Table of Content

12 October 2014, Volume 40 Issue 10

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Genetic Analysis and Gene Fine Mapping of Rice Leafy Head Mutant s2-21

WANG Hai-Feng,GAO Jie,SUN Wei,ZHANG Shi-Yong,ZHAO Qing-Lei,YIN Liang,ZHAO Jin-Feng,LI Xue-Yong,YUAN Shou-Jiang

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1711-1716.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01711

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Phyllotaxy and plastochron are basic aspects of leaf development and the important agronomic traits of rice .The study of phyllotaxy or plastochron mutant will help us to understand the mechanism of leaf formation. In this study, a leafy head mutant s2-21 was isolated from an EMS (ethyl methane sulfonate) mutagenized japonica cultivar Nipponbare. It was characterized by shorter intervals between leaves, shortened internodes, dwarf plants, decreased tiller number, and increased leaf number. It was also unable to transit from vegetative to reproductive growth. Genetic analysis with a F₂ population of the mutant and an indica cultivar Dular showed that this trait is controlled by a single recessive nucleus gene, which was primarily mapped between two insertion-deletion (InDel) markers C1-15 and S1-17 on chromosome 1. For the fine mapping, new InDel markers were designed by utilizing information of genomic sequences from Nipponbare (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and Dular (our unpublished data), and eventually the gene was localized within the region of 88 kb between W25 and W26. Sequence analysis indicated the mutant was caused by mutation of the fifth base from G to A in the fourth intron of the pla2 gene.

Phenotype Variation and Vertical Distribution of Foxtail Millet Root System in RIL from a Cross of Yugu 1× Wild Green Foxtail W53

ZHANG Wen-Ying,ZHI Hui,LIU Bin-Hui,WANG Xue-Zheng,PANG Zhao-Jin,LI Ji-Ming,WANG Guang-Cai,LI Ming-Zhe,WANG Yong-Fang,LI Wei,LI Hai-Quan,JIA Guan-Qing,DIAO Xian-Min

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1717-1724.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01717

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Foxtail millet is a well-known drought tolerant crop in arid and semi-arid regions, because root system plays an essential role in crop growth period. Taking 196 lines from foxtail millet RIL, derived from a cross of cultivar Yugu 1 ´ wild green foxtail W53 as materials, we investigated root system variance and distribution in the soil with the root canal soil column culture. The results showed that the average length of root per plant, the average root surface area per plant, the average root volume per plant, the average root diameter per plant and that of root dry weight per plant were 89.42 ± 32.67 m, 2.74 ± 0.93 dm², 30.94 ± 13.93 mL, 0.52 ± 0.06 mm, and 0.98 ± 0.45 g, respectively. There existed high variation coefficients in the root characters of all lines except root diameter. The deepest root system was detected in 2.4 meters beneath the soil surface, and 90% of root biomass of foxtail millet distributed from the soil surface to the depth of 200 centimeters. The overall distribution of foxtail millet root system was a “8” type structure, which means that foxtail millet root biomass gradually decreased from the soil surface to a depth of 60 centimeters, increased slightly from soil layer of 60 centimeters to 100 centimeters, and then decreased again to zero in the deeper soil layer. The correlation analysis of root traits and agronomic traits above ground showed that plant straw weight and plant grain yield were positively correlated with root traits and the correlation coefficients could be used an indirect index for germplasm evaluation and breeding selection.

Exploring Molecular Markers of Preharvest Sprouting Resistance Gene Using Wheat Intact Spikes by Association Analysis

ZHU Yu-Lei,WANG Sheng-Xing,ZHAO Liang-Xia,ZHANG De-Xin,HU Jian-Bang,CAO Xue-Lian,YANG Ya-Jie,CHANG Cheng,MA Chuan-Xi,ZHANG Hai-Ping

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1725-1732.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01725

