant reductions in panicle length, seed setting rate, grain length, grain width, thousand-grain weight, and the number and size of vascular bundle sheath cells compared to the wild type. Map-based cloning revealed that the dt1 phenotype was caused by an 8 bp insertion in the second exon of D17/HTD1 (LOC_Os04g46470), which encodes Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 7 (CCD7), a key enzyme in strigolactone biosynthesis. Thus, dt1 represents a new allele of D17/HTD1. Additionally, the dt1 mutant showed significantly reduced germination rate, root length, and root diameter, all of which were restored by the exogenous application of the strigolactone analog GR24. Transcriptomic analysis identified 579 up-regulated and 506 down-regulated genes in the dt1 mutant. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to auxin response, endogenous stimulus response, and hormone response, while the down-regulated genes were enriched in pathways involved in cellular carbohydrate metabolism and histone methylation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the up-regulated genes were associated with plant hormone signal transduction, whereas the down-regulated genes were linked to amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, as well as diterpenoid biosynthesis. These findings enhance our understanding of the regulatory roles of CCD7 and strigolactones in rice and hold significant theoretical implications for rice breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of chemical regulators and other cultivation measures in lodging resistance and high-yield cultivation of wheat LI Hui-Min, XING Zhi-Peng, ZHANG Hai-Peng, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, LI Guang-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 847-862.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41066 Abstract （685）   HTML （76）    PDF（pc） （3336KB）（553）       Knowledge map    Save Lodging has always been a key factor limiting the high and stable yield of wheat. Chemical anti-lodging regulator is an effective strategy to reduce lodging risk. Chemical anti-lodging regulators (CARs) spraying can control wheat growth, improve stem strength, and prevent lodging. However, the research and application of chemical control and lodging resistance in wheat high-yield cultivation have not been comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this paper collected and sorted out the wheat CARs registered in China, summarized the characteristics, efficacy and effects of different CARs on wheat stem structure and composition, root system, canopy structure, crop productivity and quality, and summarized the suitable application period of different CARs in realizing the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and lodging resistance with the goal of high yield and anti-lodging. In addition, the management measures of wheat lodging resistance (tillage mode, suitable density, nutrient level and water management), evaluation methods of wheat lodging resistance and the influence of CARs on key indicators were summarized. The research direction of CARs in wheat anti-lodging high-yield cultivation was prospected, aiming at providing precise control measures and theoretical support for promoting wheat high-yield and stable yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional analysis of OsERF104 transcription factor in rice PAN Ju-Zhong, WEI Ping, ZHU De-Ping, SHAO Sheng-Xue, CHEN Shan-Shan, WEI Ya-Qian, GAO Wei-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 900-913.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42040 Abstract （778）   HTML （69）    PDF（pc） （13140KB）（520）       Knowledge map    Save Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF), a subfamily of the APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) family, plays critical roles in regulating diverse biological processes, including plant growth and development, hormone signaling, and responses to abiotic stresses. Investigating the functions of the ERF family in rice (Oryza sativa L.) provides valuable genetic resources for rice breeding. In this study, the OsERF104 gene (LOC_Os08g36920) was cloned. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the full-length coding sequence of OsERF104 is 849 bp, encoding a protein of 283 amino acids. OsERF104 contains a conserved domain characteristic of the AP2/ERF family and shares the highest sequence similarity with the AtERF96 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is known to be involved in salt tolerance. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that the OsERF104 protein is localized in the nucleus, indicating that it functions as a nuclear transcription factor. Cis-acting element analysis of the OsERF104 promoter identified elements associated with hormone responses, abiotic stress, and light responses. To examine the role of OsERF104 under abiotic stress, its expression pattern was analyzed using RT-qPCR. OsERF104 was expressed in various rice tissues, with the highest expression observed in the leaf sheath. Its expression was downregulated by ABA and GA but upregulated by JA, PEG, and NaCl treatments. Transcriptional activation assays showed that the full-length and C-terminal fragments of OsERF104 exhibit transcriptional activity, while the N-terminal fragment and the AP2 domain alone do not. Transgenic rice lines of overexpressing or knocking out OsERF104 were generated via genetic transformation. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that OsERF104-overexpressing rice exhibited enhanced sensitivity to ABA and increased tolerance to salt stress during the seedling stage compared with the wild-type ZH11. In contrast, oserf104 mutant rice displayed the opposite phenotypes. In conclusion, OsERF104 positively regulates salt tolerance in rice. This study provides a strong foundation for further exploration of the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of OsERF104 in rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association analysis and prediction of candidate genes for plant height and internode number in Chinese sorghum XU Jian-Xia, DING Yan-Qing, CAO Ning, CHENG Bin, GAO Xu, LI Wen-Zhen, ZHANG Li-Yi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 568-585.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44051 Abstract （719）   HTML （43）    PDF（pc） （1308KB）（477）       Knowledge map    Save An appropriate reduction in plant height is essential for improving nutrient utilization efficiency and lodging resistance, both of which significantly contribute to achieving high and stable yields. This study investigated 242 Chinese sorghum accessions to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying plant height. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using 2,015,850 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to analyze plant height, internode number, and internode length across seven environments. The results showed that the phenotypic variation coefficients for plant height, internode number, and internode length ranged from 13.47% to 30.06%, with absolute skewness and kurtosis values less than 1 under all conditions. Using two association models (Blink and FarmCPU), the GWAS identified 118 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) significantly associated with the three traits across 10 chromosomes. Specifically, 60, 37, and 32 QTNs were significantly associated with plant height, internode number, and internode length, respectively. Eight QTNs were co-located for both plant height and internode number, while three QTNs were co-located for internode length. Through sequence analysis and functional annotation of candidate genes, 14 genes related to plant height and internode number were identified within or near the confidence intervals of 12 QTNs. These genes were homologous to those involved in sugar metabolism, hormone synthesis and signaling, and cell division in rice and maize. Selective sweep analysis revealed strong selection pressure on the candidate gene Sobic.001G510400 on chromosome 1 in Chinese sorghum populations, resulting in the formation of Hap1, which is dominant in northern dwarf sorghum, and Hap2, which is dominant in southern tall sorghum. Significant expression differences of this gene were observed between the northern accession 871255 (Hap1) and the southern accession Hongyingzi (Hap2). These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of plant height in Chinese sorghum varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer on yield and grain quality of spring maize LI Xiang-Yu, JI Xin-Jie, WANG Xue-Lian, LONG An-Ran, WANG Zheng-Yu, YANG Zi-Hui, GONG Xiang-Wei, JIANG Ying, QI Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 696-712.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43031 Abstract （531）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （2011KB）（468）       Knowledge map    Save To elucidate the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on spring maize grain yield and quality under different straw returning methods, this study analyzed the pasting and thermal characteristics of maize starch and explored the optimal N fertilizer rate under varying straw returning practices. The goal was to provide a scientific basis for improving cultivation practices to enhance maize quality. This research utilized a long-term field experiment initiated in 2015 at the Shenyang Agricultural University Experimental Base in Cainiu town, Tieling county, Liaoning province. The study addressed issues of unstable spring maize yields and the challenge of balancing yield and quality in Northeast China. From 2021 to 2022, the effects of two straw returning methods—rotary tillage with straw returning (RTS) and plow tillage with straw returning (PTS)—and five N application levels (0, 112, 187, 262, and 337 kg hm-2) were investigated. The results showed that, compared to RTS, PTS increased grain yield by 6.09% and enhanced total starch content as well as amylose content and the amylose/amylopectin ratio, while effectively reducing fat content and promoting the pasting and retrogradation properties of maize starch. Additionally, PTS increased the enthalpy of pasting (?H) by 14.09%, which optimized the relative crystallinity and microstructure of starch. In comparison to tillage methods, N application had a more significant effect on crude protein, crude fat, and sugar content in maize grains, with the maximum values observed at an N rate of 262 kg hm-2. Under N fertilizer treatment, the contents of crude protein, crude fat, sucrose, soluble sugar, amylose, and the amylose/amylopectin ratio increased by 17.99%-31.20%, 3.19%-14.91%, 32.88%-45.41%, 13.93%-23.73%, 6.80%-21.02%, and 10.26%-33.77%, respectively, compared to no N application. However, excessive N application (337 kg hm-2) reduced maize starch and crude fat content, decreased total starch and amylopectin levels, and led to lower peak and final viscosities, as well as a decrease in breakdown value, which could negatively affect starch pasting characteristics during processing. N application increased the peak time and pasting temperature of maize starch by 1.42% and 6.79%, respectively, enhancing viscosity, taste, and cooking stability. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive association between total starch content and viscosity parameters (including peak, trough, and final viscosity), while crude protein content was negatively correlated with these indexes. Furthermore, the interaction between different tillage methods and N fertilizer rates significantly improved maize yield and enhanced sucrose content, starch enthalpy, and gelatinization characteristics, demonstrating that the synergistic effects of these factors can more effectively enhance maize grain quality. In conclusion, the combined application of 262 kg hm-2 N fertilizer with plow tillage and straw returning (PTS) can significantly increase maize yield, promote starch accumulation in maize grains, and improve the thermal and pasting characteristics of maize, thereby achieving overall improvements in maize quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of TaSnRK gene family and expression analysis under localized root zone drought in wheat ZHANG Heng, FENG Ya-Lan, TIAN Wen-Zhong, GUO Bin-Bin, ZHANG Jun, MA Chao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 632-649.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41033 Abstract （554）   HTML （40）    PDF（pc） （14878KB）（444）       Knowledge map    Save Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase (SnRK) plays a critical regulatory role in response to abiotic stress. To systematically analyze the physicochemical properties, chromosome distribution, gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, and expression characteristics of the TaSnRK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under local root zone drought stress, this study employed bioinformatics approaches to identify the full complement of TaSnRK genes in the wheat genome. Their expression patterns under local root zone drought stress were analyzed using a wheat expression database and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The analysis identified 139 members of the SnRK gene family in wheat, which were categorized into three subfamilies: 15 members in SnRK1, 31 in SnRK2, and 93 in SnRK3. Protein sequence lengths ranged from 154 to 836 amino acids. Conserved motif analysis revealed that all members of the three subfamilies shared Motif2 and Motif4. Additionally, all SnRK1 members contained Motif14 and Motif15, which were absent in SnRK2 and SnRK3 subfamilies. In contrast, all SnRK3 members contained Motif10, which was not found in SnRK1 and SnRK2 subfamilies. Intraspecific collinearity analysis indicated that the TaSnRK genes had a total of 217 duplication events, showing high homology and strong conservation during evolution. The Ka/Ks ratio suggested that only four pairs of TaSnRK genes were under positive selection pressure. Cis-regulatory element analysis revealed that most of the cis-elements in the TaSnRK genes were associated with growth and development, as well as various stress-responsive elements. Gene expression pattern analysis showed that only 20 TaSnRK genes exhibited relatively high expression levels in grains, whereas 85, 90, 92, and 80 genes were highly expressed in panicles, leaves, buds, and roots, respectively. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that TaSnRK expression was higher in drought-resistant wheat varieties, with SnRK2 and SnRK3 subfamily members playing key roles in sensing and transmitting drought stress signals. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified 267 interaction events between 35 TaSnRK proteins and 23 related functional proteins. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for further understanding the role of TaSnRK genes in regulating wheat growth, development, and drought stress responses. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of osalr3 mutant to exogenous organic acids and plant growth regulators under aluminum stress SU Chang, MAN Fu-Yuan, WANG Jing-Bo, FENG Jing, JIANG Si-Xu, ZHAO Ming-Hui Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 676-686.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42031 Abstract （441）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （1450KB）（434）       Knowledge map    Save Soil acidification and aluminum (Al) toxicity have become significant challenges affecting rice growth and yield. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate Al-tolerance-related genes and elucidate their molecular mechanisms. In a previous Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), the gene OsAlR3, associated with Al tolerance, was identified. OsAlR3 was shown to regulate Al tolerance in rice through phenotypic and physiological mechanisms. While organic acids and plant growth regulators are known to be involved in Al resistance, the specific role of OsAlR3 in these processes remains unclear. This study examined the responses of wild-type (WT) and osalr3 knockout mutants to exogenous organic acids (citric acid (CA), oxalic acid (OA), and malic acid (MA)) and plant growth regulators (brassinolide (BR) and auxin (IAA)). Compared to WT, the osalr3 mutant exhibited significantly reduced total root length, inter-root pH, and organic acid content, while above-ground and below-ground Al3+ content, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O2?), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly increased under Al stress. The osalr3 mutant showed heightened sensitivity to Al stress compared to WT. Exogenous application of organic acids and BR increased total root length, CA, OA, and MA content, and decreased above-ground and below-ground Al3+ content, MDA, O2?, H2O2 content, and SOD activity, thereby reducing the Al toxicity in osalr3 mutants. In contrast, although auxin application increased total root length and reduced above-ground Al3+ content in the mutant, it significantly increased below-ground Al3+ content, along with MDA, O2?, and H2O2 levels, which were markedly different from those of WT. In summary, exogenous application of organic acids (CA, OA, and MA) and BR positively influenced OsAlR3 function, while IAA application negatively regulated OsAlR3 function under Al stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and prospects in genetic breeding for Fusarium crown rot resistance in wheat MA Jun, CHEN Feng, YIN Gui-Hong, HU Hai-Yan, WEI Xue-Ning, XIE Chao-Jie, KONG Ling-Rang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (10): 2559-2569.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51064 Abstract （681）   HTML （51）    PDF（pc） （3025KB）（413）       Knowledge map    Save Fusarium crown rot (FCR) caused by Fusarium species is a global soil-borne disease of wheat. In recent years, this disease has rapidly spread in China and has severely threatened local wheat production. Growing disease resistant variety is an effectively approach to manage the FCR damage. However, most of the wheat varieties released in China are susceptible to FCR. The number of resistance gene identified so far remains limited. This article mainly reviews the domestic and international research progresses in several key areas for genetic breeding of FCR-resistant varieties, including inoculation methods and disease assessment, resistant germplasm screening and genetic architecture underlying FCR resistance in wheat. We proposed that to address the major challenges in the related fields, it is necessary to establish a greenhouse-field dual inoculation system, expand the scale of resistant source screening, pyramid multiple types of resistance genes and conduct nationwide joint research. This article provides useful clues for accelerating the genetic breeding of FCR-resistant varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of agronomic and physiological indicators of rice yield and grain quality under nitrogen fertilization management QIN Jin-Hua, HONG Wei-Yuan, FENG Xiang-Qian, LI Zi-Qiu, ZHOU Zi-Yu, WANG Ai-Dong, LI Rui-Jie, WANG Dan-Ying, ZHANG Yun-Bo, CHEN Song Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 485-502.