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To improve pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) resistance in wheat breeding, it is important to explore marker loci and elite alleles associated with PHS resistance using intact spikes. In this study, a total of 181 markers were used to 264 genotype materials. General and mixed linear models (GLM and MLM) were used to analyze PHS phenotypic data in three environments (2012-in house, 2013-in house and 2013-in field). The results showed that twenty markers were identified by association analysis, and located on chromosomes 1AS, 2DS, 3AS, 3BL, 4AL, 5AS, 5BL, 6BS, 6DS, 7AL, and 7BL. The markers gwm102 on 2DS and barc340 on 7BL were detected stably in three environments, among which barc340 was likely to be novel and needs to be further studied through biparental linkage mapping analysis. Six markers were detected in two environments, and the other loci linked with 12 markers were detected only in one environment. A total of ten elite alleles were further explored among the eight loci with repeated associations. The alleles barc28-229bp and barc28-217bp for high PHS resistance were all distributed in local cultivars (e.g.Suiningtuotuomai). However, the alleles gwm102-142bp and barc186-199bp with intermediate PHS resistance were mainly detected in released cultivars (e.g. Yangmai 158), which could be beneficial to wheat molecular breeding.

Major Gene Plus Polygene Inheritance Analysis of Vitamin C Content in Non-heading Chinese Cabbage

LIN Ting-Ting,WANG Jian-Jun,WANG Li,CHEN Xuan,HOU Xi-Lin,LI Ying

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1733-1739.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01733

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The mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model was used to investigate the inheritance law of vitamin C in non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino) in six generations (P₁, P₂, F₁, B₁, B₂, and F₂) derived from Wutacai line (with high vitamin C content) × Erqing line (with low vitamin C content). The results showed that the trait of vitamin C was controlled by one additive major gene plus additive-dominant polygene in the joint analysis of six generations. The result in 2011 showed that the additive effect was 13.15. Heritabilities of major genes in B₁, B₂, and F₂ populations were 54.38%, 38.58%, and 18.69%, respectively, while those of polygenes in the three populations were 24.69%, 36.92%, and 40.7%, respectively. The result in 2013 showed that the additive effect was 6.04. Heritabilities of major genes in B₁, B₂ and F₂ populations were 1.88%, 6.41% and 45.04%, respectively, while those of polygenes in B₁, B₂, and F₂ populations were 39.67%, 16.57%, and 16.91%, respectively. The results from two years indicated that environmental factors could play roles in inheritance of vitamin C in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Thus, the marker assisted selection method could be used to screen high vitamin C cultivars of non-heading Chinese cabbage. In addition, environmental conditions should also be considered in the breeding process.

Mapping of Minor QTLs for Rice Gelatinization Temperature Using Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines from Indica 9311 in the Japonica Background

LIU Xin-Yan,ZHU Kong-Zhi,ZHANG Chang-Quan,HONG Ran,SUN Peng,TANG Su-Zhu,GU Ming-Hong,LIU Qiao-Quan

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1740-1747.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01740

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Gelatinization temperature (GT), one of the determinants for rice cooking and eating quality, is controlled by not only a major gene but also several minor genes. Previously, we used the japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare as the recipient and the indica 9311 as the donor to develop a population containing 38 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), and genotyped them using a high-throughput re-sequencing strategy. In this study, this population and their parents were used to map the minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for rice gelatinization temperature. The GT of each line was measured and expressed as alkali spreading value (ASV) under two environments (Campus and Hangji) within two years (2010–2011). After compared with that of the receptor parent by t-test, the stable QTL was identified if there was a significant difference in both environments of the same year. Finally, four QTLs for gelatinization temperature were detected, named as qGT2-1, qGT7-1, qGT8-1, and qGT12-1 located on chromosome 2, 7, 8, and 12, respectively. Two of them, qGT7-1 and qGT12-1 were stable over two years and in two environments, with contributions ranging from 11.31% to 28.95%. Additive effect analysis showed that the effect value of four QTLs were negative. These results demonstrated that the four fragments from donor parent 9311 had negative effects for the alkali spreading value. Further comparison for starch fine structure between the receptor parent and N53 line showed that the decrease of A and B1 chains with short branch length might be the possible reason for increased GT. The results pave the way for the fine mapping and subsequent cloning of these QTLs and the molecular breeding for the improvement of rice quality.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of LPAT4 Gene from Brassica napus

XIAO Dan-Wang,LIU Cong,HU Xue-Fang,CHEN She-Yuan,GUAN Chun-Yun,XIONG Xing-Hua

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1748-1755.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01748

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Lysophospholipid acid actyltransferase (LPAT) is a pivotal enzyme of triacylglycerol biosynthesis, which plays a key role in lipid synthesis, development of plant seeds and bio-membrane fluidity. Through the technology of homology-based cloning, two copies of LPAT4 full-length CDS sequences (1143 bp and 1140 bp) were cloned in this study, designated as BnLPAT4-1and BnLPAT4-2, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that they shared the LPLAT_LCLAT1 like domain and belonged to the LPLAT superfamily. Temporal and spatial expression results showed that BnLPAT4-1 and BnLPAT4-2 were constitutive expression genes. Among them, the highest expression of BnLPAT4-1 was in leaf, while that ofBnLPAT4-2 was in embryo. Stresses analysis indicated that BnLPAT4-1and BnLPAT4-2 presented different expression patterns under the treatments of NaCl, PEG4000, waterlogging, 6BA and ABA. Pole difference analysis displayed that ABA had a great effect on the expression of BnLPAT4-1, while BnLPAT4-2 was more sensitive to PEG-4000.The results provided a base for the research of regulation and function of BnLPAT4 in Brassica napus.

Characterization and Functional Analysis of a Small GTP-binding Protein AtRAB Interacting with H⁺-Pyrophosphatase AVP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana

LIU Rong-Bang,CHEN Ming,GUO Meng-Meng,SI Qing-Lin,GAO Shi-Qing,XU Zhao-Shi,LI Lian-Cheng,MA You-Zhi,YIN Jun

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1756-1766. 

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H⁺-Pyrophosphatase (H⁺-PPase) is an important proton transporter in plants. It cooperates with H⁺-ATPase and transport protons in vacuole or extracellular area to maintain a constant H⁺ gradient, which enables the transport of ions and other components (e.g. amino acids, carbohydrates). In the current research, AVP1 was applied to membrane proteins-based yeast two-hybrid system, and a small GTP-binding protein AtRAB was identified by screening the Arabidopsis cDNA library. The interaction between AVP1 and AtRAB was confirmed by interaction analysis in yeast. Bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) analysis suggested that AtRAB and AVP1 interaction took place in the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Phenotypes of wild type (WT) and Arabidopsis mutants of avp1 (AVP1) and rab (AtRAB) were compared under high-salt, low-phosphorus and low-potassium conditions. Under the high salt stress, avp1 and rab presented similar phenotypes along with the increase of NaCl concentration, which were characterized by shortened root length and reduced lateral root number in comparison with the WT. The decreasing phosphorus concentration also led to the phenotypes of shortened root length, reduced lateral root number and reduced total root area in the two mutants. Particularly, stronger response was observed in rab than in avp1 under the same phosphorus concentration. The potassium treatments resulted in similar phenotypes to those in phosphorus treatment. The results indicated that AVP1 can interact with AtRAB on the plasma membrane and the nucleus and further influence the absorption of ions in plants. The two mutants of avp1 and rab showed similar phenotypes, suggesting that both AVP1 and AtRAB positively regulate plant response to high salt, low phosphorus and low potassium stresses in the same signaling pathway.

Analysis of Gene Expression Variation by cDNA-SCoT Technique at the Early Period of Arachis Artificial Allopolypoidy Evolution

HE Liang-Qiong,XIONG Fa-Qian,TANG Xiu-Mei,JIANG Jing,HAN Zhu-Qiang,ZHONG Rui-Chun,GAO Zhong-Kui,Li Zhong,HE Xin-Hua,TANG Rong-Hua

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1767-1775.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01767

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To explore the allopolyploidy evolutionism and the genetic mechanism of Arachis interspecific hybridization, study the gene expression variation by cDNA-SCoT technique in the early period of Arachis artificial allopolypoidy evolution, using the progenitors, F₁ and early polyploidy generations (S₀ to S₃) of the hybridization between tetraploid cultivated peanut and diploid wild peanut A. doigoi. Among 108 cDNA fragments amplified by 12 SCoT primers 80 were differentially expressed with the polymorphism frequency of 74.07%. Among 80 TDFs (transcripts derived fragments) 35 were cloned and sequenced, and the sequences of 26 TDFs shared high similarity with the genes documented in the GenBank. These genes included energy and metabolism-related genes (8), resistance-related genes (4), unknown functional protein genes (3), signal transduction-related genes (2) and retrotransposon-related genes (9). The results indicated that gene expression changes happened rapidly and drastically in the early generations during artificial allopolyploidization of peanut interspecific hybridization, and some obtained TDFs probably could be used in the research of molecular mechanism of Arachis allopolyploidization.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY

Charactering Light and Temperature Effects on Rice Grain Filling Using Extended Richards Equation

YANG Shen-Bin,JIANG Xiao-Dong,WANG Ying-Ping,SHEN Shuang-He，SHI Chun-Lin,WANG Meng-Meng,CHEN Fei

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1776-1786.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01776

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Richards equation has been widely used to simulate rice grain filling rates, but the lack of capability to relate environmental factors in its simulation impedes the application of Richards equation in evaluating the impact of adverse climate on grain filling process. Therefore, a mathematical modeling method, together with two-year filed-seeding experiment (2012–2013) data, was used in this paper to examine the feasibility of an extended Richards equation on this issue. The two-year experiment was carried out in Nanjing with two indica two-line hybrid rice cultivars, Lingliangyou 268 and Liangyoupeijiu. On the basis of the observations, Richards equation was first used to estimate rice grain filling parameters and calculate mean grain filling rate in each effective grain filling period. Subsequently, a radiation and temperature correction function was introduced into the Richards equation to form an extended equation by linking the mean grain filling rates to daily radiation and mean temperature observations. A set of radiation and temperature characteristic parameters were included in the correction function, which theoretically reflect the response of mean grain filling rates to the change of temperature and radiation conditions and form response curves for the two tested varieties. To estimate these parameters, we applied the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) global optimization algorithm in this paper, since the extended equation was highly nonlinear. Statistical methods were also applied to analyze the relations between retrieved rice grain filling parameters and climatic factors. The results showed that insufficient sun radiation had an indirect and negative effect on mean grain filling rate by imposing an adverse influence on CO₂ assimilation. Daily mean temperature mainly showed an evident effect on mean grain filling rate which could be accelerated under high temperatures or slow down at adverse low temperatures, but it also had a great influence on CO₂ assimilation as well as the accumulation of assimilation products in grains. The estimated critical radiation and critical temperatures for Lingliangyou 268 were 18.94 MJ m^-2 d^-1, 6.81°C, 30.28°C, 33.29°C, respectively, and 21.71 MJ m^-2 d^-1, 6.10°C, 24.16°C, and 33.74°C for Liangyoupeijiu, which demonstrate an evident difference between the two varieties. Quantitative analyses based on the temperature and radiation response curves showed that the correction coefficients for rice seeding dates in May in 2012 for both rice varieties were generally higher than that of other seeding dates, which implies that the time of seeding is critical to grain filling and yield formation. In addition, Lingliangyou 268 exhibited stronger temperature sensitivity in grain filling period, which means that the mean grain filling rate is more sensitive to the temperature change than to the radiation variation. In comparison, Liangyoupeijiu represented greater radiation sensitivity in grain filling, which indicates that this cultivar can be greatly influenced by insufficient radiation during the grain filling stage. On the whole, the mathematical model presented successfully retrieved the critical parameters representing the effects of daily mean temperature and radiation on mean grain filling rates from field observations. Although more validations are expected to examine the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed method, it can be an important reference for developing agro-meteorological indexes for monitoring and evaluating the effects of meteorological factors on rice grain filling as well as on yield formation.

Effect of Straw Mulching on Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture and Spring Maize Yield under Seedling Strip Subsoiling

LI Jing-Jing,LI Cong-Feng,LI Lian-Lu,DING Zai-Song,ZHAO Ming

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1787-1796.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01787

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No-tillage with straw mulching is widely adopted in arid and semi-arid regions of North China which effectively preserves the water content. But it decreases the soil temperature and results in seed germination delaying. We developed a new way of no-tillage with straw mulching. The straw mulching was conducted only in the wide inter-row, and subsoiling was conducted in the narrow inter-row. To determine the quantity and method of straw mulching in this new no-tillage way, we conducted field experiments in 2012 and 2013 in Langfang, Hebei Province. The maize cultivar Zhengdan 958 was planted with 80 cm+40 cm inter-row planting spacing. The treatments of wide inter-row included mulching with 8.42 t ha^-1 of chopped straw (100SC) and prostrated straw (100SP), 4.21 t ha^-1 of chopped straw (50SC) and prostrated straw (50SP), with no straw mulching as CK. Soil temperature, soil moisture, emergence quality, days of growth period, dry matter accumulation, yield and its components were compared among these treatments. The results showed that the soil moisture were increased in all the four straw mulching treatments. The 50SC treatment had the least influence on decreasing soil temperature compared with CK. The emergence uniformity of all straw mulching treatments increased significantly. Straw mulching had less significant effects on duration from sowing to seedling. Above-ground biomass of 50SC was improved, and its dry matter accumulation was promoted at post-anthesis stage. Compared with CK, the yield of 50SC was increased by 4.78%, and 1000-kernel weight and kernel weight per ear by 10.9% and 6.5%, respectively. The yield of 50SC had very significant correlation with its whole period dry matter accumulation (DMA) and ratio of post-anthesis to pre-anthesis DMA. Therefore, the mulching technique in this study has less physical constraint to emergence, and in this new way of straw mulching 4.21 t ha^-1 of chopped straw mulching is better for maize. With this condition, the adverse effects of straw on emergence are alleviated and dry matter accumulation in later period and yield of maize are increased.

Effects of Tillage and Straw Returning on Biomass and Water Use Efficiency in a Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Rotation System

ZHAO Ya-Li,GUO Hai-Bin,UE Zhi-Wei,MU Xin-Yuan,LI Chao-Hai*

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1797-1807.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01797

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Straw returning to the field has been carried out in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain for ten years. In a consecutive two-year field experiment from 2010 to 2012, the effects of conventional tillage (CT), deep tillage (DT) and subsoiling (SS) on dry matter accumulation and water use efficiency were tested in a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system for setting up a tillage practice suitable for straw returning. The results were obtained from the comparison among six treatments, including CT+AS (all straw returning), CT+NS (no straw returning), DT+AS, DT+NS, SS+AS, and SS+NS. Under straw returning condition, either DT or SS practice increased water consumption amount during winter wheat or summer maize growth period but decreased it during fallow period. In addition, relative water content, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) of leaf, and bleeding sap in stalk were also increased in both crops, leading to more biomass and higher water use efficiency together with increased grain yields in winter wheat and summer maize seasons. The effects of interactions between soil tillage (DT or SS) and straw returning on dry matter accumulation and water use efficiency were significant in both crops. Compared with conventional tillage under no straw returning, DT and SS under straw retuning resulted in increased dry matter accumulation (19.3% and 22.9%, respectively), annual crop yield (by 18.0% and 19.3%, respectively), and water use efficiency (by 15.9% and 15.1%, respectively). The difference of the effect between DT and SS under straw returning was not significant. Therefore, we recommend DT or SS practice in straw returning field under the environment similar to that of this experiment.

Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Effects of Nitrogen on Summer Maize Varieties at Different Stages

WANG Li-Jun,LI Yun,WANG Cun-Kai,TAO Hong-Bin,WANG Pu,LIAO Shu-Hua*

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1808-1818.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01808

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Understanding nitrogen effects at various maize growing stages will benefit to fertilization regime recommendation and thus improve grain yield. Three maize varieties, Xundan 20, Nonghua 101, and Zhongnongda 4, were cultivated with different combinations of plant density and fertilizer levels in the experiment. During the growth period, daily temperature was recorded and leaf, stem, bract, spike-stalk and grain were sampled for the analysis of nitrogen concentration. Considering the three main factors which are genetic characteristics, environment impacts (light and temperature) and population differences affecting nitrogen effect comprehensively, the modified BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) method was used to evaluate and analyse the nitrogen effect on different maize varieties and different organs at various growing stages. The results showed that correlation coefficients (r) between simulated daily dry matter accumulation and observed data were ranged from 0.88 to 0.99. Comparing independent sample to test evaluation model, paired T-test analysis showed no significant difference at P>0.05. The fitting effect was good in this model. For different growth stages and different maize varieties, there were significant differences for the parameters of nitrogen effect. The fixed effect of nitrogen showed significant difference at various growth stages and in different nitrogen constituents at the same stage. In conclusion, modified BLUP method can be well used to evaluate and analyse characteristics of the nitrogen effect, which can explain the function and influence of nitrogen accumulation on dry matter production at each growth stage of different maize varieties. It can further illustrate the biological law in maize, such as the common characteristics of nitrogen effect, the genetic differences between the varieties and the influence mechanism of sunlight, temperature and population.

Tillering Characteristics and Its Relationship with Population Productivity of Super-High Yield Rice Population of Yongyou 12

WEI Huan-He,LI Chao,ZHANG Hong-Cheng,SUN Yu-Hai,MENG Tian-Yao1,YANG Jun-Wen,MA Rong-Rong,WANG Xiao-Yan,DAI Qi-Gen,HUO Zhong-Yang,XU Ke,WEI Hai-Yan

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1819-1829.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01819

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We comparatively studied tillering and panicle formation characteristics of super-high and high yield populations formed by the regulation of cultivation measures using indica-japonica super rice Yongyou 12 transplanted by seedlings with tillers at the age of four leaves with one leaf bud. The results showed that yield from tillers and its contribution rate to total yield were 11.53 t ha^-1 and 87.77% for super-high yield population, and 10.59 t ha^-1 and 87.40% for high yield population. Super-high yield population had higher yield from primary and secondary tillers which were the major part contributed to total yield, the contribution rate to total yield of primary tillers for super-high yield population was slightly lower than that for high yield group, while that of secondary tillers, the contribution rate to total yield was higher in super-high yield population than in high yield population. For super-high yield population, the primary tillers emerged from leaf 1 to leaf 9 on main stem, among them the tillers from leaf 4 to leaf 7 had higher emerging rate and more panicles, secondary tillers emerged and earbeared mainly in 1/3, 2/3, 3/3, 2/4, 1/5. High yield population had higher emerging rate of triple tillers but lower panicle rate than super-high yield population, its primary tillers emerged and earbeared mainly in 4/0 to 7/0 while in the secondary tillers 1/3, 2/3, 3/3. Super-high yield population had higher mean values in panicle length, panicle weight, total grain number and grain density than high yield population, but seed-setting rate was slightly lower.

Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization of Summer Maize Hybrids with Different Plant Heights

FAN Xia,ZHANG Ji-Wang*,REN Bai-Zhao,LI Xia,ZHAO Bin,IU Peng,DONG Shu-Ting

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1830-1838.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01830

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In order to explore nitrogen absorption and utilization characteristics of summer maize hybrids with different plant heights, high-stalk hybrid (Ludan 981, LD981), medium-stalk hybrid (Zhengdan 958, ZD958) and short-stalk hybrid (Denghai 661, DH661) were used in field experiment and and pool cultivation experiment¹⁵N isotopic dilutions. Results showed that the grain yield and partial factor productivity of fertilizer N (NPFP) at the planting density of 82 500 plants ha^-1 increased significantly compared with those at 67 500 plants ha^-1–40 cm soil layer, however, more N uptake of high-stalk and medium-stalk hybrids was from 40–60 cm soil layer.. The amounts of nitrogen derived from fertilizer N ranged from 69.3% to 77.3%, N harvest indexes of soil and fertilizer N were 54.6% and 57.4%, respectively. The proportion of N accumulation from fertilizer of short-stalk hybrid at 82 500 plants ha^-1 decreased significantly compared with those at 67 500 plants ha^-1, while the proportion of medium-stalk and high-stalk hybrids was not changed significantly. The fertilizer N harvest index of medium and high-stalk hybrids decreased significantly, while that of short-stalk hybrid increased significantly. ¹⁵N applied in 5 cm soil made the least contribution to the fertilizer nitrogen accumulation of whole plant, ¹⁵N application in 40 cm soil made the greatest contribution to the fertilizer nitrogen accumulation of whole plant. With the increase of plant height, the contribution of ¹⁵N in 40 cm soil to the fertilizer nitrogen accumulation gradually decreased. The N recovery rate (NRR) of high-stalk and medium-stalk hybrids at 40 cm soil layer was higher than that of 5 cm and 20 cm. Contrarily, NRR of short-stalk hybrid at 20 cm higher than that at 40 cm and 5 cm. Therefore, more N uptake of the short-stalk hybrid was from 20

Effect of High Temperature after Flowering on Growth and Development of Superior and Inferior Maize Kernels

ZHAO Li-Xiao,ZHANG Ping,WANG Ruo-Nan,WANG Pu*,TAO Hong-Bin

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1839-1845.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01839

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The kernel culture in vitro was adopted to study the effect of high temperature after flowering on maize superior and inferior kernels. Results indicated that dry matter accumulation of grain decreased, due to the fact that grain development was accelerated at early grain-filling stage by high temperature, but declined at middle late grain filling stage. In mature stage, the dry weight of superior and inferior kernels under high temperature was reduced by 5.8% and 17.4% respectively, so inferior kernels had a more reduction than superior kernels. The synthesis of starch was influenced by reducing the activity of enzymes related to starch synthesis significantly at different grain-filling stages under high temperature treatment. The contents of IAA, ZR in kernel were significantly reduced after being treated with high temperature. The content of GA₃ was increased in inferior kernels, but not in superior kernels. It could be deduced that the much dry weight loss of inferior kernels should be ascribed to the increasing in GA₃ content when kernels exposed to high temperature.

Relationship of Anatomical Structure and Lignin Metabolism with Lodging Resistance of Culm in Buckwheat

WANG Can,RUAN Ren-Wu1,YUAN Xiao-Hui,HU Dan,YANG Hao,LIN Ting-Ting,HE Pei-Long,LI Yan,YI Ze-Lin1

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1846-1856.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01846

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Lodging is a major problem in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) production. In this study, we investigated the relationship between anatomical structure together with lignin metabolism and lodging resistance. The results indicated that the lodging resistance of culm in buckwheat was closely related to the anatomical structure and lignin metabolism of culm. The lodging percentage was negatively correlated with snapping resistance parameter of culm (r = –0.907, P < 0.01), lignin content (r = –0.844, P < 0.01), mechanical tissue thickness (r = –0.881, P < 0.01), culm wall thickness (r = –0.947, P < 0.01), vascular bundle area (r = –0.846, P < 0.01), mechanical tissue layer number (r = –0.806, P < 0.05), and large vascular bundle number (r = –0.709, P < 0.05), but positively correlated with lodging index (r = 0.842, P < 0.01). The lignin content was positively correlated with activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (r = 0.984, P < 0.01), 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (r = 0.927, P < 0.01), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (r = 0.862, P < 0.01). Therefore, lignin content in culm, mechanical tissue layer number, mechanical tissue thickness, culm wall thickness, large vascular bundle number, and vascular bundle area can be used as main indicators to evaluate lodging resistance in buckwheat. Buckwheat cultivars with high resistance to culm snapping and lodging usually have high lignin content, large number of mechanical tissue layer, and large number of vascular bundle, and thick mechanical tissue and culm wall, and large vascular bundle area.

Analysis of Phenotypic Traits and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in the Semi-Arid Area

Lü Shi-Qi,KOU Yi-Xuan,YANG Bin,ZENG Jun,ZHAO Chang-Ming*

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1857-1864.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01857

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To speed up breeding process for Jerusalem artichoke in semi-arid area, it is necessary to investigate traits related to yield and photosynthetic characteristics. Four stable lines including two high-yield lines and two low-yield lines were screened as materials, agronomic traits and photosynthesis parameters were determined. The results showed that the tuber yield, shoot biomass and root biomass of Jerusalem artichoke high-yield lines were significantly higher than those of low-yield lines, and the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf number of high-yield lines were also significantly higher than those of low-yield lines, then compared with low-yield lines, the high-yield lines showed a stronger growth vigor. LCP and R_d of high-yield lines were significantly lower than those of low-yield lines, but the difference of other parameters were not significant. Correlation analysis indicated that tuber yield had significantly positive correlation with plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf number, shoot biomass and root biomass, while significantly negative correlation with LCP and R_d. Hence, in semi-arid area more leaf number, larger leaf area and well-developed root system are very important and reliable indicators and lower LCP and R_d are important reference value for breeding high-yield lines in Jerusalem artichoke.

RESEARCH NOTES

Proteomic Analysis of Dormant Seeds with Dry Ripening Process in Maize Inbred Lines

LAN Hai,LENG Yi-Feng,ZHOU Shu-Feng,LIU Jian,RONG Ting-Zhao

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1865-1871.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01865

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Because the special natural climate of overabundant rain and poor sunshine in the southwest, pre-harvest sprouting has seriously affected the quality and yield of maize, looking for a good material with resistance to pre-harvest sprouting is the urgent need for improvement of existing maize strains. The results of this study indicated that proteome of 08-641, 008, and 127 seeds significantly changed during afterripening. Nine differentially expressed proteins related to dormancy in the seeds of maize inbred line 08-641 with 15 d afterripening process were analysed through 2-DE, including one newly induced expressed protein, two missing expressed proteins, five up-regulated expressed proteins, and one down-regulated expressed protein. Among the nine proteins,five proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, including three globulin-1 S allele precursor of storage proteins,one 2-isopropylmalate synthase B and one translationally-controlled tumor protein involved in regulating protein structure and cell function. The changes of proteins during dry ripening process of seeds indicated that the seeds undergo a series of physiological and biochemical activities befor they can germinate normally, and the deeply study on the biological function of these proteins will help us understand maize seed dormancy more clearly.

Correlation between the Fifth Internode Length and Heading Acceleration Percentage in Rice

LI Zhi-Xin,WANG Mei-Huan,XU Chao-Fei,LI Hua-Jun,LI Xiao-Fang

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1872-1876.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01872

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Heading acceleration percentage and plant height are important indexes of rice light and temperature sensitivities, and directly decide the wide adaptability of rice varieties. How to use the legible traits to estimate the wide adaptability of rice varieties is a problem worthily studying during breeding stage. In this paper, we studied the relationship between the length of rice plant height and heading acceleration percentage using 48 materials including 12 parents and 36 stable inbred lines selected from 12 parents’ polymerization hybridization progeny, which were planted in Hubei Jingzhou as middle-season rice and in Guangzhou as early rice and late rice. The results indicated that the fifth internode length was the most easily influenced by environments. The length of the fifth internode had extremely significant positive correlation with heading acceleration percentage. In the three cases of early rice and middle-season rice, middle-season rice and late rice, early rice and late rice, the correlation coefficients between length of the fifth internode and heading acceleration percentage were 0.37, 0.52, and 0.49, respectively, and the partial correlation coefficients were 0.42, 0.43, and 0.36, respectively. The correlations all reached the extremely significant level. It showed that the fifth internode length is easily affected by temperature and light conditions, and could be used to preliminarily judge the light and temperature sensitivities of rice varieties.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of 118 Sugarcane Germplasm with AFLP Markers

ZAN Feng-Gang,WU Cai-Wen,CHEN Xue-Kuan,ZHAO Pei-Fan,ZHAO Jun,LIU Jia-Yong*

Acta Agron Sin. 2014, 40(10):  1877-1883.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01877

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AFLP markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of 118 sugarcane germplasm from China, Australia, USA, Philippines, Brazil, and France. A total of 1310 bands were amplified with ten pairs of primers, 1195 of which were polymorphic bands, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 91.22%. The genetic similarity coefficient among 118 sugarcane germplasm ranged from 0.583 to 0.929 with an average of 0.750, the polymorphism information content was 0.2332, and the effective number of alleles per loci was 1.3789. The results showed 118 germplasm were divided into two groups at 0.69 of the similarity coefficient. The group I consisted of YT00-236, YZ04-622 and SP80-1816, which shared lower genetic similarity with the rest of 115 germplasm in another group. The 115 germplasm were divided into five sub-groups at 0.74 of the similarity coefficient. The sugarcane germplasm shared high genetic similarity among countries, and there existed much higher genetic diversity within germplasm introduced from USA.