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42024 Abstract （687）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （7181KB）（404）       Knowledge map    Save Achieving a synergistic improvement in both rice yield and quality remains a major challenge in rice production. A thorough analysis and clear identification of key population traits that influence the coordinated enhancement of yield and quality are crucial for guiding rice variety improvement and optimizing cultivation techniques. In this study, two rice varieties, Xiushui 134 (XS134) and Huanghuazhan (HHZ), were used to evaluate different nitrogen management strategies, including conventional fixed nitrogen applications (N0, N1, N2, N3) and dynamic nitrogen applications based on SPAD thresholds (RTNM, S34, S37, S40). Key agronomic and physiological indicators were collected at critical growth stages, along with yield and grain quality data. Multi-objective regression models were employed to analyze how key agronomic and physiological traits influence rice yield and grain quality. The results showed as follows: (1) A trade-off generally exists between rice yield and grain quality index (GQI); as nitrogen application increased, yield improved, but GQI tended to decrease, especially under fixed nitrogen application. However, compared to N2, the RTNM treatment reduced nitrogen application by 32.01% to 58.02%, while maintaining stable yields and improving GQI by 3.10% to 38.34% (with the exception of XS134 in 2022). This suggests that dynamic nitrogen management can alleviate the yield-quality trade-off, promoting yield-quality synergy. (2) Correlation analysis indicated that 28 out of 50 static agronomic traits were significantly correlated with both yield and GQI (56.00%). The three “yield-quality” regression models demonstrated varying degrees of predictive accuracy for rice yield (R2: 0.74-0.83; RMSE: 0.40-0.49) and GQI (R2: 0.81-0.90; RMSE: 0.63-0.88). Feature importance analysis highlighted that population biomass during the tillering stage positively influenced both yield and quality (0.09-6.37). Conversely, plant height, leaf area index, and leaf weight exhibited trade-offs in predicting yield and quality, suggesting that careful evaluation and optimization of these “mutually exclusive” indicators are necessary, particularly when ensuring sufficient population biomass. Furthermore, the population net assimilation rate (NAR) during ear development showed a positive impact on both yield and GQI (0.06-1.00), indicating that the photosynthetic efficiency per unit leaf during this stage may be a key trait for achieving coordinated improvements in yield and quality. In summary, compared to conventional fixed nitrogen application, a dynamic nitrogen management strategy based on SPAD thresholds can achieve a certain level of synergy between rice yield and quality. Population biomass during the tillering stage and NAR during the ear development stage may serve as important reference indicators for achieving this synergy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of spraying 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) on grain filling and yield of summer maize under post-pollination high temperature stress XIN Yu-Ning, REN Hao, WANG Hong-Zhang, LIANG Ming-Lei, YU Tao, LIU Peng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 418-431.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43021 Abstract （401）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （1310KB）（403）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, high temperatures during the grain-filling stage have significantly reduced yields in summer maize. 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) has been shown to enhance plant resistance to abiotic stress. In this study, we investigated the effects of 6-BA application on grain filling and its physiological mechanisms in summer maize under post-pollination high-temperature stress. Two maize varieties were used: the heat-tolerant Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and the heat-sensitive Xianyu 335 (XY335). High-temperature conditions were simulated using manually constructed shelters to study the effects of 6-BA on grain filling characteristics, starch accumulation, related enzyme activities, and endogenous hormone levels. The results showed that, compared to the control, high post-pollination temperatures significantly reduced the number of grains per spike and decreased starch synthase activity in the grains, leading to lower starch accumulation. This was accompanied by altered endogenous hormone levels, inhibited grain filling, and ultimately reduced grain weight (by 12.68%-15.21%) and yield (by 18.24%-22.35%), with the reductions being more pronounced in XY335 than in ZD958. However, 6-BA application under high temperatures significantly increased the number of grains per spike and enhanced the activities of sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, granule-bound starch synthase, soluble starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme, leading to greater starch accumulation. Furthermore, high post-pollination temperatures increased the levels of zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, and abscisic acid while decreasing gibberellin levels. The application of 6-BA mitigated these adverse effects, resulting in an increased grain filling rate, prolonged filling duration, and a significant increase in grain weight (by 9.27%-11.18%) and yield (by 13.19%-15.47%), with the effects being more pronounced in XY335. In conclusion, applying 6-BA effectively improves grain filling and promotes starch accumulation in maize by regulating endogenous hormone levels, thereby alleviating the negative effects of post-pollination high-temperature stress on grain weight and yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status and countermeasures for crop seed industry development in Sichuan province, China TANG Yong-Yan, YIN Jun-Jie, HOU Qing-Qing, FENG Jun-Yan, LI Jun, YANG Wu-Yun, CHEN Xue-Wei, HU Pei-Song, WAN Jian-Min Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (11): 2845-2859.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53038 Abstract （503）   HTML （50）    PDF（pc） （1410KB）（393）       Knowledge map    Save Crop germplasm resources are fundamental to agricultural advancement. Their efficient development and utilization are strategic importance for advancing agricultural modernization and ensuring national food security. In recent years, Sichuan province has made significant progress in germplasm resource surveys, optimizing crop planting structure, increasing crop yield, and breeding new crop varieties. However, critical challenges still exist. These includes inadequate preservation and utilization of germplasm resources, the absence of a national-level seed industry innovation platform, limited scientific innovation capacity, and weak competitiveness among seed industry enterprises. As a national strategic hinterland and a major seed industry province, Sichuan holds an irreplaceable role in maintaining national food security, driving sustainable agricultural development, and pioneering agricultural science-technology innovation. To address these challenges, Sichuan must urgently strengthen policy system design, enhance the efficiency of germplasm resource utilization, advance scientific innovation of seed industry, and improve industry-academia-research collaborative innovation. These steps will foster a cluster of modern and competitive seed enterprises, accelerate Sichuan’s transition from a major seed province to an innovation-led powerhouse, ultimately strengthening national food security. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive evaluation of 70 japonica glutinous rice varieties (lines) based on growth period, yield, and quality XIONG Qiang-Qiang, SUN Chang-Hui, GU Wen-Fei, LU Yan-Yao, ZHOU Nian-Bing, GUO Bao-Wei, LIU Guo-Dong, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHU Jin-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 728-743.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42026 Abstract （642）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （1112KB）（381）       Knowledge map    Save This study evaluated 70 glutinous rice varieties (lines) to identify high-quality, high-yield varieties suitable for cultivation in the Yangzhong region, based on comprehensive assessments of growth period, yield, and rice quality. The experiment was conducted in Yangzhong city, Jiangsu province, from 2021 to 2023, using a randomized block design with three replicates. The results showed the following: (1) The growth periods of the 70 glutinous rice varieties ranged from 137 to 159 days in 2021 and from 139 to 158 days in 2023. Based on the growth period, the varieties were classified into three categories: 17 early-maturing late-japonica types, 18 mid-maturing mid-japonica types, and 35 late-maturing mid-japonica types. (2) In 2021, yields ranged from 5.19 to 9.50 t hm-2, and in 2023, yields ranged from 5.57 to 9.64 t hm-2. Principal component analysis indicated that the number of grains per panicle and panicle number were the primary factors influencing yield traits. (3) In 2021, the brown rice rate ranged from 80.45% to 87.35%, and the milled rice rate from 59.86% to 75.87%. Twenty varieties met the first-class quality standard, while 16 met the second-class quality standard. In 2023, the brown rice rate ranged from 81.60% to 88.50%, and the milled rice rate from 65.07% to 75.59%. Fifteen varieties met the first-class quality standard, and 18 met the second-class quality standard. In 2021, protein content varied from 7.00% to 10.77%, and total starch content from 69.42% to 92.73%. In 2023, protein content ranged from 7.00% to 10.79%, and total starch content from 68.00% to 92.68%. Molecular marker analysis revealed that 35 rice varieties carried the badh2 gene. Based on the comprehensive analysis of growth period, yield, and quality, four high-yield and high-quality glutinous rice varieties (lines) suitable for cultivation in Yangzhong were selected: Yangruannuo 2, Sunuo 7132, Yangjingnuo 2, and Yandao 93207. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association mapping of internode and lateral branch internode length of peanut main stem and analysis of candidate genes ZHAO Fei-Fei, LI Shao-Xiong, LIU Hao, LI Hai-Fen, WANG Run-Feng, HUANG Lu, YU Qian-Xia, HONG Yan-Bin, CHEN Xiao-Ping, LU Qing, CAO Yu-Man Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 548-556.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44090 Abstract （403）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （935KB）（362）       Knowledge map    Save The internode length of the main stem and lateral branches is a key agronomic trait influencing the yield per plant in peanuts. In this study, 390 natural peanut populations were used to measure the length of the first, second, and third internodes of both the main stem and lateral branches at maturity. A genome-wide association analysis was conducted using the mixed linear model (PCA+K model) in GAPIT3.0 software. The results showed that the internode lengths of the main stem and lateral branches followed a normal distribution and were significantly positively correlated. A total of 63 loci associated with the internode length of the main stem and lateral branches were identified. Three significant association sites and site clusters were discovered, including a notable association at A04_57397319 that co-located with findings from previous research. Five candidate genes were predicted within this region. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms of internode length in both the main stem and lateral branches of peanuts, laying a foundation for plant architecture improvement. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of salt stress on photosynthetic performance and dry matter accumulation and distribution in leaves of different salt-tolerant maize varieties LI Xue-Ting, REN Hao, WANG Hong-Zhang, ZHANG Ji-Wang, ZHAO Bin, REN Bai-Zhao, LIU Ying, YAO Hai-Yan, LIU Peng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 1091-1101.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43032 Abstract （628）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （1095KB）（358）       Knowledge map    Save The effects of salt stress on photosynthetic performance, dry matter accumulation, and distribution characteristics in different salt-tolerant maize varieties were investigated to provide a theoretical basis for breeding salt-tolerant maize and optimizing high-yield, stress-resistant cultivation in mildly and moderately saline-alkali soils. The experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2023 using the salt-tolerant maize variety Wansheng 69 (WS69) and the salt-sensitive variety Denghai 605 (DH605), with non-saline conditions as the control (CK). Two salt concentrations—low (1.5‰, MS) and high (3.0‰, HS)—were used to assess the effects of soil salinity on the material production performance of these maize varieties. Salt stress significantly reduced the leaf area index, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), and leaf photosynthetic potential of summer maize. Under high salt stress, the average photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (E) of DH605 and WS69 leaves decreased by 22.11%, 19.99%, 11.63%, and 13.51%, 13.42%, 8.81%, respectively, compared to CK, while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) increased by 19.83% and 10.79%. Salt stress also impeded dry matter accumulation in summer maize, significantly reducing plant biomass, the maximum growth rate (Wmax), and the maximum accumulation rate (Rmax), while increasing the number of days required to reach the maximum accumulation rate (Tmax). The proportion of dry matter accumulation after anthesis increased in salt-tolerant varieties but decreased in salt-sensitive varieties. Additionally, salt stress reduced the dry matter distribution to reproductive organs, leading to yield reduction. Under MS and HS treatments, the average yield of DH605 was 16.12% and 27.42% lower than CK, respectively, while the yield of WS69 decreased by 6.90% and 9.12%. After salt stress, salt-tolerant varieties maintained higher leaf area indices, SPAD values, and photosynthetic potential, with less reduction in photosynthetic performance, which helped sustain the accumulation of photosynthetic products. Overall, salt stress significantly decreased dry matter accumulation and distribution to reproductive organs after anthesis, reducing the harvest index and ultimately resulting in lower yields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci for grain number per spike showing pleiotropic effect on thousand grain weight in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) YONG Rui, HU Wen-Jing, WU Di, WANG Zun-Jie, LI Dong-Sheng, ZHAO Die, YOU Jun-Chao, XIAO Yong-Gui, WANG Chun-Ping Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 312-323.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41045 Abstract （681）   HTML （40）    PDF（pc） （940KB）（348）       Knowledge map    Save Grain number per spike (GNS) is a key quantitative trait closely associated with wheat yield. To further investigate the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with GNS in wheat, 151 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Yangmai 4 (YM4) and Yanzhan 1 (YZ1) were used to construct a wheat hexaploid genetic linkage map. GNS was evaluated across four environments over three years. Three QTLs for GNS were identified on chromosomes 4A, 5A, and 5B. Among these, QGns.yaas-4A and QGns.yaas-5B were detected in two environments, with the favorable effect contributed by YM4. The phenotypic variation explained (PVE) by QGns.yaas-4A and QGns.yaas-5B ranged from 11.50% to 13.27% and from 5.59% to 10.99%, respectively, with physical intervals of 703.41-710.25 Mb and 77.62-365.60 Mb. QGns.yaas-5A was detected in all four environments, with the favorable effect contributed by YZ1. The PVE for QGns.yaas-5A ranged from 8.99% to 11.13%, with a physical interval of 495.34-512.39 Mb. The YZ1 allele at QGns.yaas-5A and the YM4 allele at QGns.yaas-5B significantly increased thousand-grain weight by 3.39% (P < 0.05) and 4.45% (P < 0.01), respectively. Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers for QGns.yaas-4A, QGns.yaas-5A, and QGns.yaas-5B were developed and validated in a natural population. Pyramiding the three favorable alleles showed a significant additive effect, increasing GNS by 13.75%. These findings provide theoretical and technical support for molecular marker-assisted breeding to improve GNS in wheat. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of low temperature and weak light stress during early grain filling on rice yield and quality HU Ya-Jie, GUO Jing-Hao, CONG Shu-Min, CAI Qin, XU Yi, SUN Liang, GUO Bao-Wei, XING Zhi-Peng, YANG Wen-Fei, ZHANG Hong-Cheng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 405-417.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42032 Abstract （470）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （1586KB）（339）       Knowledge map    Save This study investigated the effects of low temperature (LN) and combined low temperature and weak light (LW) treatments during the early grain filling stage on rice yield, yield components, dry matter production, and rice quality. Two rice varieties, soft japonica rice Nanjing 9108 and conventional japonica rice Huaidao 5, were used as experimental materials. The gradient temperature in an artificial climate chamber was set to simulate the dynamic decrease in temperature during the early grain filling stage (from full heading to 20 days after full heading), with outdoor temperature and light conditions serving as the control (CK). The results showed that both LN and LW treatments reduced rice yield compared with CK. The yield reduction under LW was primarily due to a decrease in seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. In contrast, LN reduced the seed setting rate but increased the 1000-grain weight. Both LN and LW treatments decreased the total dry matter weight and panicle dry weight, while dry matter accumulation in leaves and stem sheaths was higher compared with CK. Additionally, the SPAD values of leaf 1, leaf 2, and leaf 3 under LN and LW exhibited an increasing trend compared with CK. Enzymatic activities were also affected by LN and LW treatments. The activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) initially increased and then decreased, while the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased. Moreover, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 were higher under LN and LW compared with CK. In terms of rice quality, LN improved rice processing quality and appearance quality compared with CK, while LW deteriorated rice processing quality. Under LN treatment, amylose content increased, whereas gel consistency, protein content, and taste value decreased. Under LW treatment, amylose content and gel consistency decreased, protein content increased, and taste value decreased. Consequently, both LN and LW treatments reduced the eating quality of rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different alleles and natural variations of OsMKK4, a member of the rice MKKs family gene, on grains LIU Jian-Guo, CHEN Dong-Dong, CHEN Yu-Yu, YI Qin-Qin, LI Qing, XU Zheng-Jin, QIAN Qian, SHEN Lan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 598-608.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42028 Abstract （559）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （10404KB）（327）       Knowledge map    Save The MKK gene family in the MAPK signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in connecting processes related to rice growth, development, and defense signaling, regulating various biological processes. In this study, we identified MKK genes in rice through bioinformatics analysis and constructed a phylogenetic tree, revealing both the conservation and diversity within the MKK gene family. Using gene editing technology, we edited the OsMKK4 gene in the Nipponbare rice variety and successfully obtained six lines with different mutation types in this gene. Grain length, grain width, and 1000-grain weight in these mutant lines were significantly reduced compared to the wild type. Haplotype analysis revealed clear differentiation in OsMKK4 gene haplotypes between indica and japonica rice, primarily divided into the Glu14 japonica type and Leu14 indica type. On average, japonica rice containing Glu14 exhibited shorter grain length but higher grain width and 1000-grain weight. Furthermore, introducing the OsMKK4 gene with the Leu14 haplotype from Kasalath into Nipponbare resulted in significantly reduced grain length, grain width, and 1000-grain weight in the DHX (CSSL) compared to Nipponbare. However, compared to Kasalath, the grain width and 1000-grain weight of the substitution line increased significantly, particularly in grain width. This study highlights the influence of key OsMKK4 gene haplotypes on rice grain traits, providing valuable genetic resources and strategies for more precise molecular breeding design. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Single-nucleus transcriptome analysis reveals the cellular differentiation trajectories and molecular mechanisms underlying yellow seed coat formation in rapeseed JU Jian-Ye, YANG Liu, CHEN Hao, KANG Lei, XIA Shi-Tou, LIU Zhong-Song Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (11): 2860-2874.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.55030 Abstract （276）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （17717KB）（326）       Knowledge map    Save The seed coat of angiosperms consists of multiple layers of cells with distinct structures and functions. However, the specific gene expression profiles within each layer and their spatial-temporal patterns remain incompletely characterized, and the differentiation pathways leading to these functionally specialized layers are not yet fully understood. Compared to black-seeded rapeseed, yellow-seeded varieties exhibit a thinner seed coat, reduced pigmentation, and lower lignin content. The exact cell layers responsible for these phenotypic differences, however, have not been clearly identified. In this study, we used the yellow-seeded rapeseed variety “Huang’aizao” and the black-seeded variety “Zhongshuang 11” as experimental materials. Seed coats were collected at 25 days after flowering and subjected to single-nucleus RNA sequencing to construct a high-resolution single-cell transcriptional atlas. By integrating pseudotime trajectory analysis, differential gene expression profiling, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and PlantPhoneDB-based cell-cell communication analysis, we investigated the regulatory networks and intercellular signaling mechanisms involved in seed coat development and seed color differentiation. Our results revealed that the yellow-seeded rapeseed seed coat comprises seven distinct cell subpopulations. The STK gene orchestrates the ordered differentiation of distal and proximal seed coat layers, giving rise to the outer layers OI3, OI2, and OI1, as well as the inner layers II1 and II2. Compared to black-seeded rapeseed, genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis (in II1), lignin and flavonol synthesis (in OI1), and mucilage synthesis (in OI3) were significantly downregulated in yellow-seeded rapeseed. In contrast, genes related to nucleotide and amino acid metabolism (in II2), as well as starch biosynthesis (in OI2 and OI3), were significantly upregulated. Within the II1 layer, the transcription factor TT8, together with the enzyme-coding genes TT3 and TT18, and the transporter gene TT12, were co-expressed to regulate proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis. Concurrently, TT19 catalyzed the conjugation of PA with glutathione (GSH), enhancing its water solubility, while TT10 mediated the oxidative polymerization of PA monomers. Finally, the modified PAs were transported by TT12 and TT9. To our knowledge, this study represents the first single-cell transcriptomic analysis of plant seed coats. It unveils the differentiation trajectories of specific cell types in the rapeseed seed coat and elucidates the spatial and temporal dynamics of PA, lignin, and starch accumulation at single-cell resolution. These findings offer novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying yellow seed formation from a single-cell perspective. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of pod maturity and identification of early-maturing germplasm for core peanut germplasm resources WANG Run-Feng, LI Wen-Jia, LIAO Yong-Jun, LU Qing, LIU Hao, LI Hai-Fen, LI Shao-Xiong, LIANG Xuan-Qiang, HONG Yan-Bin, CHEN Xiao-Ping Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 395-404.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44088 Abstract （410）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （5784KB）（321）       Knowledge map    Save Peanut is an important oil and cash crop in China, with early maturity being a key breeding objective. However, the evaluation of peanut maturity is complicated by the indeterminate flowering and subterranean fruiting traits, leading to a lack of technology for assessing early maturity in peanut germplasm. Early-maturing germplasm resources are the foundation for early-maturing breeding. This study enhanced and optimized the method for evaluating the maturity of peanut pods and precisely assessed the pod maturity of 390 core germplasm resources using indicators such as the pod maturity index, the ratio of mature pods, and the average gray value of pods. The findings revealed that the maturity assessment results identified by the three indicators exhibited a considerable level of agreement and were able to accurately differentiate the pod maturity among various peanut germplasms. Correlation analysis revealed that the correlation coefficients of pod maturity across various seasons ranged from 0.48 to 0.54, suggesting a substantial influence of the photo-thermal environment on peanut maturity. The correlation coefficients between pod maturity and flowering time ranged from -0.32 to -0.59, indicating the significance of flowering time in determining early maturation of peanuts. The correlation coefficients between pod maturity and shelling rate per plant ranged from 0.29 to 0.48, underscoring the considerable impact of peanut pod maturity on yield. By integrating the three maturity indicators, a total of 28 early-maturing germplasms were identified, with four germplasms—namely ICGV95057, ICG4601, 82-56②, and Guihua 26—demonstrating early maturity under various photo-thermal environments. This research offers significant insights and resources for the genetic improvement and further investigations of early maturity in peanuts. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional analysis and prediction of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in the regulation of branch angle in Brassica napus L. SUN Cheng-Ming, ZHOU Xiao-Ying, CHEN Feng, ZHANG Wei, WANG Xiao-Dong, PENG Qi, GUO Yue, GAO Jian-Qin, HU Mao-Long, FU San-Xiong, ZHANG Jie-Fu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 559-567.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44118 Abstract （284）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （3424KB）（315）       Knowledge map    Save Branch angle is a key trait in plant architecture that influences planting density and the efficiency of mechanical harvesting in rapeseed. A moderately compact plant structure promotes higher planting density and reduces harvesting losses. In this study, we used two rapeseed accessions with significant differences in branch angle and performed strand-specific RNA-seq on young branches at the bolting stage. The analysis identified 6305 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two accessions, including homologs of branch angle-related genes such as FUL, SGR5, SGR6, SGR9, AXR1, ARG1, PIN1, and PIN5. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis highlighted pathways related to the synthesis and metabolism of tryptophan, auxin, and phosphatidylinositol, all of which are associated with gravity response. Based on the transcriptome data, we identified 4467 actively expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the branches, including 3460 lincRNAs, 778 lncNATs, and 229 ilncRNAs. Of these, 50.3% contained transposon sequences, with Gypsy and Copia family LTR retrotransposons being the predominant insertion types. Moreover, 1713 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between the two accessions. When comparing the locations of these lncRNAs with 50 known branch angle-associated loci, 37 differentially expressed lncRNAs were located within the confidence intervals of 26 associated loci. Expression correlation analysis, using a total of 103 branch transcriptome datasets (including those from this study and publicly available data), identified 17,782 lncRNA-gene targeting relationships, involving 1003 lncRNAs and 4592 genes. These target genes included homologs of known branch angle regulators such as LAZY1, SGR5, FUL1, and WRKY40. This study provides insights into the role of lncRNAs in regulating branch angles in rapeseed, laying a foundation for future research into the molecular mechanisms governing plant architecture. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular characteristics and functional analysis of HvMYB2 in response to drought stress in barley WANG Lin, CHEN Xiao-Yu, ZHANG Wen-Meng-Long, WANG Si-Qi, CHENG Bing-Yun, CHENG Jing-Qiu, PAN Rui, ZHANG Wen-Ying Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 873-887.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41068 Abstract （505）   HTML （45）    PDF（pc） （15124KB）（315）       Knowledge map    Save Drought is one of the most critical environmental stresses affecting global agricultural production, severely impairing crop growth and yield. Identifying drought-resistant genes in wild barley holds significant potential for the utilization of arid and semi-arid lands in northwest China. This study focused on the molecular characterization of the HvMYB2 gene and its functional role under drought stress. A 912 bp coding sequence (CDS) of HvMYB2 was amplified from the drought-tolerant wild barley EC_S1, encoding a protein of 303 amino acids. Conserved structure analysis revealed that HvMYB2 is an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor containing two HTH_MYB domains, and it was predicted to localize in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HvMYB2 shares the highest homology (87.5%) with wheat PIMP1. Expression pattern analysis indicated that HvMYB2 is most highly expressed in the shoots at the seedling stage. Under drought stress, HvMYB2 expression was significantly upregulated in the drought-tolerant wild barley EC_S1. Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing HvMYB2 exhibited enhanced drought tolerance, characterized by higher relative water content, increased chlorophyll a and b levels, and reduced relative electrical conductivity. Additionally, these plants displayed lower stomatal conductance under drought conditions compared to wild-type plants. Conversely, silencing HvMYB2 in barley significantly reduced drought tolerance, resulting in greater water loss, increased cell damage, and higher stomatal conductance. These results suggest that HvMYB2 positively regulates drought tolerance in barley by modulating stomatal closure. Protein interaction predictions indicated that HvMYB2 may form a complex with the transcription factors HvMYB27 and HvMYB29 to regulate downstream gene expression. Promoter analysis of HvMYB2 revealed the presence of multiple drought-responsive and hormone-regulated elements. Notably, the insertion of a 181 bp specific fragment in the HvMYB2 promoter of wild barley significantly enhanced its transcription under drought conditions, potentially contributing to the strong drought tolerance observed in EC_S1. These findings provide new insights into the role of HvMYB2 in plant drought tolerance mechanisms and offer a valuable genetic resource for improving drought tolerance in barley. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of high temperature and drought stresses on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat after anthesis LI Qiao, YE Yang-Chun, CHANG Xu-Hong, WANG De-Mei, WANG Yan-Jie, YANG Yu-Shuang, MA Rui-Qi, ZHAO Guang-Cai, CAI Rui-Guo, ZHANG Min, LIU Xi-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 1077-1090.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41035 Abstract （452）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （1291KB）（306）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to investigate the effects of high temperature and drought stresses on wheat yield and their underlying physiological mechanisms. Two wheat varieties, Zhongmai 36 (ZM36) and Jimai 22 (JM22), were selected during the winter wheat growing season from 2022 to 2023. Three stress treatments—high temperature (HT), drought (DS), and combined high temperature and drought stress (DHS)—were applied after anthesis under field conditions in Beijing and Zhaoxian, Hebei province, along with a natural environment control (CK). The effects of the stress treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, leaf senescence, and grain yield were compared. Over the two-year period, the yield, grain number per spike, and 1000-grain weight of ZM36 in Beijing decreased by 18.0%-40.2%, 10.4%-16.3%, and 6.9%-22.7%, respectively, while for JM22, the reductions were 18.2%-32.8%, 3.1%-8.7%, and 4.0%-14.6%, respectively. In Zhaoxian, the yield, grain number per spike, and 1000-grain weight of ZM36 declined by 6.4%-27.8%, 8.2%-23.1%, and 2.9%-11.0%, respectively, while JM22 experienced decreases of 6.8%-35.3%, 8.0%-19.0%, and 0.6%-7.7%, respectively. The yield reductions followed the order: DHS > DS > HT. Additionally, the leaf area index (LAI) of both wheat varieties decreased by 14.4%-36.9%, the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of the flag leaf declined by 11.2%-24.6%, and the leaf stay-green duration (Chltotal) was shortened by 1.8-5.0 days. As a result, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the flag leaf decreased by 14.3%-39.6%, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was reduced by 3.5%-10.5%, and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) increased by 9.3%-27.8%. The combined high temperature and drought stress after anthesis had a much greater impact on the photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves than individual drought or high temperature stress. Structural equation modeling revealed that leaf temperature (Tleaf) was negatively correlated with soil volumetric water content (SVC), SPAD, and Pn, while SVC was positively correlated with LAI, SPAD, Pn, and Fv/Fm. Furthermore, higher soil volumetric water content (30%-32% in the 0-20 cm soil layer) reduced canopy and leaf temperatures, delayed wheat leaf senescence, and improved photosynthetic efficiency. These findings provide a theoretical basis for strategies to achieve high and stable wheat yields under stress conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of poly-γ-glutamic acid on rice yield, quality, and nutrient uptake YANG Cui-Hua, LI Shi-Hao, YI Xu-Xu, ZHENG Fei-Xiong, DU Xue-Zhu, SHENG Feng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 785-796.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42022 Abstract （419）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （1277KB）（305）       Knowledge map    Save This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) on rice yield, quality, and nutrient absorption, providing a theoretical basis and technical reference for cultivating rice with high yield, superior quality, and efficient nutrient utilization. The field experiment was conducted in Huaqiao town, Wuxue county, Hubei province, from 2022 to 2023, using a randomized block design. The study included three rice varieties (Heixiandao (B), Gangteyou 8024 (R), and Huanghuazhan (H)) and two γ-PGA treatments (no application of γ-PGA fermentation solution (P0) and 25 kg hm-2 γ-PGA fermentation solution (P1)). Dry matter mass, nitrogen accumulation, phosphorus accumulation, yield, appearance quality, grain protein content, and amylose content were analyzed. The results showed that γ-PGA application had a significant effect on rice yield in 2022, with P1 treatments increasing yield by 3.2%-10.8% compared to P0 treatments. However, there was no significant effect on yield in 2023. The dry matter mass of varieties B and R treated with γ-PGA was significantly higher than those without γ-PGA. Compared to BP0, the BP1 treatment significantly increased dry matter mass by 7.5%-8.5% at the full heading stage and by 5.9%-7.2% at the mature stage. Similarly, compared to RP0, the RP1 treatment significantly increased dry matter mass by 8.5%-8.8% at the full heading stage and by 3.3%-3.5% at the mature stage. γ-PGA application had no significant effect on the dry matter mass of variety H. Furthermore, γ-PGA significantly increased nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation. Compared to P0, the P1 treatments increased nitrogen accumulation by 12.5%-19.0% and phosphorus accumulation by 13.4%-20.3% at the full heading stage, and increased nitrogen accumulation by 7.2%-16.5% and phosphorus accumulation by 9.2%-29.0% at the mature stage. γ-PGA application also significantly enhanced amylose and protein content while reducing chalkiness degree and gel consistency, though it had no significant effects on grain length, grain width, or alkali spreading value. In conclusion, the application of γ-PGA significantly improved dry matter mass, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, and rice quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification of PRX gene family and analysis of their expressions under drought stress in barley LU Wen-Jia, WANG Jun-Cheng, YAO Li-Rong, ZHANG Hong, SI Er-Jing, YANG Ke, MENG Ya-Xiong, LI Bao-Chun, MA Xiao-Le, WANG Hua-Jun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1198-1214.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41053 Abstract （453）   HTML （40）    PDF（pc） （7098KB）（305）       Knowledge map    Save The Class III peroxidase (PRX) gene family plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a typical C3 plant, has been relatively underexplored regarding the functional characterization of its HvPRX gene family. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of HvPRX genes using bioinformatics tools and investigated their expression patterns under drought stress induced by 20% PEG-6000 treatment. A total of 178 HvPRX gene family members were identified in the barley genome and were named HvPRX1-HvPRX178 based on their chromosomal positions. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the peroxidases of barley, rice, and Arabidopsis into five subfamilies, indicating evolutionary conservation. Gene structure and domain analyses revealed high conservation within the same subfamilies. Gene duplication analysis showed that 15 HvPRX genes (8%) underwent segmental duplication, while 34 HvPRX genes (67%) arose from tandem duplication, highlighting the critical role of tandem duplication events in HvPRX gene expansion. Interspecies collinearity analysis between barley and Arabidopsis identified four direct orthologous PRX gene pairs, suggesting that large-scale molecular evolution events occurred during the divergence from monocotyledons to dicotyledons. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that HvPRX gene expression patterns varied between barley roots and leaves. Promoter analysis revealed that 99 HvPRX genes contained cis-acting elements associated with drought stress responses. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis was used to validate the expression profiles of HvPRX genes under drought stress. The expression levels of HvPRX1, HvPRX18, HvPRX63, HvPRX160, and HvPRX167 were significantly upregulated three hours after treatment with 20% PEG-6000. These findings provide valuable insights into the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of HvPRX genes in barley’s drought resistance. This study also lays a foundation for breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic analysis of high yield and yield stability characteristics of new wheat variety Xinong 877 MENG Xiang-Yu, DIAO Deng-Chao, LIU Ya-Rui, LI Yun-Li, SUN Yu-Chen, WU Wei, ZHAO Wen, WANG Yu, WU Jian-Hui, LI Chun-Lian, ZENG Qing-Dong, HAN De-Jun, ZHENG Wei-Jun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1261-1276.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41064 Abstract （1694）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （893KB）（299）       Knowledge map    Save Xinong 877 is a newly developed wheat variety bred by Northwest A&F University, characterized by wide adaptability, high yield, and yield stability. This study aims to elucidate the genetic basis of Xinong 877’s high yield, adaptability, and comprehensive resistance, thereby providing theoretical foundations and methodological guidance for the breeding of new wheat varieties. Field experiments were conducted to analyze the grain filling characteristics and photosynthetic traits of Xinong 877, along with several high-yielding wheat varieties from the Huanghuai wheat region. A combined approach utilizing a 16K SNP background chip and a 0.1K SNP functional chip was employed to thoroughly dissect the genetic foundation of Xinong 877 and identify the genetic effects of key chromosomal regions. The results showed that, Xinong 877 exhibited superior grain filling characteristics, including an extended grain filling duration, optimal allocation across various grain filling stages, and a high grain filling rate. Additionally, its flag leaves possessed elevated chlorophyll content and enhanced photosynthetic capacity. In regional trials, the average thousand-grain weight was 48.60 g, and in field trials, it reached 50.05 g, both surpassing the control variety Zhoumai 36 and demonstrating good stability. These traits establish a foundation for realizing high yield potential. In multi-location regional trials, Xinong 877 achieved an average stability coefficient of 89.15, significantly higher than that of Zhoumai 36. Regarding genetic composition, Xinong 805a, as the female parent, contributed 80.23 percent of the genetic makeup to Xinong 877, the highest among the three parent lines. Additionally, Xinong 877 incorporated multiple superior genes/QTLs from its parents, including stripe rust resistance loci QYrqin.nwafu-6BS, QYrsn.nwafu-1BL, QYrxn.nwafu-1BL, Yr29, and Yr78; fusarium head blight resistance loci QFhb.caas-5AL and QFhb.hbaas-5AL; leaf rust resistance loci Lr13 and Lr68; as well as yield-related loci such as grain weight genes TaT6P and TaGS5-A1, and grain size gene QGl-4A. Xinong 877 exhibits significant yield potential and wide adaptability in field production. There are notable differences in the genetic contributions from the parent lines, with Xinong 805a providing the highest genetic contribution. The aggregation of multiple key genes/QTLs related to important traits in Xinong 877 offers valuable genetic resources and theoretical support for the development of high-yield, broadly adaptable wheat varieties in the Huanghuai wheat region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mapping of silique length and seeds per silique and transcriptome profiling of pod walls in Brassica napus L. WANG Xiao-Lin, LIU Zhong-Song, KANG Lei, YANG Liu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 888-899.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44156 Abstract （606）   HTML （24）    PDF（pc） （3407KB）（299）       Knowledge map    Save Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a major oilseed crop globally, and improving yield remains a primary objective in rapeseed breeding programs. Yield in rapeseed is determined by three main components: siliques per unit area, seeds per silique, and seed weight. Although silique length is not a direct yield component, it influences both seeds per silique and seed weight, and thus indirectly affects yield. In this study, two parental lines with contrasting silique lengths and seeds per silique, YA and Zhongshuang 11, along with their 211 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), were used as experimental materials. The RIL population was genotyped through genome resequencing and grown in two environments: autumn in Changsha and summer in Mingle. Silique length and seeds per silique were measured, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted. The results identified a major QTL for both silique length and seeds per silique on chromosome A09 in both environments. Comparative RNA-seq analysis of pod walls from the two parents, conducted 3-21 days after flowering, indicated that genes involved in photosynthesis, plant hormone signaling transduction, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis play critical roles in pod wall development. Among the differentially expressed genes, BnaA09.CYP78A9, BnaC08.SCL13, and BnaA04.ARL, which are associated with auxin response and signaling transduction, were identified as candidate genes regulating silique length. These findings provide a foundation for fine mapping and exploring the regulatory mechanisms of genes controlling silique length in rapeseed, which could contribute to yield improvement in breeding programs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the haploid breeding performance of maize inbred lines CHEN Chen, FU Xiu-Yi, CHEN Chuan-Yong, WU Shan-Shan, ZHANG Hua-Sheng, ZHANG Chun-Yuan, CHEN Shao-Jiang, ZHAO Jiu-Ran, WANG Yuan-Dong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 526-533.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43024 Abstract （583）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （712KB）（298）       Knowledge map    Save Doubled haploid (DH) technology is widely applied in commercial maize breeding, and the efficiency of haploid breeding can be improved by evaluating the haploid breeding performance of common germplasm. In this study, 17 genotypes were used to assess haploid breeding performance through haploid induction, identification, and chromosomal doubling. The results showed that the Reid germplasm exhibited a significant advantage in haploid induction and identification, with the mean haploid induction rate (HIR) ranging from 12.23% to 15.31% and the accuracy of haploid selection ranging from 95.27% to 96.37%. Substantial differences were observed among the inbred lines in terms of HIR and the number of haploids per ear (HPE), with HIR ranging from 9.68% to 17.51% and HPE ranging from 8.44 to 23.66. Zheng 58 and B73 showed significant advantages in haploid chromosome doubling, with DH productivity in Zheng 58 reaching 74.36% and B73 achieving the highest average seed set per haploid at 53.80. Cluster analysis revealed that Zheng 58, Jing 1110, Jing 724, and JG296 were more suitable for haploid breeding, whereas Mo17, 4F1, and Qi 319 were less efficient. These findings will aid in the planning of haploid breeding programs and provide a foundation for enhancing the efficiency of DH technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of waterlogging at different growth stages on the stress-resistance physiological characteristics and yield formation of sweet potato YANG Xin-Yue, XIAO Ren-Hao, ZHANG Lin-Xi, TANG Ming-Jun, SUN Guang-Yan, DU Kang, LYU Chang-Wen, TANG Dao-Bin, WANG Ji-Chun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 744-754.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44116 Abstract （481）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （766KB）（293）       Knowledge map    Save Waterlogging stress is a major factor contributing to yield losses in sweet potato; however, limited research has been conducted on the impacts of waterlogging at different developmental stages on sweet potato growth and yield. To address this gap, a controlled waterlogging experiment was carried out in 2022 and 2023 using the cultivar Yuhongxin 98 as the test material. Treatments included a normal watering control (CK), waterlogging stress during the storage root initiation stage (T1), waterlogging stress during the storage root bulking stage (T2), and waterlogging stress during both the storage root initiation and bulking stages (T3). The effects of waterlogging stress at different growth stages on physiological characteristics and yield were analyzed. The results showed that waterlogging stress reduced the root-to-shoot ratio and leaf relative water content, while significantly increasing the levels of proline and soluble sugars. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were significantly enhanced under waterlogging stress, indicating that waterlogging altered assimilate distribution between aboveground and belowground parts. This promoted aboveground growth but inhibited storage root development, ultimately leading to significant yield reductions of 22.67%, 40.05%, and 66.93% in 2022, and 31.20%, 40.80%, and 64.60% in 2023 under T1, T2, and T3 treatments, respectively, compared to the control. The greatest yield loss occurred when waterlogging coincided with both the storage root initiation and bulking stages (T3). Notably, waterlogging during the storage root bulking stage (T2) caused greater sensitivity to stress and a reduced ability to recover growth after rewatering compared to waterlogging during the storage root initiation stage (T1). These findings highlight the critical importance of water management during the storage root bulking stage to mitigate the adverse effects of waterlogging on sweet potato yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rates on crop yield, phosphorus uptake and its stability in rapeseed-rice rotation system WANG Chong-Ming, LU Zhi-Feng, YAN Jin-Yao, SONG Yi, WANG Kun-Kun, FANG Ya-Ting, LI Xiao-Kun, REN Tao, CONG Ri-Huan, LU Jian-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 447-458.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44104 Abstract （465）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （1229KB）（293）       Knowledge map    Save The rapeseed-rice rotation system is a key cropping pattern in the Yangtze River Basin, where achieving high and stable yields is essential for food and oil security. Phosphorus (P) fertilization is a common practice in the cultivation of both rapeseed and rice. To assess the effects of P fertilization on the productivity and stability of this rotation system, a 7-year field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2023 in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The experiment included five P fertilizer treatments: 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg P2O5 hm-2. The study evaluated crop yield, P uptake, energy yield stability, and productivity risk. The results indicated that P fertilization significantly increased the yields of both rapeseed and rice, with a more pronounced effect observed in rapeseed. Specifically, rapeseed yield increased by 2.3 to 12.5 times, with the highest yield achieved at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2. This increase was primarily due to a higher number of pods per plant, followed by improvements in seed weight and seeds per pod. Rice yield increased by 4.4% to 17.1%, peaking at 45 kg P2O5 hm-2, largely due to an increase in effective panicle number per plant and grains per panicle. Phosphorus accumulation in the aboveground biomass of both crops increased with higher P application rates, with rapeseed showing a 5.0- to 11.8-fold increase and rice showing a 22.9% to 46.2% increase, leading to an annual rotation increase of 50.2% to 118.8%. The phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) for rapeseed peaked at P application rates of 45 to 90 kg P2O5 hm-2, while for rice, the maximum PRE was observed at 45 kg P2O5 hm-2. Beyond this rate, further P application resulted in decreased PRE. P fertilization also notably improved the yield stability of rapeseed, with the highest stability observed at 45 kg P2O5 hm-2. Yield stability in rapeseed was positively correlated with the stability of P accumulation, the number of pods per plant, and the number of seeds per pod. In contrast, rice exhibited higher yield stability and P uptake than rapeseed, with no significant effect from additional P input. Overall, P fertilization significantly enhanced the system's annual energy yield, reaching its peak at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 during the rapeseed season and between 45 and 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 during the rice season, thereby supporting high production levels. In conclusion, the optimal P fertilizer application rates for the rapeseed-rice rotation system are 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 for rapeseed and 45 kg P2O5 hm-2 for rice. These rates effectively balance maximum energy yield with system stability while optimizing P fertilizer use efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of vernalization and photoperiod genes and evaluation of cold tolerance for wheat landraces from Gansu province, China YANG Fang-Ping, GUO Ying, TIAN Yuan-Yuan, XU Yu-Feng, WANG Lan-Lan, BAI Bin, ZHAN Zong-Bing, ZHANG Xue-Ting, XU Yin-Ping, LIU Jin-Dong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 370-382.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41036 Abstract （378）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （891KB）（285）       Knowledge map    Save Winter-spring growth habit and photoperiodic response are two critical traits that determine the suitable cultivation areas for wheat. This study aimed to understand these traits in local wheat varieties from Gansu province by using molecular markers for the vernalization genes Vrn-1 and Vrn-B3, and the photoperiod gene Ppd-D1, to detect allelic variations and evaluate heading dates, winter-spring growth habits, and cold tolerance. The results indicated that 59.6% of the accessions carried only one dominant vernalization allele, with Vrn-D1 being the most common at a frequency of 67.4%. Other dominant vernalization alleles were primarily found in the spring wheat zone, with frequencies ranging from 0.5% to 11.0%. Varieties carrying two or three dominant vernalization alleles were rare (0.2%-8.9%). Additionally, 19.6% of varieties carried all recessive alleles, with this frequency increasing from the northwest to the southeast of Gansu. The photoperiod-insensitive allele Ppd-D1a had a frequency of 17.8%, and it was more prevalent in winter wheat zones than in spring wheat zones. In the winter wheat zones, varieties planted in autumn headed earlier than those in the spring wheat zones. Following spring planting, the frequency of headed varieties increased from the west to the center in the spring wheat zones, while it decreased from the southwest to the northeast in the winter wheat zones. The frequency of late-heading varieties was lower in spring wheat zones compared to winter wheat zones, where many varieties did not mature normally. After spring planting, the dominant vernalization alleles promoted flowering in the order of Vrn-A1a > Vrn-D1 > Vrn-B1. However, after autumn planting, the early heading effect of dominant vernalization alleles was not evident. For Ppd-D1b types, varieties with two or three dominant vernalization alleles headed later than those with a single dominant allele. In contrast, Ppd-D1a types displayed an additive effect of vernalization alleles, where Ppd-D1a significantly promoted flowering in wheat. There was a high consistency between the winter-spring growth habit determined phenotypically and that inferred from vernalization alleles, with habits gradually shifting from spring to winter types. Varieties with strong winter habits did not necessarily exhibit strong cold tolerance. However, most varieties with strong cold tolerance also exhibited strong winter growth habits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional analysis of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein gene SiPIP1;3 from Saussurea involucrata in tomato ZHANG Xiao-Li, LIU Xiao-Yan, XIA Wen-Wen, LI Jin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 863-872.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44134 Abstract （375）   HTML （35）    PDF（pc） （8197KB）（277）       Knowledge map    Save Aquaporins (AQPs), as key facilitators of water transport across cellular membranes, play an essential role in plant growth and adaptation to environmental stresses. Previously, the plasma membrane intrinsic protein gene SiPIP1;3 was cloned from a low-temperature expression library of Saussurea involucrata, a cold-tolerant herbaceous plant. To investigate the function of SiPIP1;3 under low-temperature stress, a plant expression vector containing SiPIP1;3 was constructed and transformed into cold-sensitive tomato plants. The results demonstrated that SiPIP1;3 expression significantly enhanced tomato tolerance to low-temperature treatment by promoting the accumulation of soluble proteins, soluble sugars, and proline, while reducing membrane lipid peroxidation. Moreover, field cultivation results revealed that SiPIP1;3 expression improved intercellular CO2 concentration by increasing stomatal conductance in tomato leaves. This led to a marked improvement in net photosynthetic efficiency and water use efficiency, ultimately resulting in a significant increase in both the average fruit size and fruit number per plant. In conclusion, the expression of SiPIP1;3 significantly enhances low-temperature tolerance and fruit yield in tomato plants. This study provides a valuable genetic resource and establishes a theoretical foundation for breeding cold-resistant tomato varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics